Алиев Т.И. Сети ЭВМ и телекоммуникации

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123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

171

C 2378CB577 5 5C63 C2B5B 7727D2 89DC83AC2B57C C

ABD7CC, ABDB27 B84C87 757C3 1 C B5B887 5 C2B5B 5C63

89DC83AC2B57D9, 3236757D9 C ABDC2B57D9 673 24- 7EB3DB5.

!37 B2C2B57C A7787 1 BA777 7 2C.2.79. "BAB89A

7EB3D B89B578C9 BE4C 778B1B5C D383BC 7727D7C,

ACC BC2B557C C AB6C2B57C 1B8B7 7 BB53 5,3-

23BE27B57C 5B87178C9 7 89DC83AB2 (3"). 7AC BE27B,

89DC83AB2 1, BE936C 24 23435 A778B5 B AB2BDC 64 AECD/,

BE334C578 B2C2B57C3 A7787  2BAB BBEBD9

1,544 3ECD/, ABDB2 B84C8 757C3 «A778 1».

,778 1 236D758D BEB 683A3 C2B53 A778 68

323674C C2B5 C178B5. "325B74789B A778 1 5B88C 2B89

71CD2789 A778B5 D383BB 3DC, BE334C57FC B53

2BA BBEBD9. "B 323 B5323D5B57C C2B5B

D3B8B1CC C C3C DBCBDC A778 1 D78C CB89B57D9 5

A743D53 56383 C8C 72363 A778B5.

#8 B6A843C 87 AB9D32B 3DC A A778 1 CB893D

3C789B3 BEB26B57C3:

• CSU (Channel Service Unit) – D2BD5B BE8C57C A7787;

• DSU (Data Service Unit) – D2BD5B BE8C57C 67.

CSU 2378C3D 7ADC43AC CD323 36 A778B 1 C 8B,

B6632C573D A743D5B A7787, BD83C573D B36C3C C 5B83D 5

A7783 1 2B89 CC43AB BAB34B DB4AC. DSU 23BE273D C178,

5B83D C2BC7C, B2C23D A762 A778B5 1/41, C8C573D

C178 C BF3D583D 5275C57C3 712AC A7787. DSU B6A8473D

A CSU C BE4B BEB7473D A7A B6B D2BD5B – DSU/CSU, ABDB2B3

B6A8473D A BD7 C 722DC7DB27.

389DC83AB2 (3") 1

5,3

64 AECD/

5,3

64 AECD/

389DC83AC-

2B57C3

,778 1

1,544 3ECD/

…

1) BC2B557C3

 47DBDB 8000 7;

2) 5,3-23BE27B57C3.

2.79

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

172

% 678933 E87 2727EBD77 7727D27 89DC83AC2B57C

C2B5 BDBAB5 EB833 5BAB1B 2B5, ABDB27 B84C87 BEB743C

2, 3 C 4 C B5B8C87 B2C2B57D9 C3272C AB2BD3 323674C

67 B A7787, BEB7473 778B1C4 BE27B:

• A778 2  2BAB BBEBD9 6,312 3ECD/ B843 D

89DC83AC2B57C 4- A778B5 1;

• A778 3  2BAB BBEBD9 44,736 3ECD/ B843

D 89DC83AC2B57C 7-C A778B5 2;

• A778 4  2BAB BBEBD9 274,176 3ECD/ B843

D 89DC83AC2B57C 6-C A778B5 3.

7%5 2 '& &2# 226 A2-A4 236D75837 7 2C.2.80.

% 452B3 2C33D BD8C47FC BD 732CA7AB1B

3672B6 D7672D, CB89FC 836FC3 BEB743C

A778B5:

• A778 41  2BAB BBEBD9 2,048 3ECD/, B843B 5

2389D7D3 89DC83AC2B57C 30 23435 A778B5;

• A778 42  2BAB BBEBD9 8,488 3ECD/, B843B 5

2389D7D3 89DC83AC2B57C 4- A778B5 41;

• A778 43  2BAB BBEBD9 34,368 3ECD/, B843B 5

2389D7D3 89DC83AC2B57C 4- A778B5 42;

• A778 41  2BAB BBEBD9 139,264 3ECD/, B843B

5 2389D7D3 89DC83AC2B57C 4- A778B5 43.

