Алиев Т.И. Сети ЭВМ и телекоммуникации

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123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

#8 323674C &83AD2C43AC C BDC43AC C178B5 2C3D

A7E3893 8CCC 5C BBD53DD53B (2C.2.2):

• &83AD2C43AC3 ()*!);

• 5B8BABB-BDC43AC3 (%+*!).

"3236747 &83AD2B71CD C178B5 BF3D583D 4323

276CB8CCC ('*!) C DCAB53 8CCC 5C (!*!).

!C178, A7A C 673, B1D ED9:

• 5858BE;

• 49C85AE.

"2C &DB, 323253 C 6CA23D3 425 B1D 3236757D9 5

D383ABCA7CBB 3DC 8CEB 5 5C63 32325, 8CEB 5 5C63

6CA23D 926DB.

"2B3 23BE27B57C (BBE 236D7583C) 67 5 5C6,

D23E3 68 323674C B 8CCC 5C C B5B8FC, 5 3ABDB2

847, BE72C57D9 C C2758D9 BCEAC, 5BCA7FC3 C-7 B3

2C C 3236743, 7573D 45F9E5A8926. "2C32B AB6C2B57C

583D 236D7583C3 67 5 5C63 65BC4 C5B8B5. % 75CCBDC

BD 7273D2B5 236 323674C C D23EB57C A A743D5 323674C 67

B1D CB89B57D9 278C43 3DB6 AB6C2B57C.

989C C9 – CC43A7 2367, B ABDB2B 32367D

CB27CB3 C178, B2C233 3C789C D3C43ACC

236D57C, BDBFCC A 8C3B BEB26B57C (32367D4CAC,

2C3CAC, C8CD38C C D..). *CC 5C 47DB 277D2C57D A7A

B5BABD9 CC43AC 33 C D3C43AC 236D5, C3FC BEFC3

8C33 BB23C, D2BD57 C BE8C57C C B6 C D 3 236

272BD273C. !C178, 32367573 5 8CCC 5C, 7573D

398286 (BD 8B57 8CC).

*CCC 5C BB 27ECD9 7 2 A877 (. 2C.2.2):

• A7E3893 (&83AD2C43AC3 C 5B8BABB-BDC43AC3 8CCC 5C);

• E32B5B63 (276CB8CCC).

A 26

)83AD2C43AC +DC43AC )83AD2B71CD

2.2

D #3

)*!

%+*!

'*!

!*!

,7E3893

-32B5B63

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

$7 BB53 8CC 5C D2BD A778 5C.

A8A3 C9 236D7583D BEB B5BABD9 B6B C8C 3AB89AC

8CC 5C C A778BBE27F31B BEB26B57C, BE334C57FC

323674 67 36 57CB63D5FCC 7EB3D7C 5 5C63

CC43AC C178B5, BBD53DD5FC DC 8CCC 5C.

,778 5C B3D BDBD9 C 3AB89AC B836B57D389 8CC

5C, BE27 BD75B A778, 72C32, A7A &DB BA77B 7 2C.2.3:

36 7EB3D7C .1 C .2 B2C2B57 A778 5C, 5A847FC

D383B3 ( *!) C 5B8BABB-BDC43A (%+*!) 8CCC 5C. % DB

3 523, 5 B6B 8CCC 5C, A7A E63D BA77B C3, B3D ED9

B2C2B57B 3AB89AB A778B5 5C, BE334C57FC B6B5233

323674 67 36 3AB89ACC 727C 7EB3DB5.

2.1.2. D9E8A3F

"2C 3236743 C1787 4323 3ABDB2 236 323674C (8CC 5C,

3ABDB2B3 D2BD5B) 2BCB6CD C33C3 C1787 (C83C3 C8C

B87E83C3), BE8B583B3 D3C43ACC C CC43ACC 5BD57C

236 323674C (2C.2.4.).

