Алиев Т.И. Сети ЭВМ и телекоммуникации

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nBnFn

C ===

163

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68CD389BD9

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;

–

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123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

276CCB3 E5AD4 F6DA5 (EF6A65C98DB2,

8234565) A778B5:

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236D5 68 323674C C178B5, 7 ,! – A7A 6B8 232B5 *! 

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68 323674C 67.

2.2.6. 25F 673932495A89C

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89DC83AC2B57C 5 B6B CC43AB A7783 B673D 127

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89DC83AC2B57C:

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• 5233D3 89DC83AC2B57C3;

• 5B8B5B3 89DC83AC2B57C3.

2.2.6.1. 123454657 89AB4CDA7E3CF526C7

&A5852 67393249E5A892 (Frequency Division Multiplexing

– FDM) BDBCD 5 B2C2B57CC 5 236387 B8B 2BA7C F

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,,...,,

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123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

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2B3DBA

∆

, 87FC 127C3 36 A7787C.

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276CB53F7C3 C BDB57 59.

2.2.6.2. F7876657 89AB4CDA7E3CF526C7

'E2628852 67393249E5A892 (Time Division Multiplexing –

TDM) 7A8473D 5 BB4326B 236BD7583CC 57CB63D5FC

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A B

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A B

, 8BD 3 – BD A

A B

, 8BD 4 – BD A

A B

. 13D23 D7AC

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123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

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43 EB893 8BDB5 3 7DB, D3 C3 237897 2BA7 BBEBD9

A7787.

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8CD A992452 C8C A98E58852 89DC83AC2B57C3,

BD8C47F33 D3, 4DB 8BD 3 2C57 D2B1B A ABA23DB 723

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A7AB1B-DB B89B57D38, B43236B 8BD 3 BD7D D, 7

236BD7583D 621B B89B57D38. 7AC BE27B, 7 4D

BA27F3C 2BDB35 237897 2BA7 BBEBD9 A7787 5C

BA7573D 53, 43 2C C2BB 89DC83AC2B57CC.

#8 DB1B 4DBE 7 2CB DB2B3 #3" B1 7275CD9

BDC5C3 5 B43236B 8BD3 673 C3B DB B89B57D38,

ABDB2B BC 2367743, 3BEB6CB, 4DBE &DC 673 C38C

3ABDB2 C63DCCA7DB2 (72C32, 7623), B23638FC ABA23DB1B

B89B57D38-B847D38. )DB B7473D, 4DB D7AB 3DB6 5233B1B

89DC83AC2B57C, CB893 72C32 5 . 3-3D,

236B87173D 5 A743D53 B632CB1B 8BD7 3 E7D, 7 3ABDB2 E8BA

67, 7573 5 . 3-3D 5CD C B6327FC C63DCCA7DB2

BD275CD38 C B847D38.

2.2.6.3. 5A6557 89AB4CDA7E3CF526C7

'538552 67393249E5A892 (Wavelength Division Multiplexing –

WDM), 7573B3 D7A3 95CA826E F6DA55E, CB893D 5

5B8BABB-BDC43AC 8CC 5C. "B 5B3 DC, 5B8B5B3

89DC83AC2B57C3 236D7583D BEB 47DBDB3 8BD3C3 7 B439

5BAC 47DBD7 (BDC 7).

$7 2C.2.17 BA777 3236747 67 B 5B8BABB-BDC43AB

8CCC 5C (%+*!) BD 43D2 B89B57D383 .

, .

B89B57D38 %

, %

BBD53DD53B. #8 B6B5233B 323674C

B B6B C DB 3 8CCC 5C CB89D 273 68C 5B8:

4321

,,,

C8C

4DB

3

7B3

273

47DBD

53DB5B1B

6C77B7

32367F3

DB2B3

BDC43AC3

84C

BE936CD



BBF9

BDC43AB1B

7DB27

(

+!

