ACCA F7 (INT) Financial Reporting - Study text - 2010 - Emile Woolf Publishing
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Chapter 14: Taxation
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However, if the entity has already paid some of the tax for the financial period, the
current tax liability will be less than the total current tax for the year. This is
explained in more detail below.
If an entity made a taxable loss for the period, there will be tax recoverable on the
loss. This recoverable tax is treated as:
tax ‘income’ (i.e. a negative tax expense) reducing the reported loss, and
an asset in the statement of financial position.
2.3 Current tax paid before the end of the reporting period
In some countries, companies are required to pay some of their current tax liability
for a financial year before the end of the year. This might happen, for example,
when:
current tax is paid in instalments, or
a payment of dividends results in a requirement for the entity to make an
advance payment of current tax.
When a company has already paid some current tax before the end of the reporting
period, the current liability for tax in the statement of financial position will be less
than the current tax charge against profits for the year.
Suppose that Entity X has taxable profits for Year 1 of $300,000 and the current tax is
$90,000. At the end of the reporting period, if Entity X has already paid $40,000 of
tax during the year then:
the tax expense would be $90,000 (so that profit after tax is $210,000)
current tax payable in the statement of financial position would be only $50,000
(= $90,000 – $40,000).
The tax payable account would appear as follows.
Tax payable
$
$
Cash 40,000
Income statement 90,000
Balance carried forward 50,000
–
–––––
–
––––––
90,000
90,000
–
–––––
–
––––––
Balance brought forward 50,000
2.4 Tax withheld at source
In some countries, business entities may act as collecting agents for the tax
authorities for tax on interest paid to investors. For example, a company paying
interest to its bondholders may be required to deduct some tax from the ‘gross’
interest payable. The bondholders would then receive net interest (= gross interest
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minus the tax deducted) and the tax deducted by the company would be payable to
the government.
$
Gross interest X
Minus: Tax deducted at source (X)
–
–––––
Equals: Net interest = cash payment X
–
–––––
Companies may be affected by these taxpaying arrangements both as holders of
bonds in other companies and also when paying interest to its own bondholders.
Receiving interest where tax has been withheld at source
A company receiving interest under such a system will receive the interest net of
tax (which the paying company will have deducted at source). The double entry to
record the receipt will therefore be:
$ $
Debit Cash (net amount received) X
Credit Interest receivable X
The company should be able to reclaim the tax that has been deducted, from the tax
authorities. In reporting income and profit before tax, the interest income received is
therefore grossed up. The tax deducted is therefore included in interest income (as
part of gross interest). The corresponding double entry is to a tax account recording
the amount recoverable from the tax authorities.
$ $
Debit Tax account (tax withheld) X
Credit Interest receivable X
For example, suppose that a company has invested in bonds of Entity Z and receives
interest of $20,000. This is after deduction of tax at source of $5,000. In its financial
statements for the period, the company will report interest income at its gross
amount, $25,000. Any tax payable on the interest income will be included in the
current tax charge for the period.
Paying interest where tax is withheld at source
A company paying interest might be required to withhold some of the interest
payment and hand this over to the tax authorities. Under such a tax system, the
company will pay the interest net of tax and will retain an amount for tax payable to
the government. The double entry for the actual cash payment of interest will be:
$ $
Dr Interest payable X
Cr Cash (net amount paid) X
Chapter 14: Taxation
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Because the entity will need to pay the tax to the tax authorities, the interest
payment is reported as an expense at its grossed up amount, with the other side of
the entry for tax withheld being to a tax account recording the amount payable to
the authorities.
$ $
Debit Interest payable X
Credit Tax account (tax withheld) X
Example
A company has to pay interest of $400,000 on bonds it has issued, but 25% of interest
payable must be deducted at source and is payable to the government tax authorities. The
payment of interest should be accounted for initially as follows:
$
$
Debit Interest payable 400,000
Credit Bank 300,000
Credit Tax account (tax withheld) 100,000
When a company both receives interest and pays interest under the rules of such a
tax system, it will use the same tax withheld account to record the interest payable
and the interest recoverable from the tax authorities. (The tax withheld account may
be called a ‘withholding tax’ account.)
If the closing balance on this tax account at the year-end is a receivable, this will
be deducted from the current tax liability. (If the tax receivable is more than the
current tax liability the excess balance is included in receivables.)
