ACCA F6 FA09 Study Text 2010

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Chapter 22: Self assessment and PAYE

Accounting period less than 12 months

When a company has an accounting period of less than 12 months, the amount of

the instalments is calculated as follows:

Estimated corporation tax liability ×

periodaccountingtheinmonthsofNumber

months3

 The first instalment is payable six-and-a-half months after the start of the

accounting period.

 The last payment can never be later than three-and-a-half months after the end

of the accounting period.

 The company will pay as many three-monthly instalments as possible in

between the earliest and latest payment dates, and will pay on the 14

day of the

appropriate month.

Therefore if a company prepares nine-month accounts to 30 September 2009 (i.e. 1

January 2009 to 30 September 2009). Tax payments are due as follows:

 First instalment: 14 July 2009. This is six-and-a-half months after the start of the

accounting period.

 Second instalment: 14 October 2009. This is three months later.

 Third instalment: 14 January 2010. This is three months later, and it is the last

instalment.

4.2 Payment dates for income tax, Class 4 NICs and capital gains tax

Capital gains tax is collected under self assessment and is due in one single payment

by 31 January following the end of the tax year (i.e. for 2009/10, by 31 January 2011).

Income tax that is not collected under PAYE or at source and Class 4 NICs (if

applicable) are usually paid in three instalments, as follows:

Due date For 2009/10

Two equal payments on account:

1st payment on account 31 January in the tax year 31 January 2010

payment on account 31 July following the end of the tax year 31 July 2010

Balancing payment 31 January following the end of the tax year 31 January 2011

The amount of each payment on account

The amount of each payment on account (POA) is calculated as follows:

POA = ½ × Tax paid by self assessment in the preceding tax year

The tax paid by self assessment for the preceding year is calculated as follows:

Income tax liability X

Plus Class 4 NICs

Total tax liability X

Minus: tax deducted at source

(X)

Minus: PAYE

(X)

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POAs are not required if the tax paid by self-assessment in the preceding tax year is

either:

 less than £1,000, or

 less than 20% of the total tax liability.

If an individual believes that his total tax liability will be less than the previous year,

he can claim to reduce his payments on account. He must state the grounds for the

reduction and HMRC cannot dispute the claim.

If at the end of the year it is found that the POAs were incorrectly reduced, but it

was as a result of an innocent error, interest will be payable on the instalments but

no further consequences arise. However, if the individual deliberately reduced the

payments fraudulently or negligently, penalties will be levied in addition to interest

payments.

Example

Graham has provided the following information:

2008/09 2009/10

£ £

Income tax liability 21,450 31,200

Class 4 NICs 2,430 2,560

Capital gains tax liability 5,600 3,200

PAYE 12,550 17,890

Deducted at source 3,250 4,780

Required

Calculate the tax payable under self assessment for 2009/10 and state the due dates

of payment.

Answer

2008/09 (= preceding tax year)

Income tax liability

21,450

Plus Class 4 NICs

2,430

–

–––––

–

––––––––––––––––––––––––––

–

Total tax liability 23,880

Minus: tax deducted at source

(3,250)

Minus: PAYE

(12,550)

–

–––––

–

––––––––––––––––––––––––––

–

8,080

–

–––––

–

––––––––––––––––––––––––––

–

This amount of £8,080 is more than £1,000 and more than 20% of the total tax

liability (= 20% × £23,880 = £4,776). Therefore, payments on account are required in

2009/10.

Chapter 22: Self assessment and PAYE

2009/10: £

Income tax liability

31,200

Plus: Class 4 NICs

2,560

–

–––––

–

––––––––––––––––––––––––––

–

Total tax liability 33,760

Minus: Tax deducted at source

(4,780)

Minus: PAYE

(17,890)

–

–––––

–

––––––––––––––––––––––––––

–

Amount payable 11,090

–

–––––

–

––––––––––––––––––––––––––

–

Due dates of payment and amounts of each payment:

Due date

Amount

Payments on account 31 January 2010 ½ × £8,080 4,040

31 July 2010 ½ × £8,080 4,040

8,080

Balancing payment 31 January 2011 £11,090 – £8,080 3,010

Income tax and Class 4 NICs

11,090

Capital gains tax 31 January 2011

3,200

Note

On 31 January 2011, in addition to the balancing payment for 2009/10, the first POA

of £5,545 (½ × £11,090) for 2010/11 is also due.