)

36C

53DB5B

BDBA

4321

2CB

DB2B3

BDC43AC

27638CD389

(

)

56383D

BDC43AC3

C178

B

C53DB

68C3

5B8

727583D

C

BBD53DD5FC

B89B57D38

3B8B1C

WDM

B5C879

74783

90-



1B6B5

2B8B1B

53A7

"3253

2378C7CC

B5B88C

3236757D9

B6B5233B

673

B

3AD2789

A7787

B

AB2BD9

2,5

7ECD



B

A76B

A778

87D3

B5C8C9

2378C7CC

B6327FC3

16, 32, 40

EB833

3AD2789

A778B5

B

AB2BDC

7ECD



B

A76B

A778

/538C43C3

4C87

8B1C43AC

A778B5

2C538B

B583C

BDC43AC

71CD2783

B5B1B

BAB83C

BD2B3

B

D3B8B1CC

7358(8855 538555

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

67393249E5A89C – DWDM (Dense WDM), BD8C47F31B BD WDM

74CD389B 39C 27DBC3 36 68C7C 5B8.

2.3. 7A46 49BB B D4B453B9 336C

"3236747 67 BF3D583D 5 5C63 CC43AC C178B5

278C4B 2C2B6 (&83AD2C43AC3, BDC43AC3, 276CB5B8) 5

75CCBDC BD 236 323674C. #8 BE3343C A743D53B 323674C

CB89D 278C43 BBE 23BE27B57C 67,

236D7583 5 5C63 32325 C8C 6CA23D 58B C178B5,

5 655 CC43AC3 C178 (323253 C8C 6CA23D3),

323675733 B 8CCC 5C.

"2B3 23BE27B57C 5858B 926DB C C 236D7583C3 5

5C63 CC43AC C178B5 68 A743D53B 323674C B A7787 5C

7573D 65F73CB92.

3B68C B3D BF3D58D9 (2C.2.18):

• 7 BB53 5858BDD (778B1B5B1B) 5BAB47DBDB1B

CBC6789B1B C1787, 7573B1B 59F5 (2262# 4!6#"#);

• 7 BB53 49C85ADD (C2B5B1B) C1787 5 5C63 C89B5

( !6*2# C8C "'&2# B68C).

5&5&5

425

(325C4

C178 x(t))

+3(5,

26 y(t)

3B68C

5&5&,

26

(.3, 13)

9&5,

26

(.53,

5897



(C2B57)

.78B1B57

B68C

x(t)

y(t)

2.18

2.17

+!

%+*!

4321

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

"2B3 23BE27B57C 6CA23D 67, 236D7583

6CA23DC 58BE C1787C, 5 CC43AC3 655 C178

(323253 C8C 6CA23D3), 323675733 B A778 (8CCC) 5C,

7573D 992496 45F9E5A8926.

+B53 DC CC43AB1B AB6C2B57C (2C.2.19):

• 7 BB53 5858BDD (778B1B5B1B) CBC6789B1B 3F31B

C1787 ( 2!6#"#);

• 7 BB53 B836B57D389BDC 2B1B89 C89B5

("'&5 4&25).

2.3.1. 25F 6573CB99 822F8F A88F

2.3.1.1. 62A552 859AC

)8A355AC 65F73CB9C – 23BE27B57C3 32325B1B

CAB47DBDB1B C1787

)

(

(2C.2.20,7) 5 32325

5BAB47DBD C178

)

(

, 7573 59F5 C BE8767FC EB833

5BACC 727AD32CDCA7C 5 BDB3CC 6789BDC 323674C C

7D7C. .78B1B57 B68C B3D ED9 2378CB577 65

BBE7C:

1) 2 6!42# 4!6#"#, 2C ABDB2B 78CD67

5BAB47DBDB1B C1787

)

(

C33D 5 BBD53DD5CC  CB6B

AC3

)

(

D7A, A7A &DB BA77B 7 2C.2.20,E: B1CE7F7 78CD6

3F3 B5DB23D B2 CB6B ACC

)

(

;