7CD8D9A (2BA3 BBEBDC) A778B5 i C 4i BEB747D 5

5C63 DS-n (Digital Signal):

• DS-0: 1 23435B A778  2BAB BBEBD9 64 AECD/;

• DS-1: A778 1/41 (1,544 3ECD/ / 2,048 3ECD/);

• DS-2: A778 2/42 (6,312 3ECD/ / 8,488 3ECD/);

• DS-3: A778 3/43 (44,736 3ECD/ / 34,368 3ECD/);

• DS-4: A778 4/44 (274,176 3ECD/ / 139,264 3ECD/).

$7 27ADCA3 5 BB5B CB89D A778 1/41 C 3/43.

$7 2C.2.81 BA77 B27D A762B5 1 (DS-1) C 2 (DS-2).

,762 1 (2C.2.84,7) BE936C3D 24 23435 A778B5, 5 A76B C

ABDB2 32367D 1 E7D, C ECD C2BC7CC S. #8C7 A7627

BD7583D: 24*8+1=193 ECD. ,762 32367D 8000 27 5 3A6. B167

AB2BD9 323674C 67: 193 ECD*8000= =1,544 3ECD/.

,778 1

1,544

3ECD/

,778 2

6,312 3ECD/

,778 3

44,736 3ECD/

,778 4

274,176 3ECD/

2.80

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

173

,762 2 (2C.2.84,E) BE936C3D 4 A7627 1, ABDB23 276383

83E B83 !, BE334C57FC 5 DB 4C83 C2BC7C.

.78B1C4B, A762 3 BE936C3D 7 A762B5 2, 7 A762 4 – 6 A762B5

0CC43AC 2B539 PDH

B6632C573D:

• 5CD 72;

• AB7AC789 A7E389;

• 5B8BABB-BDC43AC A7E389.

"B836C3 657 DC7 A7E38

CB89D 68 A778B5 3/43.

542 PDH:

• 8BBD9 89DC83AC2B57C C 6389DC83AC2B57C;

• BDDD5C3 275CD 5D2B3 2B362 ABD2B8 C 27583C

3D9, 7 D7A3 2B362 B6632AC BDA7BDB4C5BDC;

• 35BAC3 B B5233 32A7 AB2BDC 323674C 67:

139 3ECD/ 68 44, 5 DB 523 A7A %+, B5B83D 2378CB57D9 63DAC

7ECD/ C EB833.

2.6.7.2. 'C6F5662 CF52 C7F2FC

!C2B7 C2B57 C3272C (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, SDH)

325B74789B B5C879 5 !6. B6 757C3 SONET – Synchronous

Optical NETs (D7672D 2CD 5 1984 1B6). 452B3AC D7672D SDH

BC7 5 3CCA7C G.707 - G.709. SDH C SONET B8BD9

B53DC.

356 82382DAC SDH – B67C3 C532789B D3B8B1CC 68

323674C D27CA7 C2B5 A778B5 1/41 C 3/43 C BE3343C3

C3272CC AB2BD3 6B 3AB89AC 7ECD/ 7 BB53 %+,.

+EB743C3 2B53 C3272CC:

• 5 SDH: STM-n (Synchronous Transport Module);

• 5 SONET:

1 STS-n (Synchronous Transport Signal) – 2C 3236743

&83AD2C43AC C178B;

1 +!-n (Optical Carrier) – 2C 3236743 67 53DB5 84B

B %+,.

0B27D A762B5 STS C OC – C63DC4.

53272C AB2BD3 D3B8B1C SDH C SONET 236D75837 5

D7E8.2.4.

!D2AD27 3DC SDH BA777 7 2C.2.82.

