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L
c
= 2D/v
a
P
σ
(x, t) =
∞
X
n=0
p
n
σ
(x)∂
n
x
P(x/λ, t) .
p
n
σ
(x)
P(x/λ, t)
λ L
∂
n
x
P(x/λ, t)
λ
∂
t
P(x/λ, t) = ∂
x
(v −D∂
x
)P(x/λ, t) ,
1/λ v D
P (x, σ, t) =
∞
X
n=0
p
(n)
(x, σ)∂
n
x
P(x/λ, t) .
p
(n)
L n
p
(0)
p
(1)
p
(2)
1/λ
n
[W + Γ ] p
(0)
= 0,
[W + Γ ] p
(1)
= −(v −
ˆ
V )p
(0)
,
[W + Γ ] p
(2)
= (D −
ˆ
T )p
(0)
− (v −
ˆ
V )p
(1)
,

ˆ
V
ˆ
T
w(n → m, σ) γ p
(0)
{p
(n)
} =
+1
X
σ=−1
3
X
i=1
p
(n)
(i, σ) = δ
n,0
,
v = {
ˆ
V p
(0)
},
D = {
ˆ
T p
(0)
} − {
ˆ
V p
(1)
}.
p
(2)
[W + Γ ]
p
(0)
p
(1)
v
D
v =
1
3
X
σ=±
X
i=1,2,3
[W
σ
(i → i + 1) − W
σ
(i → i − 1)]p
0
σ
(i) ,
D =
1
6
X
σ=±
X
i=1,2,3
[W
σ
(i → i + 1) + W
σ
(i → i − 1)]p
0
σ
(i)
−
1
3
X
σ=±
X
i=1,2,3
[W
σ
(i → i + 1) − W
σ
(i → i − 1)]p
1
σ
(i) .

v J
0
p
0
σ
(i)
p
1
σ
(i)
v(k, γ) D(k, γ)
γ
D(k, γ)
γ k
0 5 10 15 20
γ
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
D
γ k = 0.1
k = 0.2 k = 0.4
γ ≈ 2
γ k = 1
D(k = 1, γ) = 1/3 γ
k

γ
k ≈ 0.2
γ ≈ 3
v
D
P e
0 2 4 6 8 10
γ
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
Pe
P e
γ k = 0.1
k = 0.2 k = 0.5

σ
i
i
σ
i
= σ
j
i, j
σ
i+1
= σ
i
(hσ
i+1
σ
i
i = 1)
σ
i+1
= −σ
i
(hσ
i+1
σ
i
i = −1)
hσ
i+1
σ
i
i = 0

U
ii i i+1i+1i+1
1 2 3 1 2 3
σ = +1
i i+1
σ = −1
Q
i
(σ
i
= +1) (σ
i
= −1)
σ
i±1
i
σ
i
= 1
σ
i±1
= −1
σ
i
J(σ
i
− 1, σ
i
)
n = 3 (i − 1)
n = 1 i i −1 → i J(σ
i
−1, σ
i
)
J(σ
i−1
, σ
i
) = W (3 → 1, σ
i−1
)P
¯σ
i−1
(3, σ
i−1
)−W (1 → 3, σ
i−1
)P
¯σ
i
(1, σ
i
),
P
¯σ
i
(n, σ
i
) n, σ
i
i
¯σ
i
= {σ
i−1
, σ
i+1
}
i i + 1

J(σ
i−1
, σ
i
) =
1
2
(1+σ
i−1
σ
i
)J(σ
i
, σ
i
)+
1
2
(1−σ
i−1
σ
i
)J(−σ
i
, σ
i
).
+1 −1
¯σ
i
σ
i
σ
i−1
σ
i
¯σ
i
k = 0.2
γ
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
γ
−0.013
−0.011
−0.009
−0.007
−0.005
−0.003
−0.001
N = 2
correlated
uncorrelated
anticorrelated
Barrier−Pot.
k = 0.2
J
0
J γ k = 0.2
N = 10

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
γ
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
N = 2
uncorrelated
anticorrelated
correlated
Valley−Pot.
k = 5.0
J
0
0 < k < 1
τ = γ
−1
τ
U(x) → −U (x)
k → k
−1
k = 5.0
U > 0

U < 0
D
a
↔ D
s
↔ D
r
↔ D
a
.
σ(t) = ±1 τ
σ
τ → ∞
τ
τ → ∞
τ → 0
S D
a
S
D
s
D
a
+ S
α
+
←→
α
−
D
s
.

α
+
α
−
D
s
D
S
D D
r
S
D
s
+ S
β
+
←→
β
−
D
r
+ 2S.
β
+
β
−
D
r
D
a
γ
+
γ
−
D
r
γ
+
←→
γ
−
D
a
.
N D M S
D
S
1
A
Z
A
dA (d
a
+ d
s
+ d
r
) = 1;
1
A
Z
A
dA (s + d
s
) = 1 ,
R
A
dA A
1
s = const. σ(t)
σ σ