Алиев Т.И. Сети ЭВМ и телекоммуникации

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123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

141

CDB4CAB BA7573D, 4DB DB8AB53C 7A3DB5 5 A7783 AB883ADC5B1B

6BD7 3 2BCB8B. ,B34B, BCEA7 B3D 5BCAD9 5 7B

D7CC 7743C. % &DB 8473 B7 B3D 72BCD9 B5DB2

323674 7A3D7.

!DCAC-23D278DB2 B1D ED9 7C5C C 7ADC5C

(2C.2.53). %3 B52333 DCAC-23D278DB2 58D

2 , ABDB23 5 BD8C4C3 BD 2%, 236D758FC BEB

2BDB BD277D389 276CBC1787, BEB26B57 7727D2B 68 85E2,

D82DAC, F965  85A8296 C1787.

.ADC53 DCAC B1D ED9 32313327DC5C C

2313327DC5C (2C.2.53).

5&555&2, DCA, 2C5 C178 BD B6B 3B

D7CC, 323BCD 31B 7 621 47DBD, C8C573D C 323673D 621B

3B D7CC.

1555&2, DCA 2BC5B6CD 63B68C 2CDB1B

C1787 C 7B5B B68C23D 31B. -871B672 &DB C27583C3 BCEBA

2BC5B6CD 6576: 7 DCA3 C 7 2CC7F3 3B D7CC.

$36BD7DBA &DB1B 3DB67 –

8BBD9 C, 836B57D389B,

EB833 5BA7 DBCBD9, 7

D7A3 538C437 7632A7

C1787.

+6C C DBD 3 DCA

5C B3D CB89B57D9

3AB89ACC CD37C 5C,

C3FCC 5BC AB83A

8!.

+B53 6BDBCD57 !!!:

• 5BA7 2BA7 BBEBD9;

• 5BBBD9 323A2DC EB89C 27DBC:

• 5BBBD9 BE3343C 59 D26B6BD 27BB5;

• 375CCBD9 DBCBDC C A743D57 DCAB5 A778B5 BD C

2BD3BDC.

2.5.4.2. &A233CCE2C 3D946CE5 3C3478 D5 4CD9

5FC4

.E%9A – D273ADB2C 65C3C DCA7 5C.

!!! B1D ED9 A87CCC2B57 5 75CCBDC BD DC7 B2ECD

(2C.2.54).

B&$26*5 777 CB89D B9DC5 B2ECD (6C73D2B

63DAC D4 A), A ABDB2 BDBD:

• 5D9A2D282 B2ECD7;

• B9DCD/66A59C2 B2ECD7;

• 3&$26*5 777 CB89D CAC3 A21B53 B2ECD,

C3FC3 275CD389B 3EB89B 6C73D2 (BD 3AB89AC BD3 6B

!DCAC-23D278DB2

"7C53

.ADC53

$32313327D

C53

'313327DC53

$32313327DC53

2.53

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

142

3AB89AC D4 A), 7A8B33 B6 3ABDB2 18B BDBCD389B

&A57DB27.

2.5.4.3. .75342C562F62 5FC42

025AB958AE8AC 5E%9A C8C B2ECD7 13BD7CB72B1B DCA7 –

&DB C8FDB2 (&A3D2CCD3D &88C7 5 = 0) /CB2AD8262 (7A8B3C3 –

1B8 36 8BABD9 B2ECD C 8BABD9 &A57DB27 – < = 0) 98D2

B2ECD7  32CB6B BE27F3C 24 4,  65C3C3 5!8 5 5BDB4B

727583CC (2C.2.55).

73BD7CB72 DCA BA7573D "75CC", 3B65C

BDBCD389B 3B B532BDC. + 27B87173D 76 &A57DB2B 7

5BD3 35 875 A  3C3B 6B81BDB B6DCAB5B DB4AC.