% BD75 SDH 5B6D 836FC3 D2BD57:

• A58E265 F9A8D9AB2 ( ) – 325C3 767D32 (Service

Adapter, SA);

• EF6A65C9D8 ()");

1 2 3 … 24 S

,762 1

…

7) A762 1

E) A762 2

2.81

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

174

• EF6A65C9D8 BBD42-BBD42 ()"--); 2CC7D C 32367D

D27CDB BDBA STS-n, 5D758 C8C 678 E3 B8B1B

6389DC83AC2B57C B89B57D389AC3 673;

• 855582AD8 (1);

• 8DB5 C8D99-CD5CAD8 68 ABD7CC 5BABAB2BD

BDBAB5 67.

262 2.4

SDH SONET 7&*

STS OC

- STS-1 OC-1 51,840 3ECD/

STM-1 STS-3 OC-3 155,520 3ECD/

STM-3 STS-9 OC-9 466,560 3ECD/

STM-4 STS-12 OC-12 622,080 3ECD/

STM-6 STS-18 OC-18 933,120 3ECD/

STM-8 STS-24 OC-24 1,244 7ECD/

STM-12 STS-36 OC-36 1,866 7ECD/

STM-16 STS-48 OS-48 2,488 7ECD/

STM-64 STS-192 OS-64 9,953 7ECD/

STM-256

STS-768 OS-256 39,81 7ECD/

!D3A 2BDBAB8B5 SDH B632CD 4 2B5 (2C.2.83).

1. +3(5, !&5* (Photonic). ,B6C2B57C3 3DB6B NRZ

(B68C 53D7).

2. &5* 5" (Section). !3AC – 32325 BD23BA %+,

36 65 D2BD57C. "2B5B6CD D3DC2B57C3 3ACC C

B6632C573D B327CC 76CCD27DC5B1B ABD2B8.

3. &5* 6 (Line). +D53473D 7 323674 67 36 3".

"2BDBAB8 &DB1B 2B5 5B83D B327CC 89DC83AC2B57C C

6389DC83AC2B57C, 7 D7A3 5D75AC C 6783C B89B57D389AC

67.

4. &5* &22 (Path). +D53473D 7 6BD75A 67 36

AB34C B89B57D38C. 27AD – BD75B3 5C2D789B3 B36C3C3

36 B89B57D38C. "2BDBAB8 2CC73D C 23BE27B5573D 673 C

i/Ei 5 STS-n.

…

STS-1

STS-n

2.82

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

175

$7 2C.2.84 236D7583 B27D A7627 STS-1 5 5C63 7D2C

2732B 9 7 90 E7D, B6327F3:

• 32D6DBDC 95C – 68 ABD2B8 C 23ABC127CC 3ACC;

• 32D6DBDC 6 – 68 23ABC127CC, ABD2B8 C 27583C

8CC3;

• 32D6DBDC FA – A7573D 3DBB8B3C3 5C2D789

ABD332B5 5 A7623.

'9E7A38 458282E (%,) – &DB B6A762, ABDB23 323BD

BDBAC 67  EB833 CACC AB2BDC, 43 STS-1 (51,84 3ECD/), D.3.

ABDB23 5A87657D 5 A762 STS-1, A7A &DB BA77B 7 2C.2.87. %

A743D53 D7AC 5C2D789 ABD332B5 B1D 5D7D9, 72C32,

. 3-43AC, A762 1/41 C D.6.

! 4DB DB1B, 4DB A762 STS-1 2732B 90*9=810 E7D 32367D

8000 27 5 3A6, B84C: 810[E7D]*8[ECD]*8000[

-1

]=51,840 3ECD/.

7AC BE27B, SDH – &DB BB577 7 5B8BABB-BDC43AC

A7787 CD312C2B577 3D9 5C, B5B8F7 3236757D9 53 5C6

D27CA7 C BE334C57F7:

871B8.

3ACC

871B8.

8CCC

871B8B5BA DC

90 E7D

3 E7D7

1 E7D

3 E7D7

9 E7D

%,1 %,2 …

2.84

7B5A

Path

Line

Section

Photonic

27AD

*CC

!3AC

0C.2.