If the closing balance on this tax account at the year-end is a payable, this will be
added to the current tax liability.
The exact method of operating this type of tax regime varies from country to
country. In your examination it should be made clear to you how the particular tax
system operates.
Example
During Year 1, Entity Y receives interest of $15,000 on which tax of $2,000 has been
withheld. It also pays interest of $45,000 on which it has withheld tax of $6,000.
Entity Y’s current tax for Year 1 has been estimated at $50,000.
Required
(a) Calculate the current tax liability as it would appear in the statement of
financial position of Entity Y at the end of Year 1.
(b) State the amounts at which interest receivable and interest payable would be
included as income/expense for Entity Y for Year 1.
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Answer
(a) Total current tax liability
$
Currenttax 50,000
Withholdingtax(6,000–2,000) 4,000
–
––––––
Total 54,000
–
––––––
Withholdingtaxaccount
$ $
Interestreceivable 2,000 Interestpayable 6,000
Balancecarriedforward 4,000
–
–––––
–
–––––
6,000 6,000
–
–––––
–
–––––
Balancebroughtforward 4,000
(b) Income and expense
$
Interestreceivable(15,000+2,000) 17,000
Interestpayable(45,000+6,000) (51,000)
2.5 Under-provision or over-provision of tax in the previous period
When the financial statements are prepared, the current tax liability for the period is
estimated. The actual liability is eventually agreed with the tax authorities, possibly
several weeks or months later, after the end of the financial period. The actual
liability may be higher or lower than the liability that was provided for in the
financial statements. The difference between the actual tax liability and the estimate
of the tax liability is either an under-provision of tax (if the estimate was too low) or
an over-provision of tax (if the estimate was too high).
Any such under- or over-provisions are dealt with in the tax charge for the
following accounting period.
An under-provision of tax in Year 1 is added to the total tax charge for Year 2.
An over-provision of tax in Year 1 is deducted from the total tax charge for Year
2.
The other side of the double entry is an adjustment to the current tax liability.
Example
Entity X has a current tax liability at the end of Year 1 of $90,000. During Year 2 the
actual tax liability for Year 1 was finally agreed as $85,000 and this tax was paid. The
tax liability for Year 2 was estimated at $100,000.
Chapter 14: Taxation
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$
EstimatedtaxliabilityforYear1 (90,000)
ActualtaxliabilityforYear1 (85,000)
–
–––––––
Over‐provisionfortaxinYear1 (5,000)
–
–––––––
The tax payable account for Year 2 would appear as follows.
Taxpayable
Year2
$
Year2
$
Cash 85,000 Balancebroughtforward 90,000
Incomestatement 5,000
–
–––––––
–
––––––
90,000 90,000
–
–––––––
–
––––––
Balancecarriedforward 100,000 Incomestatement 100,000
–
–––––––
–
–––––––
100,000 100,000
–
–––––––
–
–––––––
A note to the financial statements should disclose the total tax charge as follows.
The current tax liability at the end of Year 2 is $100,000.
The total tax charge for Year 2 is $95,000.
$
Currenttaxfortheyear 100,000
Over‐provisionoftaxinthepreviousyear (5,000)
–
––––––
Totaltaxcharge 95,000
–
––––––
(Note: Other elements of the total tax charge should also be disclosed, including
deferred tax. Deferred tax is explained in the next section.)
2.6 Current tax and other comprehensive income
IAS1 Presentation of Financial Statements includes a requirement that the amount
of tax relating to each component of ‘other comprehensive income’ should be shown
either in the statement of comprehensive income or in notes to the financial
statements.
In the example below, each component of other comprehensive income is shown as
a pre-tax amount, and the tax elating to other comprehensive income is disclosed in
the statement of comprehensive income as a total figure. However, a detailed
analysis should then be provided in notes to the financial statements, showing the
before tax, tax and after-tax amounts for each component element of other
comprehensive income.