=240-270 

2.55

E62'2"# 777  ! &$

%BABB2ECD7893

$CABB2ECD7893

73BD7CB723

%BAB&88CDC43AC3

2.54

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

143

92 13BD7CB72 B2ECD:

1) 59 BF3D583D 32325B, A218BDB4B, E3 323B6B5 

B6B1B 5!8 7 621B C E3 3BEB6CBDC BD83C57C 7D37C

B8B3C DCA7;

2) B87E83C3 C1787 7 D273 36 8! C DCAB 583D

D7EC89 5836D5C3 3C3BDC 27DBC BD 5!8 6B 8!;

3) BDDD53D C8C, B A273 323, 5397 78 65C1 47DBD

C1787 B DCA7 5C, 5573 31B 65C3C3 (&3AD #B8327);

4) B7 5C6CBDC 13BD7CB72B1B DCA7 – BAB8B D23DC 3B

B532BDC, 4DB BE8B58C573D D3B23DC43A 6BD7DB4BD9 D23 5!8

68 B67C 18BE789B CD3 5C (. 2C.2.55,7).

-871B672 A77 23CF3D57 13BD7CB72 B2ECD

CB89D B439 C2BAB.

73BD7CB723 DCAC 838C D78C CB89B57D9 68

323674C CB27CC 7 3AB89AB 83D 2793, 43 5BCA8C 3253 3DC

 ABD7C3 7A3DB5. ,B3243AC3 DCAC 5C 7478C 27EBD7D9 

1965 1. 73BD7CB72 B2ECD CB89D DCAB53 CD3 5C:

7+'58+$ , ),'.$-3 ('BC), INTELSAT; EUTELSAT C 621C3.

542 13BD7CB72 B2ECD:

1) 5 5BAC C2BD7 (EB893 75 1276B5) 13BD7CB72

DCA 27ADC43AC 3 5C63 (. 2C.2.55,E);

2) 18 3D7 75363C 7D3 7 DCA 6BB8CD389B

397D  6783C3 B 6B81BD3 DB4AC 2C37 BD 6B81BD 5!8.

%3 &DB 2C5B6CD A 3BEB6CBDC CB89B57D9 621C3 DC B2ECD

68 BE3343C DCAB5B 59 BBD53DD5FC 27BB5 83B1B

727.

2.5.4.4. 35E5(ACD4C73E2 5FC42

'545339924AC 5E%9A – &88CBBE277 B2ECD7

(&A3D2CCD3D &88C7 3 2753 0) 

3835 7A8B3C3 (1B8 36

8BABD9 B2ECD C 8BABD9

&A57DB27 BD8C43 BD 0)  32CB6B

BE27F3C 12 4. 838 27B8B37 5

8BABDC B2ECD E8CAB A B6B C

ABB5 &88C7 (2C.2.56).

)52 – 7CEB833 6787

DB4A7 B2ECD; 2E92 – 7C333

6787 DB4A7 B2ECD.

%BAB&88CDC43A7 B2ECD7

CB893D  7238 1965 1B67

CD37C 5C C 53F7C 73

D27 2C &A87D7CC DCAB5

5C DC7 "3B8C". +E8C57C3

53 D322CDB2CC 'BCC 5BBB 5

7B13

32C13

2.56

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

144

D343C3 2C32B 8 47B5, B&DB D23-43D23 5!8, 3FC 621

6217, 6BD7DB4B 68 B217C7CC A218BDB4B 276CB5C.

+B5B3 4 5BAB&88CDC43AB B2ECD – B217C7C

5C 68 D322CDB2C, 7B6FC 5 5BAC C2BD7.

2.5.4.5. /C!E55FC42AB67 '''

#8 BE3343C 59 BD23ECD383  3EB89C D27CAB

CB89D 653 AB3CC BD2B3C CABB2ECD789 !!!:

1) CB89B57C3 78 CABB2ECD789 DCAB5 5C;

2) D3B8B1C 78B732D2 DCAB5 D32C78B5 (VSAT-

D3B8B1C).

75  26% 3&$26*% ! #3

236D758D BEB B1BDCAB5 (BD 63DA7 6B 3AB89AC BD3

DCAB5) CABB2ECD789 12 78 ABC43AC 7727DB5,

273F 7 A21B5 B2ECD7 5BDB BD 600 6B 2000 A C

7A8B3C3 BD 30 6B 85 1276B5. "2C &DB 68 8EB DB4AC

BE8C573B BE87DC 3B B532BDC 5 B3 33 276CB5C6CBDC

E63D 7B6CD9 BD E B6C ABC43AC 7727D.