!3AC

0C.2.

*CC

!3AC

0C.2.

#25

(6DC STS-n

'248

#73

' 3"

#73

2.83

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

176

• CB89B57C3 C2BB 323674C  BE7DB5 43236B57CC

2C 89DC83AC2B57CC;

• CB89B57C3 D7672DB1B 32CB67 B5DB23C A762B5 5 125 A;

• 5A843C3 5 C3272C EB89B1B 4C87 2B53;

• CB89B57C3 D3B8B1CC ABBB5AC (CA78CC)

2BDBAB8B5 5 5C63 5C2D789 ABD332B5, C 7AB5AC C

D27B2DC2B5AC, B5B8FC3 7127D9 C 323BCD9 5 C A762 PDH.

123456 3. 78926ABC5 DCEF6F56ABC5 5F

177

123456 3. 789A7BCDE FD7E7BCDE E

123456748 9ABCD5CEF56748 DFE6 (123, 45674897A BCD8 / Local Area

Network, LAN) – 65EF8DC97A BCD8, 5CBFC77A FCC7 799 97

9C548C 7BBD5A9A (5D 9CB65486 CBAD65 ECD5 5 9CB65486

645ECD5) B5 B655BD8, 676 F745, 9C EC9CC 1 D/B.

5 7F: Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI.

3.1. 12345367 829A43BA533 CDE

3.1.1. 12324563786 9A9B6779A5C DEF

1. 123345634789ABC 6DE75 – 5D 9CB65486 CBAD65 ECD5 5

9CB65486 645ECD5.

2. 35C9ACD 595 F236A789AB2 6F9523B  5C

4C6D5995C 5B95C 6636E7A42, F5 54AA F548 57DC4AE 5EC97D8BA

95E7!C"  B5ECBD95 C6D95 BF548 57D8 5C CBB,

97FEC, F9DC, E5CE  BD5"BD7 4A 79C9A 799.

3. A5232C – F6826E75289ABC.

4. 555E25 , D76 676 B974 FCC7DBA  "CBDCBDC995""

!55" 5EC.

5. 2 67CBDC BD5"BD7 B5FA#C9A $2 B5 BC5" FCC7

BF548 CDBA 5BD7D595 F5BD5C BD5"BD5 – 252E6C 77F523.

6. 365B2 54F6EB2 56F68644: "57A 97", "6548!5", " C 7".

7. 555E25 733547 4! (3-" 5C98 E5C4 OSI).

8. "B67! 63659 F2327#4 799, 676 F745, 54CC 1 D/B.

9. 379DC4895 A268942 75375B 97 F5BD5C9C BCD.

%CCB4C99C 5B5C995BD 5B4547D 5B959C 42

123, 7647CBA  F365652 252E66 6636E7A4! 4 637A47 44

7289A6C 452B , 676 B4CBDC,  F365652 $F8757 44 BCD.

3.1.2. F9A52 DEF

2 5CE B47C 123 647CD  BCA:

• A6%25E6 &"', 595 FCB597489 65EF8DC5 (%&),

97 7CE 42BCC DE47C8C;

• 252EB2 77F523B, FCBD74AC B55" 4C6D599 F47D

4A B5FA#C9A %& B5 BCBD7E 65EE967!;

• 32 F2327#4 (7453789), FCBD74A B55"

B556F95BD8 BCBD 65EE967!" (65EE967!5997A BCD8, BCD8 BA ),

5'C9A7A BC %&  C9 B4DC489 BCD8 67C4895" BBDCE5"

4 75BA 8.

FEF9AF 44EFA () (F47D, 67D) FC97 97C9 4A

B5FA#C9A %& B5 BCBD7E 65EE967! B CD5E F9AD  7995"

BCD F747E 5EC97 95E7!C".