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Other comprehensive income
$000 $000
Available-for-sale financial assets:
Gains arising during the year 800
Reclassification adjustment for gains now included in profit or loss (200)
––––
600
Gains on property revaluation 500
Share of other comprehensive income of associate 100
Tax relating to components of other comprehensive income (360)
–
–––
Other comprehensive income for the year 840
–
–––
Innotestotheaccounts:
Before
tax
Tax(expense)
/benefit
Net‐of‐tax
amount
$000 $000 $000
Available‐for‐salefinancialassets 600 (180) 420
Gainonpropertyrevaluation 500 (150) 450
Shareofothercomprehensive
incomeofassociate 100 70
–
–––––
–
––––
–
––––
Othercomprehensiveincome 1,200 (360) 840
–
–––––
–
––––
–
––––
An alternative method of presentation is to show, in the statement of
comprehensive income itself and for each component of other comprehensive
income:
the pre-tax amount
tax
the after-tax amount.
IAS12 includes the following requirements, which are consistent with IAS1:
(1) Current and deferred tax should be recognised as an expense (or income) and
included in the profit or loss for the period, except to the extent that the tax
arises from a transaction or event that is recognised either in other
comprehensive income or directly in equity.
(2) Current and deferred tax should be recognised outside profit or loss if the tax
relates to items that are recognised outside profit or loss - either in other
comprehensive income or directly in equity.
The total tax relating to other comprehensive income should therefore be separated
between tax for inclusion in profit or loss, and tax relating to other comprehensive
income.
Deferred tax is explained in the next section.
Chapter 14: Taxation
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Deferred tax: IAS12
The underlying problem
Accounting for temporary differences: deferred tax account
The basic principle of IAS12
Further examples of when deferred tax might arise
Deferred tax assets
Deferred tax relating to revaluations
Deferred tax in the examination
Other methods of accounting for deferred tax
3 Deferred tax: IAS12
3.1 The underlying problem
An entity pays tax on its profits to the tax authorities. This tax is calculated by
multiplying the taxable profits by the appropriate tax rate. However, taxable profits
are rarely the same as profit before tax as disclosed in the financial statements
(statement of comprehensive income). This is because certain items that have been
included as expenses in accounting profit or loss are not allowable for tax purposes.
The differences between accounting profit and taxable profit for any financial year
can be classified as:
permanent differences, and
temporary differences.
Permanent differences
Permanent differences arise from items of expenditure that have been included in
expense in arriving at the figure for accounting profit, but that will never be
included in the calculation of taxable profits. This is because the item of expense is
not allowable for tax purposes. For example, some countries do not allow
entertainment expenses to be deducted in arriving at taxable profits. Such expenses
have to be ‘added back’ to the accounting profit in order to compute the taxable
profit. As a result the entity will pay more tax than the figure for accounting profit
might suggest it should do.
Temporary differences (‘taxable temporary differences’)
Temporary differences arise from items of income and expenditure that are:
included in both accounting profits and taxable profits
but in different accounting periods.
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For example, tax relief for capital expenditure on non-current assets (capital
allowances) may be given at a faster rate than depreciation is charged on the non-
current assets in the financial statements. Over the full life of the asset, the total
amount allowed as deductions from taxable profits will be the same as the total
depreciation charge in the financial statements. However, in each individual
financial year, the amount of ‘depreciation’ allowed for tax purposes and the
depreciation charge in the financial statements are different.
The tax effect of these taxable temporary differences is accounted for in the financial
statements by means of deferred tax.
Example
Entity A bought a machine for $18,000 on 1 January Year 1. The machine is to be
depreciated on a straight-line basis over three years. Accounting profits are $40,000
each year before charging depreciation on this machine. The relevant tax rate is 30%.
For tax purposes, 50% of the cost of the machine is allowable in Year 1, 35% in Year
2 and 15% in Year 3.
Required
Calculate the accounting profits, taxable profits and tax charge for each of Years 1 to 3.
Answer
Year1 Year2 Year3 Total
$ $ $ $
Accountingprofitafter
depreciation
34,000 34,000 34,000102,000
(40,000–(18,000÷3))
Taxableprofit
Year1:(40,000–(18,000x50%)) 31,000
Year2:(40,000–(18,000x35%)) 33,700
Year3:(40,000–(18,000x15%)) 37,300
Total102,000
–
–––––
–
–––––
–
–––––
–
––––––
Differenceinprofitfigures
3,000 300 (3,300) 0
–
–––––
–
–––––
–
–––––
–
––––––
Differenceintaxpayableat30%
900 90 (990) 0
These figures show that:
Accounting profit and taxable profit in any single year are different.