#D9AD9AB2 CD3 78 CABB2ECD789 DCAB5 5C:

1) 275CD389B 3EB89C3 27DBC BD 8! 6B DCAB5-

23D278DB2B5 2C5B6CD A:

• 74CD389B &3213DC43AB 5C12 B 2753C 

CD37C 5C 4323 5BABB2ECD7893 DCAC 5C;

• 5BBBDC 2C33C 3 D7C  78B BFBD9

32367D4CA7;

• 2BF3C ABD2ACC 23D278DB27;

• C3C 7B17E72CD BA77D383 ABC43AB1B 7727D7;

2) DBCBD9 CD3 5C 2C32B 7 B26BA C3, 43 59

4323 13BD7CB723 5!8.

"2C32 CD3 78 CABB2ECD789 DCAB5 5C:

IRIDIUM, GLOBALSTAR,TELEDESIC.

A5%6# 2625&!&% !% 5& 26 (VSAT –

Very Small Aperture Terminal) 7A8473D 5 2727EBDA3 C CB89B57CC

3 D7C  B439 78C 27327C 7D3 (6C73D2B 0,9–2,4 ) C

C8CD383 5BAB 47DBD 3EB89B BFBDC (1–5 %D),

7B6FCC 3B236D53B  7EB3D7. )DB B5B83D F3D53B

39CD9 17E72CD C DBCBD9 D7AC D7C C 63873D C 6BDC

38AC C 236C C27 C AB7C.

! B3D7 5B31B B583C 3DC DCAB5B 5C 726 

2B5B6C, 276CB2383C, D2BB32C C D.6. 277D2C578C9 5

A743D53 D7A 7573 5&(% 55, #3, D.3. CD3 BE27B57C

DCB5 A778B5 5C C 12B5 D27ADB5 323674C C178B5.

$7 E73 DCB5 A778B5 325C4 3D3 B217CD &(5

5 #3 – D383B3, D3831273, 323674C 67, 7ACC89B

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

145

2.57

5C C 62. )DB BE8B5C8B B236383 7BDBD389BD9 5 2727EBDA3

236D5 DCAB5B 5C C B2C3DC2B57C3 2C B67CC 5DB2C4

3D3 7 5BBBDC C BBE3BDC DCAB5 A778B5 5C.

2.5.5. )2558F2 29 8A *-37 A

232(55: 68 ED2B1B 27532D57C 3D3 C BDEAB5.

F$5 BD2B3C C ACBC2B57C 3D3 7 5,-847:

1) 3D 3BEB6CBDC DD9 A7E38C, AB167 3D D7AC 5BBBD3,

72C32, 5 B835 8B5C;

2) 3EB89B 276C 63D5C: 5–10  – 5 236387 B6B1B

B3F3C, 4DB BE334C573D ABC63C789BD9;

3) C84737 BFBD9 35BA7, 7 5B63D5C3 5,-C843C 7

B217C, 5 BD8C4C3 BD !%1, C43B 236389B B2BB;

4) DB4C5BD9 A 276CBB37;

5) 3 D23E3D 8C3C2B57C3 47DBD.

A5%(55 %2&25&:

1) 6789BD9 27EBD 2C3B-32367D4CA7 ("):

• 5D2C B3F3C: 10  – 20 ;

• 36 67CC C8C 5D2C 68C AB2C6B2B5: 6B 500 ;

2) 27EB4C3 6C 5B8: 800 – 900  (47DBD 300 – 400 7);

3) AB2BD9 323674C 67: 6B 10 3ECD/;

4) AB3D27DB2 (,)  B57DB 360

(2C.2.57) BE334C573D

B6B5233 27EBD  255 D7CC.

542 3D3 7 5,-847:

1) "" D23ED 24B B2C3D7CC

621 7 6217;

2) 3D D3C43AC 236D5 68

BEC89 B89B57D383;

3) 783 27DBC;

4) 75CCBD9 BD B1B6 8B5C

(6B69, D7, 31).

-32B5B63 3DC 7 5,-847 3 B84C8C C2BAB1B

272BD273C C 5 B836C3 1B6 27ADC43AC B8BD9 5D33

E32B5B6C 3DC, CB89FCC 276CB6C77B.