2) (22# 4!6#"# (2C.2.20,5), 2C ABDB2B 5 BBD53DD5CC 

CB6B AC3

)

(

C33D 47DBD7 3F3 – 43 EB893

743C3

)

(

, D3 EB893 47DBD7 3F3

)

(

.78B1B57 B68C CB893D 5 276CB53F7CC 2C 27EBD3

B3D57 276CBD7C 5 B6B BEF3 2363 323674C (276CB&C23):

2E6AF42 ED4F6 68 27EBD 276CBD7C 5 .3-6C77B3

9&55

425

(325C4

C178 x(t))

+3(5,

26 y(t)

0CC43AB3

AB6C2B57C3

5&5&,

26

(.3, 13, 03)

9&5,

26

(NRZ, RZ,…)

(C2B5B3

AB6C2B57C

.78B1B57

B68C

(7C8C

x(t)

y(t)

2.19

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

x(t)

y(t)

2.20

(Amplitude Modulation) C 29ADA2

ED4F6 68 27EBD 276CBD7C 5 FM-

6C77B3 (Frequence Modulatin).

2.3.1.2. 8D9AB362 859AC

5B89B57C3 C2B5 A778B5

5C 68 323674C D383B 67

(23435B1B C1787) 5 74783 60- 1B6B5

2B8B1B 53A7 BD23EB578B 2727EBDAC

3DB6B5 23BE27B57C 32325

C178B5 5 6CA23D3, D7AC A7A:

1) 78CD6B-C897 B68C;

2) C89B-AB6B57 B68C.

)6397F85-96738AC 65F73CB9C

()* ) (Pulse .mplitude Modulation – PAM) 7A8473D 5 23BE27B57CC

32325B1B C1787 5 B5BABD9 6CA23D C178B5 (EF69DB) 

B236383B 2E6AF4D. #8 &DB1B CB67 323257 AC

)

(

B6532173D 6CA23DC7CC (A57D3D) B 5233C D7A, A7A &DB BA77B

7 2C.2.21,7. 17DBD7 6CA23DC7CC B 5233C B236383D 5

BBD53DD5CC  A5D85ED 'DA56CDB2, ABDB27 187CD, 4DB 68

5BD7B583C E3 BD329 32325B1B C1787, 236D7583B1B 5

6CA23DB 5C63, 47DBD7 6CA23DC7CC F

6B87 6B583D5B2D9

8B5C:

2 fF

163

–

532

47DBD7

32367573B1B

C1787

)

(

B8433

D7AC

BE27B

6CA23D3

B3D

5233C

32367D

C89

)

(

78CD67

ABDB2

8DD8D262

743C

ACC

)

(

&DC

3

B3D

5233C

(

2C

.2.21,

!F3D53

36BD7DAB

.53

2C

3236743

BC2B57

67

B

A778

5C

583D

8BBD9

AB223ADB1B

5BD7B583C

ACC

)

(

7

2CB

AB3

4DB

BE8B583B

32BB2CB789

C33C3

(

7D7C3

)

78CD6

27

C89B5

)

(

2B33

323674C

B

A778

5C



&DC

EB833

C2BAB3

272BD273C3

B84C8

621B

3DB6

323674C

32325

67

6CA23DB

5C63

–

C89B

AB6B57

B68C

*67385-45F5AC 65F73CB9C (* )

(Pulse Code Modulation –

PCM) –

3DB6

B68CC

2C

ABDB2B

778B1B5

C178

AB6C23D

32CC

C89B5

236D758FCC

BEB

8DB5

CD4

78CD6

DB4A7

BD43D7

778B1B5B1B

C1787

#8

&DB1B

CB6

C178

B6532173D

6CA23DC7CC

(

A57D3D

)

B

65

ABB26C7D7

• B

BC

7EC

–

6CA23DC7C

B

5233C

;

• B

BC

B26C7D

–

6CA23DC7C

B

2B5

• #CA23DC7C

B

5233C

A7A

8473

.53

5B83D

BBD53DD5CC



D3B23B

,BD389CAB57

"BAB89A

5,3

325B74789B

2727E7D57879

68

323674C

D383B

67

(

1B8B7

)

B

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

D383B A7787, C3FC 23AB B127C43 B8B 2BA7C

5 CD325783 BD 300 7 6B 3400 7, DB 5 BBD53DD5CC  D3B23B

,BD389CAB57 47DBD7 6CA23DC7CC 6B87 ED9 EB893, 43 6800 7.