/C83C3 C B87E83C3 (BDB3C3 &321C C8C BFBD3)

3ABDB2B CC43AB 538C4C – 9262 (723C, DBA7, BFBDC,

&321CC B8 C D.6.) 5 &83AD2BD3CA3, 276CBD3CA3, &83AD2B5C C

7ADCA3 C32D 5 45"$562% (6-) – 8B172CC43AC 36CC7

C83C (B87E83C):

163

B

B

– 743C BFBDC (&321CC) BBD53DD53B 5B6B1B C

5B6B1B C178B5.

+DB3C3

BB

PPK /

7573D

459B92856 2E2FA9

,lg10]6-[

B

B

d =

*!

%+*!

!BD75B

A778

5C

2.3

!2367

323674C

(

D2BD5B

)

B

B

2.4

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

%38C4C7

, 52737 5 63CE387, 7573D 459B92856

793289C, 38C

, C 459B92856 A7A89C, 38C

. $7

27ADCA3 BE4B 7A C 3236 AB&CC3DB 7D7C BA7D C

B23638D 47DB AB&CC3D 7D7C A7A B8BCD389 538C4C.

!BBD53DD5C3 36 743C3 AB&CC3D7 7D7C (C83C),

54C83B1B 5 63CE387, C 743C3 AB&CC3D7 323674C

C88D2C23D 836F3 D7E8C3:

d, 6-

1 2 3 5 10 13 16 17 20 25 30

K 1,26

1,59

2,0

3,16

10 19,95

39,8

50,1

100

316,2

1000

% 63CE387 D7A3 B3D ED9 5273B BDB3C3 65

723C U C8C DBAB5 I:

B

B

d lg20]

6-[

C8C

B

B

d lg20]

6-[

$72C32, B87E83C3 d=10 6-/A B7473D, 4DB B87E83C3

723C C8C DBA7 7 27DBCC 5 1 A B187B 2753C

E63D 275B 3,310 ≈=K 277.

/6BED5B 54C83C B87E83C (C83C) 5 63CE387 BDBCD 5

DB, 4DB 2C A7A76B 5A843CC 3AB89AC 47DAB5 8CCC C8C

D3C43AC D2BD5 743C d A87657D (2C.2.5).

$72C32, 5 8473 d=10 6-/A B87E83C3 7 27DBCC 5 2 A

E63D 275B 20 6-.

!C178, A7A C 673, B1D ED9:

• 5&5&  (226 ) – 5 5C63 32325B ACC

5233C (C33C3 DBA7, 723C, &83AD2B71CDB1B B8

C843C);

• 4&5  ("'& ) – 5 5C63 C89B5 DBA7,

723C, 53D7.

!C178, CB8933 68 323674C 67, 6B8 ED9

D8E2ABE, DB 3D9 3DC CB27C B 32367573B BBEF3CC.

+435C6B, 4DB BDB DBA, 3 C3FC 5B31B 743C C

727583C 323674C, 3 B3D 8CD9 323B4CAB CB27CC.

!C178 6B83 C3D9 3ABDB23 C3FC3 7273D2, ABDB23 7

2CB AB3 B5B8D C63DCCC2B57D9 323675733 673. %

A743D53 D7AB1B CB27DC5B1B C1787 47DB CB89D D7A

7573 172BC43AC C178.

d1 d2

d=d1+d2 [6-]

2.5

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

2.1.3. D24

% 2BD33 8473 5858B 926 B3D ED9 236D7583 5

5C63 172BC43AB1B AB83E7C (2C.2.6), BC573B1B CBC6B:

)

cos(

)

sin(

)

(

163  – 78CD67;

– A21B57 47DBD7:

(639 f – 8C37

47DBD7:

– 538C4C7, BE27D7 32CB6 T);

– 747897 77,

2C43:

ϕϕ

−= .