2.6. 77D43BDB43367 27AB

2.6.1. 3A994AB9C 23245667894AB9588F 22&

% 75CCBDC BD 5C67 32367573 67

D383ABCA7CB3 3DC 638D 7:

• 778B1B53 3DC;

• C2B53 3DC.

, B5233 D383ABCA7CB 3D 236958D 657

BB5 A85DB2:

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

146

• CD3127C – 5BBBD9 323674C 5 3DC 67 27 DCB5

(3B6B2B6B1B D27CA7), 236958FC 273 D23EB57C A A743D5

323674C;

• 5BAC3 AB2BDC 323674C 7 43D CB89B57C

C2BABB8B A778B5 5C (BD2B3C C2BABB8B 3D3

323674C 67).

% 75CCBDC BD 7743C 5 D2AD23 B5233

D383ABCA7CB 3D3 5638D 3AB89AB 2B53 C3272CC

(2C.2.58):

• 2$55 5 (C), 236D758FC3 BEB 6B7C3, BC3

C AB2B27DC53 3DC 7 BB53 LAN C8C WAN;

• 5 4!2 (9), BE936CFC3 BDBAC BD 3AB89AC

7EB3DAC 3D3 5 36C BDBA, 727583 5 71CD2789 3D9;

• 2&26*2# 5* (), 236D758F7 BEB

5BABAB2BD C2BABB8B 3D9 7 BB53 325C4

D27B2D 3D3 (5B8BABB-BDC43AC, DCAB5 C D.6.).

75 4!2 B1D ED9 BD2B3 7 BB53:

• CDEEFA8F5E C226DB – D276CCB3 778B1B53 D383B3

3DC ( +") C C2B53 3DC ISDN;

• B4565 C226DB – BD 778B1B5 A778B5 1  B8BB

2BA7C 3,1 A7 6B C2B5 A778B5 SDH  2BAB

BBEBD9 63DAC 7ECD/;

• CDEEFA2 2C5ADB – D3B8B1CC 225, Frame Relay, ATM, 7

D7A3 TCP/IP (Internet).

2&26*5 5 D2BD BE4B 7 BB53 56383

C2B5 A778B5  2BAC BBEBDC 6B 63DAB5 7ECD/.

!3DC 6BD7 C 71CD27893 3DC BE27D D27B2D

(BB2) CD3, 7743C3 ABDB2B ED27 C 7637 6BD75A7

67.

27B2D3 CD3 7 BB53 56383 A778B5 BB

27ECD9 7 2 A877: 8DB5 (C6DB5) C 226DDB5 (5C6DB5).



2.58

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

147

.78B1B53 D27B2D3 CD3 2378CD 5 BB5B 7

BB53 F3D5FC D383B A778B5

(C2B53 D27B2D3 CD3 B1D ED9 2378CB57 7 BB53

836FC D3B8B1C:

• 83CB2B3 (PDH);

• C2B3 (SDH);

• 7C2B3 (. 3).

2.6.2. 22A A A88F 8A 5852 232588F 22&

383B7 3D9 BE936C3D D383B3 D7CC 27 2B53 –

389AC3, 1B2B6AC3, 361B2B6C3 C D.6.

)1D – 75DB7DC43A7 D383B7 D7C, BB5B AC3

ABDB2B 583D ABD7C BDBA7 23435 (D383B) 67. %

BEF3 8473, . ! BB 277D2C57D9 A7A 2BD27D53

ABD7DB2.

% 2B33 &5B8CC . ! 2B8C D9 BD /65CA8DE5259C

9A2 6B B5233 D7C 9 8D82EEE F82B655E (2C.2.59).

465& 5%2(55 CA7 236D7583 65 DC7C D7C.

1. $24AF85-1A52 )1D, 5 ABDB2 5 A743D53 ABD7CBB1B

&833D7 CB893D 63A76B-

71B5 CA7D389 – &83AD2B37C43-

AB3 D2BD5B, 236D758F33 BEB

7EB2 C 10 ABD7ADB5, ABDB23

7A7D E31AB 5 75CCBDC BD

B67B1B 4C87 &83AD2C43AC

C89B5, B2C2 &83AD2C43A

39 (2C.2.60). "2C B6743 B6B1B

C897 E31BA 7A73D ABD7AD 1,

65 – ABD7AD 2, …, 63DC C89B5 –

ABD7AD 0. $78C4C3 B65C

&83AD2B37C43AC ABD7ADB5

BE8B58C573D B583C3 74CD389 B3, 4DB F3D53B

B8B3D 323674 C2B5 67 C 3 B5B83D 6BDC49 AB89-

CE69 2C383B AB2BDC 323674C.