!D7672DB E87 23AB36B577 47DBD7 6CA23DC7CC 8000 7. 7AC

BE27B, 78CD67 778B1B5B1B C1787 C323D 8000 27 5 3A6, DB

3D9 A763 125 A.

,2B3 DB1B, E8B D7B583B, 4DB 68 A743D53B1B

5BD7B583C 778B1B5B1B C1787 (1B8B7) 6BD7DB4B C3D9 256

2B53 6CA23DC7CC (2C.2.21,7), 4DB B5B83D 3236757D9 5 A76

B3D 5233C 743C3 78CD6 (B32 2B5) C1787  BBF9

8-2726B1B C2B5B1B AB67 (8 ECDB5), A7A &DB BA77B 7 2C.2.21,5.

7AC BE27B, 853F6A8F$ 49C85A DADC 42

585425A9 9D 9CD8D9A$ 8000 [27 5 3A6]*8 [ECD] = 64 000 ECD/, DB

3D9 46 58542 D8DB2DD D6D92 A85F5A9 C226 9B3 9

8DF9CD 9D9DD9A$ 64 CA/9.

#8 393C D23E3B 68 323674C BC2B57B1B 1B8B7

2BAB BBEBDC A7787 5C 2C33D B6CCC2B57

3DB6 5,3, D7672DCB57 ABCD3DB ITU-T (D7672D G.726) –

AFA98AC F92E28B9A38AC 967385-45F5AC 65F73CB9C

(.#5,3, Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation – ADPCM).

32C «6C323C7897 (27BD7)» B7473D, 4DB B A778

5C 32367D 3 743C3 78CD6, 7 823D9A 36 D3AFC

255

…

x(t)

2.21

y(t)

125 A

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

743C3 32325B1B C1787 5 DB4A3 A57DB57C C 2366FC.

"BAB89A AB2BD9 C33C CB6B1B 778B1B5B1B C1787 393

47DBD A57DB57C, DB 532BDBD9 EB89B1B 278C4C 36 B36CC

78CD67C 423547B 787, C 68 AB6C2B57C &DB 27BDC

6BD7DB4B 4- ECD, B5B8FC 7AB6C2B57D9 &D 27BD9 5 CD325783

BD 0 6B 15. B167 2C 8B5CC, 4DB 47DBD7 A57DB57C B 5233C

BD7583D 8000 27 5 3A6, B84C AB2BD9 323674C 8000*4 =

32 AECD/, 4DB 565B3 393 D7672DB AB2BDC 5,3.

-B833 8B 572C7DB 6C323C789B C89B-AB6B5B

B68CC 583D CD48DB25 9 8549C2325E, 2C ABDB2B

AB6C23D C 32367D 27C7 36 23789 C 236A77 7

BB53 3AB89AC 2366FC BD4DB5 743C3 C1787. )DB

B5B83D 3F EB893 39CD9 AB8C43D5B ECDB5 68 AB6C2B57C

B6B1B 7327 C1787 C, 836B57D389B, 39CD9 D23EB57C3 A

2BAB BBEBDC A7787 5C. !D7672D G.726 6BA73D

CB89B57C3 5-C, 3- C 2- ECDB5 68 AB6C2B57C B6B1B 7327 C1787,

4DB B5B83D B84CD9 AB2BDC 323674C (%9E2) 40, 24 C 16 AECD/.