!CBC6789

C178

33D

3E3

CB27C

5C63

D23

7273D2B5

2E6AF4

29ADA

23

2C43



DB4AC

23C

BE3343C

5BAB

AB2BDC

323674C

67

BB5B

583D

47DBD7

C1787

–

43

53

47DBD7

D3

EB893

AB2BD9

323674C

67

!2367

323674C

6B87

BE334C57D9

A743D53

323B

C1787



CC789B

5BBC

CA73CC

31B

7273D2B5

0AC

5233C

)

(

BC57F7

3ABDB2

32325

C178

BEF3

8473

B3D

ED9

2BC5B89B

C3D9

52333

C33C

8EB

AB2BDC

–

7

3683

58BD9

E3AB34B

ED2

A74ABBE27

C33C

B167

C2BAC

A87

32CB6C43AC

AC

)

(

B3D

ED9

236D7583

84DE F85

∞

++=+=

)cos(

)cos()(

iii

tAty

ϕωϕω

163

–

78CD67

;

–

747897

77

;

–

A21B57

47DBD7



CBC6

2C43

&DC

CBC6

2B32B57

D7AC

BE27B

4DB

∞

)/1(02

0000

∞

fTf

∞

)0/1(

∞∞

fT .

7AC C178B5, BE8767FC E3AB34 3AD2B, ABDB23

B6327D CBC6 (172BCAC)  47DBD7C 5 CD325783 BD 0

f 6B

∞

f , 5 2C2B63 27ADC43AC 3D. "23BE8767F7 47D9 &321CC

23789 C178B5 B236BDB437 5 B127C43B B8B3 47DBD. 7AC3

C178 C BDBE277FC3 C ACC 757D 262 



y(t)

2.6

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

('!"# )  &2(5 5& C B1D ED9 236D7583 5

5C63 AB34B  CBC6789 C178B5:

iii

tAty

)cos()(

ϕω

"D9, A7A C 2733,

, 2C4

∞

B167

: )(

ffS

−

236D7583D

BEB

24E 98A3A

(

163

–

532

127C7

47DBD

(

532

47DBD7

);

–

C

127C7

47DBD

(

C

47DBD7

#8

DB1B

4DBE

32367D9

D7AB

C178

53 9C2!5

A778

5C

6B83

C3D9

D6D9F 8DF9C2

C2CB

3

333

2.1.4. 535A 574A89C

5355 E574A89C

(

A5

)

A7787

(

8CCC

)

5C

7573D

6C77B

47DBD

236387

ABDB2B1B

78CD6B

47DBD7

727AD32CDCA7

(

.12

)

A7787

6BD7DB4B

275B327

68

DB1B

4DBE

BE334CD9

323674

C1787

E3

F3D53B1B

CA73C

"D6D92 8DF9C2 F 68

A7787

(

8CCC

)

5C

B236383D

A7A

BE87D9

47DBD

BA23DBDC

ABDB2B

78CD67

C1787

(

723C3

C8C

DBA

)

3973D

3

EB833

43

41,12 =

27

(

277

68

BFBDC

)

B

2753C



7AC789

743C3



4DB

2C32B

BBD53DD53D

743C

-3

(

2C

.2.7):

B

ffF

−

#9C85A5 926

(

2C

.2.8,

)

727AD32CD

E3AB34

3AD2B

47DBD

B1D

ED9

236D7583

5C63

E3AB34B



CBC6789

C178B5

∞

)cos()(

iii

tAty

ϕω

-3AB34

C2C

C33D

D7A3

3AD2

65BC4B1B

C1787

236D758F31B

BEB

B836B57D389BD9

43236FC

B8BA

"0"

"1" (

2C

.2.8,

"2C

2B3ADC2B57CC

CD3

323674C

67

47DBDC

2C

2743D3

2BAB

BBEBDC

57B

7D9

E2C9E26F$ %8F





0,5

2.7

-3

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

95CA82 29ADA 32367573B1B C1787, 375CCB BD 31B D2AD2

(32325, 6CA23D).