In this example, if tax is paid on accounting profits, there would be a tax charge
of $10,200 (= $34,000 × 30%) each year. Since accounting profits are the same in
each year, it might seem reasonable to expect that the total tax charge should
also be the same in each year.
Chapter 14: Taxation
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However the tax payable will be $9,300 in Year 1 (= $31,000 × 30%), $10,110 in
Year 2 (= $333,700 × 30%) and $11,190 in Year 3 (= $37,300 × 30%).
Due to taxable temporary differences, the tax actually payable in each year
differs from the amount of tax that would be expected, if tax is based on
accounting profits.
Deferred tax is a means of making adjustments to the tax charge for the year, so
that the total tax charge reflects the accounting profit (ignoring permanent
differences).
In this example, there should be a deferred tax charge of $900 in Year 1, a
deferred tax charge in Year 2 of $90 and a reduction in deferred tax (adding to
profit) in Year 3 of $990. As a result of these deferred tax adjustments, the total
tax charge will be $10,200 in each year ($9,300 + $900 in Year 1, $10,110 + $90 in
Year 2 and $11,190 - $990 in Year 3).
When deferred tax for a period is a positive amount, a deferred tax liability is
created, and is reported in the statement of financial position as well as in the total
tax charge for the year. When deferred tax is a negative amount, an existing
deferred tax liability is reduced or a deferred tax asset is created.
3.2 Accounting for temporary differences: deferred tax account
IAS12 requires a deferred tax liability to be set up for all taxable temporary
differences. This should be separately disclosed in the statement of financial
position in accordance with IAS1 Presentation of financial statements. This
deferred tax liability is usually shown within non-current liabilities.
The charge (or credit) for deferred tax should be recognised within the total tax
charge for the period. As indicated above:
Increases in deferred tax are added to the total reported tax charge for the year.
Reductions in deferred tax are subtracted from the total reported tax charge for
the year.
Deferred tax is increased when, due to temporary timing differences, the current tax
calculated on taxable profits is less than what the current tax would have been if
calculated on accounting profits.
Similarly, deferred tax is reduced when, due to temporary timing differences, the
current tax calculated on taxable profits is higher than what the current tax would
have been if calculated on accounting profits.
Deferred tax liabilities and assets
A deferred tax liability represents the fact that due to temporary timing differences,
current tax charges have been lower than they would be if tax were computed on the
accounting profits.
In the previous example, a deferred tax liability should be recognised at the end of
Year 1. The amount of deferred tax at the end of Year 1 is $900. Because less tax has
been paid now, more tax will need to be paid in the future.
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$
$
Dr Taxation expense 900
Cr Deferred tax liability 900
The deferred tax charge of $900 is included within the total tax charge for the year. The
deferred tax liability of $900 is recognised in the statement of financial position.
At the end of Year 2 the deferred tax liability will be adjusted upwards by $90, to
$990, and deferred tax of $90 will be included in the total tax charge for the year.
$
$
Dr Taxation expense 90
Cr Deferred tax liability 90
At the end of Year 3, there is no longer any need to recognise an amount for
deferred tax, because cumulative taxable profits have now ‘caught up with’
cumulative accounting profits. Therefore the liability is reduced to $0.
$
$
Dr Deferred tax liability 990
Cr Taxation expense 990
The reduction in deferred tax is included within the total tax charge for the year,
reducing the total tax charge for the year.
In explaining deferred tax, the example has used a single asset as illustration. In
practice, similar calculations must be made for all non-current assets, and the
increase or reduction in the deferred tax liability is a total amount.
In addition, other temporary timing differences (in addition to differences between
tax allowable depreciation and accounting depreciation) may give rise to a deferred
tax liability.
3.3 The basic principle of IAS12
In the above example, we looked at the differences between ‘accounting profits’ and
‘taxable profits’ in order to understand how a deferred tax liability might arise.
The terminology used in IAS12 is different. IAS12 refers to the tax base of assets or
liabilities and it uses the liability method to calculate a provision for deferred tax.
An asset’s tax base is the amount at which it is valued for tax purposes.
The liability for deferred tax is based on differences between:
values in the statement of financial position (carrying values, sometimes
referred to as net book values), and
tax bases (sometime referred to as tax values or tax written-down values).
Temporary differences are the differences between the carrying values of an
entity’s assets and their tax bases.