.67DC5BD9 B68CC 7A8473D 5 6C7C43AB B6D2BA3

717 A57DB57C 27C B 2366FC 743C.

2.3.2. 25F 6573CB99 9428F A88F

"2B3 236D7583C 6CA23D (C2B5) 67 5 5C63

32325B1B 5BAB47DBDB1B CBC6789B1B C1787 (3F3) B

5B3 DC 583D 778B1B5B B68C3 6CA23D 67. +67AB,

68 DB1B 4DBE 31B BD8C47D9 BD 778B1B5B B68CC 32325

67, D7AB3 23BE27B57C3 47DB 757D 2!6#"5,.

37C8C 2C33D 68 323674C 6CA23D 67

(C178B5) 5 5C63 32325 C178B5 B A7787  AB B8BB

47DBD, 72C32 B D383B A7787, C3FC B127C43

B8B 2BA7C 5 3100 7, C 2378C3D  BBF9 B63B5.

,B9D323 673 – 65BC43 «1» C «0» – BE4B

CBE277D 5 5C63 BD3C78B5 BBD53DD53B 5BAB1B C CAB1B

2B53 (2C.2.22,2). 7AB 3DB6 236D7583C 65BC4 67

583D 7CEB833 3D3D53 C 2BD C 7573D 528B9A386

45F9E5A8926.

%23, 7D274C573B3 7 323674 B6B1B ECD7 («1» C8C «0»),

7573D %956 982EA356. #8CD389BD9

ECDB5B1B CD325787

577  2BAB BBEBD9 A7787 5C

(AB2BD9 323674C)

75CCBD9:

"2C

BD3C789B

AB6C2B57CC

9CD8D9A ED4F6

4C83B

B57673D



8DF9CD 9D9DD9A$

A7787

[

EB6

[

ECD



$72C32

68

A7787

5C



2BAB

BBEBD9

=10

3ECD



68CD389BD9

ECDB5B1B

CD325787

= 100



AB2BD9

B68CC

=10

3EB6

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

100

#8 323674C 65BC4 67 B1D CB89B57D9 836FC3

3DB6 7C8CC:

• 2 6!42# 2!6#"# (Amplitude Shift Keying, ASK): 68

236D7583C «1» C «0» CB89D 273 2B5C 78CD6

5BAB47DBDB 3F3 (2C.2.22,E); C-7 CAB B3BDB4C5BDC

&DBD 3DB6 BE4B 2C33D 5 B43D7CC  621CC 3DB67C,

72C32  7B5B 7C8C3;

• (22# 2!6#"# (Frequency Shift Keying, FSK): 743C

«0» C «1» 32367D CBC67C  278C4B 47DBDB (2C.2.22,5); &DBD

3DB6 2BD 5 2378C7CC C BE4B 2C33D 5 CABAB2BD

B637;

• '232# 2!6#"# (Phase Shift Keying, PSK): 743C «0» C

«1» BBD53DD5D CBC6 B6C7AB5B 47DBD C  B6C7AB5B

78CD6B, B  278C4B 7B, 72C32 0 C 180 1276B5 (2C.2.22,1).

$7 27ADCA3 BE4B CB89D ABECC2B573 3DB6

B68CC, BE334C57FC3 EB833 5BAC3 AB2BDC 323674C C 84

B3B7FCFBD9. $72C32, 3DB6 CB2482AF8D 2E6AF4D

ED4F6 (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, QAM) BB57 7 B43D7CC

7B5B B68CC  8 743CC 538C4C 65C17 7 C 78CD6B

B68CC  4 2B5C 78CD6. '7B757C3 BCEBA 2C 3236743

BF3D583D 7 4D CEDB4BDC AB6C2B57C, 7A847F3 5

CB89B57CC 3 53 32- 5BB ABEC7C C1787.

2.3.3. 9552 4595A892

"2C C2B5B AB6C2B57CC 6CA23D 67 2C3D

BD3C7893 C C893 AB6. % BD3C789 AB67 68

236D7583C 65BC4 36CC C 83 CB893D 273 743C

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ASK

PSK

FSK

2.22

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