#8 A743D53B 323674C C1787 B A778 5C  5BBBD9

31B 5BD7B583C (27B757C) 5 DB4A3 2C7 3BEB6CB, 4DBE

5B88C9 836FC3 8B5C:

• D6D92 8DF9C2 (29ADA)

B

ffF

−

A7787 5C 6B87

ED9 3 333 43 95CA8

29ADA

C1787

ffS

−

≥

;

• D962655 (32AF25) 9262 3 23578B 3ABDB2B

B2B1B5B 538C4C, 3BEB6CB 68 31B AB223ADB1B 5BD7B583C

(27B757C) 5 DB4A3 2C37 C1787 (2)55 2 6!4

262);

• 48D!25 23 (4!AA58) 3 23578B B2B1B5B 538C4C,

3BEB6CB 68 31B AB223ADB1B 5BD7B583C (27B757C) 5 DB4A3

2C37 C1787 (2)55 '23 262).

2.1.5. 573CB9C

"2C CB89B57CC CAB47DBD A7E389 A778B5 5C

(72C32 D383127), B8B7 47DBD ABDB2 74C73D 2C32B BD

8, 6CA23D3 C178 BB 3236757D9 5 C 3D3D53B 5C63 – E3

B68CC (5 325C4B B8B3 47DBD) –  3EB89B AB2BD9 50 –

200 ECD/.

% 5BABAB2BD A7787 5C  23AB B127C43B B8BB

2BA7C 3236747 C178B5 BF3D583D B236D5B B68CC C

63B68CC  BBF9 3C789 D2BD5, 7573 45 2 

( 68DB2-45 B68DB2). $7 2C.2.9 BA77B 2C33C3 B63B5 68

23BE27B57C 6CA23DB1B C1787, BD7F31B BD BAB34B1B

BEB26B57C 67 (++#), 236D758F31B BEB, 72C32,

AB9D32, 5 32325 C178, 32367573 B 8CCC 5C

(ED4F6), C BE27DB3 23BE27B57C3 32325B1B C1787 5

6CA23D 7 2CB AB3 (45ED4F6).

3B68DB2

#3B68DB2

++#

2.9

3+#43

3B68DB2

#3B68DB2

3+#43

t t

2.8

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

5F73CB9C (modulation) – 323B C1787 5 767 B8B 47DBD

D3 C33C 7273D27 (78CD6, 47DBD, 7; 538C4C C8C

727583C BDBB1B DBA7) 323B4CA7 C1787, 7573B1B

59F5, 5 BBD53DD5CC  AC3, BDBE277F3 323675733

673. #21CC 8B57C ED4F6 – &DB C33C3 727AD32CDCA

59F5 5 BBD53DD5CC  CB27DC5 C178B.

!27"AC (carrier) – 778B1B5 5BAB47DBD C178,

B6532173 B68CC 5 BBD53DD5CC  3ABDB2 CB27DC5

C178B. $3F7, A7A 275C8B, C33D E5%5 DC232A56 32AF2 

9C2!5, 43 3B68C2B57 CB27DC5 C178.

2.2. FB2A7 259EB

D926A C9 – B5BABD9 236 323674C (A7787 5C),

DCD5DD DD8F4DB2 (D32C789B3 D2BD5B) CDB4CA7 C

B847D38 67 (BBEF3C), 727AD32CF7 B236383C

BBE7C 23BE27B57C 32367573B1B BBEF3C 5 C178 C

5BD7B583C BBEF3C B 2CDB C178.

!CD37 5C 5 BEF3 8473 5A8473D 5 3E (2C.2.10):

• CDB4CA BBEF3C (5!);

• 32367F33 D2BD5B ("/), 5A847F33 5 3E:

1 23BE27B57D389 BBEF3C 5 325C4 C178 ("!"!),

2378CFC AB6C2B57C3;

1 32367D4CA ("), 23BE27FC 325C4 C178 5 8C3

C178 68 323674C B 8CCC 5C (B68C);

• 2C3B3 D2BD5B ("2/), 5A847F33 5 3E:

1 2C3CA ("2), 23BE27FC 8C3 C178,

BD7FC C 8CCC 5C, 5 325C4 C178

(63B68C);

1 23BE27B57D389 325C4B1B C1787 5 BBEF3C3 (""!!),

2378CFC 63AB6C2B57C3;

• B847D389 BBEF3C ("!).