%CCC98 96!", 5 477CE 97 3(, 7BD 5D 6596CD95" BCD

,  5CE B47C, E5#CD D8 7 D 97 C FF:

123456 3. 78926ABC5 DCEF6F56ABC5 5F

178

1) 7453789AB2 (7A789AB2) A 44, 5CBFC7C

B5FA#C9C 77FDC7 B %&  BCDC5" E7BD748;

2) 252EB2 A 44, 5CBFC7C FCC7 799  BCD 

C74 C F9AD"  BCD F5D5654 5EC97.

& E7BD7489E 96!AE 3( 5D95BADBA:

1) 4C6DCB65C C579C B9745 E7BD74;

2) 7BF5 9779C (C7!A) B5BDC9955 7CB7 97 E7BD74;

3) 575D67 BD55 5EC97 97 E7BD74  75D67 9DC99

F74A B9745.

& BCDCE 96!AE ( 5D95BADBA:

1) 789E7A4#27! 37E!7 %&  BCBD 65EE967!

(5DBDBDCD  B47C 5FD554565995"  CBF5595" BA );

2) F326376E7A42 36EA2C 4A786E F FCC7C  F)EC 799;

3) 6436E7A42 4A786E F FCC7C  26436E7A42 F F)EC

(5DBDBDCD F BF548 579 657 NRZ);

4) 37F6A7E7A42 E626 737 F F)EC;

5) F326376E7A42 67: F7744C48955  F5B4C57DC489" F

FCC7C  F5B4C57DC48955  F7744C489" F F)EC;

6) 23436E7A42 FCC77CE  F9E7CE 799  C95"

F7EAD 3(;

7) F36E22A42 734537%7 62A7 F5 BCD (659D548 B5BD5A9A BCD,

7 CC9C 65946D5  D..);

8) F6#25 6A53689A6C B 737 F FCC7C  F)EC.

%CC CDC 96! BC7 C74 DBA 7FF77D95, 5BD7489C

E5D D8 C74 579 F57EE95, D5 CBDCBDC995 B9#7CD B655BD8

5EC97.

A6  !"2# A F FCC7C 675 B5C#D

B4C $57FB (F F)EC – 57D97A F5B4C57DC4895BD8).

1. 2327#7 7AABD. *799C FCC7DBA  +,- %&  C9

F7EAD8 3( ( C95" F7EAD 3(  +,- %& F F)EC) CC

F57EECE" 67974 57/57, 67974 FAE55 5BDF7 6 F7EAD

4 7 C4ACE F7EAD8.

2. )2347 4!. .C55E7 4A 79C9A 799 5 CEA

575D6  3(  5CBFCC9A B547B579A EC# B55" B655BDC"

FCC7  575D6 95E7! 7 49E 65EF59C9D7E 123.

3. *63436E7A42 737 (66+2A4!):

• B55C9C 7 C4ACDBA 97 67 F FCC7C (67

5'C9ADBA  B55C9C F F)EC);

• 6 67 574ADBA (74ADBA F F)EC) 754556 

659!C6.

4. 65F  728. %5CACDBA 5 E5#95BD8 FCC7 677 

49 BA : 4A Ethernet F5CACDBA 9C 79AD5BD8 49 BA , 4A Token

Ring – 974C E76C7. % F)EC 677 D5D D7F 5DBDBDCD.

123456 3. 78926ABC5 DCEF6F56ABC5 5F

179

5. 326376E7A42 7AABD  F7744C4895" 5E 

F5B4C57DC489 F FCC7C   F5B4C57DC4895" 5E 

F7744C489 F F)EC.

6. ,6436E7A42/26436E7A42 7AABD. /5EDBA 4C6DCB6C

B974, BF548 CEC 4A FCBD74C9A 799.

7. 2327#7/F342 4F896E. ,7655799C 4C6DCB6C

EF48B FCC7DBA  49 BA  (F FCEC F9E7DBA  49

BA   97F74ADBA 97 C65579C).