C . !

&83AD2B37C43AC3  2B127 27583C3

63A76B-71B53

ABB26C7D3

A57C&83AD2B3

C2B53

2.59

2.60

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

148

2. 55EF98A82 )1D, 5 ABDB2 5 A743D53 ABD7CB

D2BD5 CB89D B1BA27D3 ABB26C7D3 B36CCD38C (3,!),

236D758FC3 BEB 2CEB2 2383B1B 63D5C, C3FC3 B

2753C  63A76B-71B5C CA7D38C EB833 2BDB3 D2BD5B, 4DB

B5B83D 6335CD9 &A87D7CBB3 BE8C57C3 ABD7CBB1B

BEB26B57C C BE334CD9 EB833 5BAB3 A743D5B ABD7CC

271B5B2B1B D27AD7.

CA7  &&2  !&2655 D7A3 236D7583 65

DC7C D7C.

1. A9324E5882 )1D, 5 ABDB2 ABD7CBB3 D2BD5B

2378CB57B 7 BB53 132ABB5, 7 27583C3 ABD7CB

D2BD5B – 236D57C CA2B2B3B2B D3CAC. 35&

(BA27F3C3 BD «5&3DC4 D7AD») 236D758D BEB 72

322B71CD ABD7ADB5,

77 5 1323DC4 D3A8

AB8E (2C.2.61,7), ABDB23 53D3 

&83AD2B71CDB A7DAB BE27D

132ABB5B3 2383. "2C 2BB63CC

DBA7 4323 &83AD2B71CD A7DA

ABD7AD 7A7D, B2C2

&83AD2C43A 39 68 323674C

67 (2C.2.61,E).

2. 29E52 (324E5882) )1D, 5 ABDB2 ABD7C C

27583C3 B8BD9 C2B53. .78B1B5 C178 BC2B5573D 5

7EB3DAB AB83AD3 C 32367D 5D2C . ! C 36 . ! 5

C2B5B 5C63, 4DB 1727DC23D BDDD5C3 7D7C C 3973D

58CC3 B3 7 323675733 673. )DB BE334C573D A743D53

323674 67  7AC789B 5BBB AB2BD9.

/2BFB D2AD2 &83AD2BB . ! BB 236D75CD9 5 5C63

43D2 BB5 E8BAB5 (2C.2.62).

1. -.* – E8BA 7EB3DAC 8CC (.*), 2378CFC ACC

BE8C57C 7EB3DB5, 5 A743D53 ABDB2 B1D 5D7D9:

• BE43 778B1B53 D383B, 32367FC3 A . ! 673 5 5C63

32325 C178B5 B 778B1B5 .*;

• AB9D32, 6CA23D3 C178 BD ABDB2 23BE27D 

BBF9 B63B5 5 323253, 323675733 B 778B1B5 .*;

• C2B5B3 BEB26B57C3 (AB9D32, 2CD32 C D..),

6CA23D3 C178 BD ABDB2 32367D A . ! B C2B5 .*.

.78B1B53 C178, BD7FC3 BD 7EB3DB5  CB89B57C3

5,3 23BE27D 5 . ! 5 C2B 5C6.

/2B539 712AC 5 D383BCC 2CDB C32D9 5 )28717 ()28.).

46CC7 C323C 712AC B84C87 757C3 5 43D9 BB5BB8BCA7

3DB6B5 274D7 D383BB 712AC.

$712A7 7 B6 .* 2CC73D 275B 0,1-0,2 )28.

)

2.61

123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

149

2. -!* – E8BA B36CCD389 8CC (!*), BE334C57FC 59 

621CC . !. "2C 5C  621B C2B5B . ! C178 B !*

32367D 5 C2B5B 5C63. 48C 3 B36 . ! 583D 778B1B5B,

DB C2B53 C178 23BE27D 5 778B1B5 5C6.