4.3 Surcharges

A surcharge may be levied when income tax, Class 4 NICs and capital gains tax are

paid late. A surcharge is an additional charge to tax designed to encourage prompt

payment.

 If all or any part of the balancing payment is unpaid more than 28 days after the

due date, an individual is liable to a surcharge of 5% of the overdue tax.

 A further 5% surcharge is levied if the tax is still unpaid more than 6 months

after the due date.

Surcharges are not levied on POAs that are paid late.

Example

Isabel made the following self assessment payments in relation to 2008/09:

Amount paid Paid on

POA £1,750 31.1.2009

POA £1,750 30.9.2009

The balancing payment was £1,500.

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Required

Calculate the surcharges arising if Isabel paid the balancing payment on the

following alternative dates:

(a) 16 February 2010

(b) 31 March 2010

Answer

The second POA is paid late (on 30.9.2009 instead of 31.7.2009). However surcharges

are not levied on POAs.

The due date for the balancing payment is 31 January 2010.

Surcharges due:

Date paid

How late? Surcharge

(a) 16 February 2010

Less than 28 days Nil

(b) 31 March 2010 More than 28 days 5% × £1,500 = £75

More than 6 months 10% × £1,500 = £150

4.4 Interest on underpaid and overpaid tax

Interest on underpaid tax

HMRC charges interest on any underpaid tax. This interest runs:

 from the date the tax should have been paid

 to the day before the tax is actually paid to HMRC.

Interest runs to the day before the date the tax is paid because on the date of

payment, the tax is no longer overdue.

Interest may also be payable on surcharges and where a self assessment is amended

or a discovery assessment is raised.

In the examination, the annual rate of interest on underpaid tax is given in the tax

rates and allowances sheet (as 2.5%).

Example

Helen made the following self assessment payments in relation to 2008/09:

Amount paid Paid on

POA £6,500 20 March 2009

POA £6,500 25 September 2009

Balancing payment

£5,000 16 February 2010

Chapter 22: Self assessment and PAYE

Required

State how interest will be calculated on any tax paid late.

Answer

Interest will be calculated as follows:

Due date Day before date paid

POA £6,500 × 2.5% from 31.1.2009 to 19.3.2009

POA £6,500 × 2.5% from 31.7.2009 to 24.9.2009

Balancing payment

£5,000 × 2.5% from 31.1.2010 to 15.2.2010

Interest on overpaid income tax

Interest on overpaid income tax (i.e. repayment interest) runs to the date the tax is

repaid by HMRC. Interest runs:

 from 31 January following the end of the tax year for tax deducted at source and

 from the date of payment for POAs and other tax payments

 to the date the tax is repaid by HMRC.

Interest on overpaid corporation tax

Interest on overpaid corporation tax runs:

 from the later of the date the tax was due to be paid and the date the tax was

actually paid

 to the date the tax is repaid by HMRC.

In the examination, the annual rate of interest on overpaid tax is given in the tax

rates and allowances sheet. However, at present no interest is paid in respect of

overpaid tax.

Paper F6 (UK): Taxation FA2009

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The PAYE system

 Overview of the PAYE system

 Notice of coding

5 The PAYE system

5.1 Overview of the PAYE system

The Pay-as-you-earn (PAYE) system deals with payments for employed individuals

of:

 income tax and

 Class 1 primary NI contributions

by deduction from the employee at source.

It also deals with Class 1 secondary contributions and Class 1A contributions paid

by the employer.

Payment at source means that the employer deducts the payments from the

employee’s wages or salary, and makes the payments to HMRC.

PAYE income tax and Class 1 primary and secondary NICs are paid to HMRC on a

monthly basis. The income tax and Class 1 NICs in relation to a month are paid to

HMRC on the 19

of the following month (i.e. the liabilities in relation to March

2010 are paid to HMRC on 19 April 2010).

 Employers with more than 250 employees must make the monthly payments

electronically and must do so by the 22

of each month.

 If the average monthly total of PAYE tax and NICs is not in excess of £1,500,

payments can be made quarterly on 19 January, 19 April, 19 July and 19 October.