&5EC D D7F5 F FCEC 3( ECBDC B F57EE9E

5CBFCC9CE %& 37F6A75 4 63775BE75 644, 5 967C  -

7 4C6DCB6 F5EC, 65946D5  BCDA B5 B47"9E 5BDF5E 4

 - 7 F455" 75D 55579A.

3.1.3. 999CC DEF

2 123 9754CC 565C 7BF5BD79C9C F544 B4CC

D5F545.

1. "$2" (bus) – FCBD74ACD B55" 67C48, EC9CE"

226%& 4 55, 6 65D55E F564C9 BC 65EF8DC

BCD (B.3.1).

&7, FCC77CE" 5D 455 65EF8DC7, 7BF5BD79ACDBA F5

9C  5C BD559  F5BDF7CD  C BCDC 77FDC5 BC

65EF8DC5 BCD, 676 D5 F96D5E F567 795 97 B.3.1. .5 D54865 D5D

65EF8DC, 65D55E 7CBCDBA 799" 67, B579ACD C5  CC 4A

7489C"C" 575D6. 34CCD ECD8  , D5  67#" E5EC9D

CEC9 F2327# 6%25 E254 56896 64A 6F9523.

.7 F5 5DC4895BD8 BCD (B655BD8 FCC7 799) 4AD

B4CC 76D5:

• 654CBD5 65EF8DC5  BCD   DC9CB6C F77ECD;

• 9DC9B95BD8 (7BD5D7) FCC7 799;

• DF 75D7 BCDC F45#C9";

• DF BCDC55 67C4A;

• 7BBD5A9C EC# 65EF8DC7E  BCD.

*4A FC5D7C9A 5D7#C9A 4C6DCB6 B9745 97 67#5E

659!C 67C4A BD79747D 52, F5457C 5D7#C99C

B974.

– BCDC5" 77FDC

3.1

– 757A BD79!A

– DCE97D5

123456 3. 78926ABC5 DCEF6F56ABC5 5F

180

34 A732A44 2865A654 254 (5 4 5DB5C9C9C 67C4A),

7 D76#C F34 6555E44 5234A75636E, BCD8 "F77CD"  FC677CD

96!5957D8.

2. "'5342" (star),  65D55" BC 65EF8DC F5647DBA 6

!C9D74895E 65EF59C9D – 659!C9D7D5 (B.3.2).

%CC77CE" 67 E5#CD D8 5BDFC9 BCE 65EF8DC7E BCD,

676  D5F545 «97», 4 #C,  B47C 9DC44C6D748955

659!C9D7D57, 75D7C5 97 2-E 59C OSI-E5C4, 97F74AD8BA

6596CD95E 65EF8DC  B55DCDBD B 7CB5E 97 97C9A.

+B959E A2657574 D765" D5F545 A4ADBA:

• 97DC489" 7B5 67C4A 4A DCD574895 548 BCDC";

• 9 67A 97C#95BD8 ( 65C ECBD5 – 659!C9D7D5).

3. "96%"" (ring). 3974 FCC7DBA F5 6548! E 6A6

A7F37E82A44  F55AD CC 67#" 65EF8DC (B.3.3). 2 5D4C 5D

F7BB95" D5F545 "97", 67#" 65EF8DC BDF7CD  54

F5D5DC4A, 7FB7A 67  C BCDC55 77FDC7  7DCE FCC77A

 B4CCE 65EF8DC.

2 7BE5BD 5D BF5B57 FCC7 B9745 7 47D:

1) F74EAB2 56F68644,  65D5 65EF8DC D54865 "B47D"

FCC77CEC F5 BCD 799C, 95 9C FCCEC7D  5D 5DF7DC4A 6

F547DC4, F5D5E 5  BD5A 5955  65EF8DC5 9C

B67 7CDBA 97 75DC 5BD7489;

2) 754EAB2 56F68644,  65D5 65EF8DC CC9CD

B974  FCC7D  F5 BCD.

3.1.4. 3C564538 DEF

0F 7DC6D 123:

• 595795C BCD;

• BCD DF7 "64C9D-BCC";

– BCDC5" 77FDC

3.2

9"52

3.3