,778 5C

"2/

5! "!"!

*CC

5C

""!!

6

,

B3C

!BBEF3C3

"325C4

C178

*C3

C178

*C3

C178

"325C4

C178

!BBEF3C3

2.10

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

$7 8CC 5C 5B63D5D 5D23C3  C 53C3 B3C,

CA77FC3 323675733 C178. !BBEBD9 CD3 2BDC5BDBD9

5236B 5B63D5C B3 7573D 56257595#.

*CC 5C B3D B6327D9 C8CD38C C 2313327DB2.

656*, BE4B CB893 5 226DDB CD37 5C, 2BDB

C8C573D C178 53D3  B37C C 32367D 67893. 1555&2&

(«3232CCA»), CB893 5 8DB CD37 5C,

5BD7758C573D C178 E3 B3 C 7B5B B2C23D 8C3 C178.

,BA23D7 D2AD27 CD3 5C 75CCD BD 5C67 32367573

67. #8 323674C 6CA23D 67, 236D7583 5 65BC4B

5C63, CB89D 4BD5 99A5E 9B3 A7A  32325C

(778B1B5C), D7A C  6CA23DC (C2B5C) A7787C 5C.

2.2.1. D926F C9 8A 5852 822F85E5 4A8A3A

,7BC43A7 37 CD3 5C 7 BB53 5858BDD

(226DDBDD) C2262 9B3 68 323674C 65BC4 C178B5,

236D75837 7 2C.2.11, B632CD:

• CDB4CA 65BC4 C178B5 (5#!);

• B68DB2 (3);

• C89D2 (0);

• 63B68DB2 (#3);

• 2CCA 65BC4 C178B5 ("#!).

+6*& 5B8D ACC AB223ADC2FC D2BD5,

BE334C57 D23E33 6C7C43AC3 C8C 47DBD3 5BD57

32367573B1B C1787:

• 8 585425 – 23BE27B57C3 C1787, 32367573B1B 5 *!,

D7AC BE27B, 4DBE B BE87678 B236383C 5BD57C;

• 8 85E5 – 56383C3 B83B1B C1787 7 B3 B3.

"2C32B 32325B A7787 5C B3D 8CD9 D383B

A778, 7573 C226DE AD26D 29ADA ( 1),  B8BB

2BA7C 3100 7. !D2B1B3 B127C43C3 B8B 2BA7C A7787

1 57B  CB89B57C3 7727D2 8BD3C C ABD7CC

A778B5 5 D383B 3D C 2378C3D  BBF9 C89D2B5,

BD3A7FC 47DBD 333 f



=300 7 C EB833 f

=3400 7.

5#!

3 0

0 #3

"#!

$32325 A778 5C

#! – 6CA23D (65BC4) C178

$! – 32325 C178

2.11

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

2.2.2. D926F C9 8A 5852 94285E5 4A8A3A

,7BC43A7 37 CD3 5C 7 BB53 49C85ADD

(8DBDD) C2262 9B3, 236D75837 7 2C.2.12, B632CD:

• D2BD5B B23C  A778B 5C (/!);

• D2BD5B 7FCD BD BCEBA (/8+);

• D2BD5B 23BE27B57C C178B5 (/"!).

2.2.3. 3A994AB9C 4A8A35 C9

,87CCA7C A778B5 5C 236D75837 7 2C.2.13.

% 75CCBDC BD DC7 32367573 67 A778 5C 638D

7 82E2E82, 23677433 68 323674C 32325

(778B1B5) C178B5, C F94E282, 23677433 68 323674C

6CA23D (C2B5) C178B5.