"2C 274D3 3BEB6CB1B AB8C43D57 !* 712A7 7 B6 !*

2CC73D 275B 0,8 )28.

3. ," – ABD7CBB3 B83 B3D ED9 2378CB57B 8CEB 5 5C63

3ABDB2B1B &83AD2BB1B ABD7DB27, 8CEB 5 5C63 «23435B1B

7BC7F31B D2BD57» ('8/). % B8363 8473 2349,

236D75837 5 C2B5B 5C63 74787 7C573D 5 '8/, 7 7D3

32367D 5 BBD53DD5F .* A 7EB3D-B847D38 C8C 5 !* A

621B . !.

4. (// – C2B5B3 2758F33 D2BD5B 2367743B 68

27583C BEB26B57C3 . ! (-.*, -!*, ,"), BDBA7C 67 5

D7CC C 53 . ! 5 38B.

!B52333 C2B53 . ! D2BD 5 BBD53DD5CC  2CCB

ABD7CC 7A3DB5 C 2378CD 323674 67 7 BB53 2BDBAB87 IP.

7AC BE27B, B52337 . ! 236D7583D BEB 7ADC43AC

EB89B 3C78CC2B57 AB9D32, 2378CFC ACC

ABD7DB27, ABDB2 B3D 5B6CD9 5 BD75 C2B5B 3DC 323674C

67. "2C &DB 4323 . ! B1D 3236757D9 3 DB89AB 234353

(D383B3) 673, B C AB9D323 673, 7 D7A3 76CB C 5C63B.

% 75CCBDC BD 5233C F3D5B57C D383B3 A778 B1D

ED9 65 DCB5:

• CDEEFA8F5E5 C8C B85E55, B675733 DB89AB 7 523

323674C 67;

-.*

-!*

(//

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.* (0,1-0,2 )28.)

!* (0,8 )28.)

A (BD)

62.

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5,3

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123456 2. 78549AB2 A565CDEEFC2

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• B45655 C8C D9AD5, B675733 7 68CD389

2B3DBA 5233C C F3D5FC3 3 75CCB BD DB1B, 32367D

673 C8C 3D.

% 8473 ABDC23 D383B A778B5 B6A843C3

7EB3DB5 A . ! C8C 3DC B3D 5B8D9 D 7EB27 B327 B6C

C 65 BBEB5:

•  !6*, (4524,) BBE, 2C ABDB2B 7EB2 C2

B327 2C5B6C A B2C2B57C C89B5  47DBDB 10 7:

68CD389BD9 C897 50  C 68CD389BD9 7 50 , 2C4

AB8C43D5B C89B5 275B 743C C2 (C23 «0» BBD53DD53D 10

C89B5);

• , ((2,) BBE, 2C ABDB2B 7EB2 7EB3DB

B327 2C5B6CD A B2C2B57C C178B5  47DBDB 10 7, 2C4

A76B C23 BBD53DD53D C178 B23638B 47DBD; 68

B53C 76BDC 27B757C 68 A76B1B C1787 (68 A76B

C2) CB89D 2 47DBD – C C3 C 5323 12 47DBD,

743C ABDB2 B6BE27 B236383 BE27B (2C.2.63).

-871B672 C2BAB 272BD273C D383B 3D3 5C, BC

7B6D 7B5B3 2C33C3 5 A743D53 236D5 6BD7 A 2327

C2B5 3D3 C 68 5B67 5 5D323D. "2C &DB 3236747

AB9D32 67 B3D 5B8D9:

• B 778B1B5 .*;

• B C2B5 .*.

"3236747 C2B5 67 B 778B1B5 .* 2378C3D 7

47DBD7 271B5B2B1B A7787  2C33C3 B63B5, 2C43

7AC7897 AB2BD9 323674C – 56 AECD/ 6BDC173D DB89AB 5 DB

8473, 38C 7 DC 323674C 67 53 . ! – C2B53.

(C2B57 .* B3D BE334CD9 1B276B EB89C3 AB2BDC 323674C

C  393 DBCBD9, 43 2C 5C 5 B8B3 DB789 47DBD.

727 532C 47DBD

1209 7 133

6 7 1477 7

727 CC 47DBD

941 7 852 7 770 7 697 7

2 3 A

2.63