PAYE is applied to the following payments:

 Salary/wages

 Bonuses/commissions

 Any other cash receipts and cash benefits (e.g. mileage allowances that exceed

the authorised mileage allowance rates)

 Cash and non-cash vouchers, excluding vouchers exempted under the benefit

rules (e.g. childcare vouchers up to £55 per week)

 Receipts of marketable assets that can be converted into cash (e.g. gold bars, fine

wines, shares, diamonds).

In order to calculate the correct amount of tax, the employer must use the

individual’s tax code.

Chapter 22: Self assessment and PAYE

5.2 Notice of coding

HMRC produce a notice of coding (a Form P2) for every employee each tax year and

send a copy to both the employee and the employer.

The form details the allowances and deductions available to that employee in that

tax year and gives the individual a tax code.

A tax code is quoted as a number followed by a suffix or preceded by a prefix.

 The number in the PAYE tax code shows the tax-free allowance the individual

employee is entitled to.

 The suffix or prefix shows the main personal circumstances of the employee.

The most common suffix for a tax code is L. This denotes that the taxpayer is

entitled to the personal allowance only (as opposed to the higher allowances

available to older taxpayers). The most common prefix is K which denotes that the

deductions exceed the allowances and therefore the tax code is a negative number.

The tax code is calculated as follows:

Calculation of an individual’s tax code £

Allowances

The personal allowance 6,475

Allowable expenses X

Deductions

Assessable benefits of employment (X)

Adjustment for underpaid tax

(Underpaid tax × 100/20 or 100/40 ) (see below)

(X)

Net allowances X

Tax code = 1/10 × Net allowances, rounded down to a whole number

For example, a tax code of 523 indicates net allowances of £5,230 (up to £5,239).

If an employee has underpaid tax, the underpayment is usually accounted for under

self assessment, as explained earlier. However, where the underpayment is less than

£2,000, he can request on his tax return that the payment is collected via PAYE by

reducing his tax code. A paper return must be filed by 31 October or an on-line

return by 30 December for the unpaid tax to be collected in this way.

The adjustment for underpaid tax is calculated as the amount of underpayment

grossed up at:

 100/20 if the individual is a basic rate taxpayer and

 100/40 if a higher rate taxpayer.

Paper F6 (UK): Taxation FA2009

Example

John earns £63,200 a year. He is provided with a company car with a benefit of

£3,965. He pays professional subscriptions of £360. He has an underpayment of tax

of £450 which he has requested to be collected via PAYE. John is single and has no

other source of income.

Required

Calculate John’s tax code.

Answer

Allowances

The personal allowance 6,475

Allowable expenses

360

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

6,835

Deductions

Assessable benefits of employment

(3,965)

Adjustment for underpaid tax (£450 × 100/40)

(1,125)

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

Net allowances

1,745

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

Tax code = 1/10 × 1,745 = 175L

Paper F6 (UK)

Taxation FA2009

CHAPTER

Value Added Tax

Contents

1 Overview of Value Added Tax

2 VAT registration

3 Accounting for VAT

4 Schemes for small businesses

5 The administration of VAT

6 VAT penalties

Paper F6: Taxation FA2009 (UK)

Overview of Value Added Tax

 The scope of VAT

 Taxable person

 Taxable supplies

 Rates of VAT

 The mechanics of VAT

1 Overview of Value Added Tax

1.1 The scope of VAT

Value Added Tax (VAT) is an indirect tax levied on the final consumers (or end

consumers) of goods and services in the UK.

VAT is charged on the taxable supply of goods and services in the UK by a taxable

person in the course or furtherance of a business carried on by him.

1.2 Taxable person

A taxable person is a person who is registered for VAT (or who is required to be

registered for VAT).

A person in this context is a sole trader, a partnership, a company, a club,

association or charity.

1.3 Taxable supplies

A taxable supply is any supply of goods or services made in the UK other than

exempt supplies or those outside the scope of VAT.

The following supplies are the main examples of supplies that are exempt from

VAT:

 Land and buildings, except for the sale of new buildings, residential buildings

and those used for charitable purposes

 Insurance premiums

 Postal services

 Finance services such as hire purchase arrangements, banking services and

charges for making loans

 Education services provided by state schools, colleges and universities

 Health and welfare services provided by NHS-registered doctors, dentists,

hospitals and pharmacies

 Subscriptions to professional bodies.