% 75CCBDC BD 727583C 323674C 67 278C47D A778

5C:

• 9632482, 5 ABDB2 673 32367D DB89AB B D4DE

282B65;

• F732482, 236D758FC3 BEB 657 C83A A7787, 5

ABDB2 673 B1D 3236757D9 B D4  ADA !5 EDE5A B85E5 5

65 727583C – 2B C BE27DB;

E226 #3

%63833

(3ABDC233)

%2533

(ABDC233)

#5DB4343

3B1BDB4343

!C83A3

#83A3

"B8683A3

$323253

#CA23D3

2.13

5#!

/"!

"#!

#CA23D (C2B5B) A778 5C

2.12

/"!

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

• 537F732482, 5 ABDB2 673 B1D 3236757D9

DD58&4D 5 2B C BE27DB 727583CC.

,778 5C B1D ED9 53167 6BD 68 323674C 67 7

4D BDBB F3D5F31B B36C3C 36 7EB3D7C. 7AC3

A778 757D F2328869 C8C 82456679E72669.

.89D327DC5B C 58D 456679E7262 C8C E362882 A778

5C, 3236747 67 B ABDB2 5BB7 DB89AB B83 D7B583C

B36C3C 36 7EB3D7C, 2C4 A778 F3D53D DB89AB 5 D343C3

5233C 323674C 67 (377 5C).

$7528 A778 5C D2BCD B 2CC «DB4A7-DB4A7», DB

3D9 5573D DB89AB 65 7EB3DB5. 855528 A778 5C

D2BCD B 2CC «DB4A7-B1BDB4A7» C BE334C573D 323674

67 BD B6B1B 7EB3D7 A 3AB89AC 7EB3D7, 72C32 D7A, A7A &DB

2BCB6CD 2C AB3235C.

2.2.4. AA429949 4A8A35 C9

% A743D53 BB5 282CA589AC C226DB 9B3 CB89D

836FC3 538C4C.

1. D45E5 65F73CB99 [EB6] – 4C8B CD32578B5 B68CC

32367573B1B C1787 5 3A6 (4C8B 323A843C, 6387 7

3A6); 538C4C7, BE27D7 36CC4B CD32578:

2. E5748AC 55%85 4A8A3A C9

[ECD/ C8C bps – bits per

second] –

854562 9CD8D9A 323674C 67 – AB8C43D5B 67,

ABDB2B3 B3D ED9 32367B B A778 5C 7 36CC 5233C.

"2363897 2BA7 BBEBD9 5&5& (226)

75CCD BD D6D9 8DF9C2



ffF

−

C SNR (Signal-to-Noise

Ratio

) – BDB3C BFBDC C1787 P



A BFBDC 7 (B3) P



B3D ED9 274CD77 B B283 63B7:

.)1(log



FC +=

,7A 8363D C B28 63B7, 2BA7 BBEBD9 A7787

5C B3D ED9 B537 7 4D 538C43C B8B 2BA7C

C8C

538C43C BDB3C C178/, 2C4 EB833 &3ADC5 583D

325 BBE, BAB89A 8B172CC43A7 75CCBD9 2BAB

BBEBDC 7 BD BDB3C

PP /

63873D

5DB2B

BBE

333

&3ADC5

EB833

D26BAC

"2C

3236743

67

B

D383BB

A778



B8BB

2BA7C

F=3,1

A7



=0,3

A7

; f

=3,4

A7

)



CB89B57C3

ED45EDB

BB5B

BBE

B53C

2BAB

BBEBDC

BDBCD

538C43CC

BDB3C

C178



4DB

DB1B

4DB

7AC789B3

743C3

SNR

778B1B5B

D383BB

A7783

BD7583D

2C32B

3000,

B84C

236389

2BA

BBEBD9

BAB8B

AECD



4DB

B1873D

B

D7672D

743C3

33600

ECD



-B833

5BAC3

AB2BDC

323674C

B1D

ED9

BE3343

DB89AB

2C

8B5CC

323674C

67

B