Yellampalli S. (ed.) Carbon Nanotubes - Synthesis, Characterization, Applications
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CARBON NANOTUBES -
SYNTHESIS,
CHARACTERIZATION,
APPLICATIONS
Edited by Siva Yellampalli
Carbon Nanotubes - Synthesis, Characterization, Applications
Edited by Siva Yellampalli
Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2011 InTech
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First published July, 2011
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Carbon Nanotubes - Synthesis, Characterization, Applications, Edited by Siva Yellampalli
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-497-9
free online editions of InTech
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Contents
Preface IX
Part 1 Synthesis & Processing 1
Chapter 1 Processing Carbon Nanotubes 3
Brigitte Vigolo and Claire Hérold
Chapter 2 Initial Growth Process of Carbon
Nanotubes in Surface Decomposition of SiC 29
Takahiro Maruyama and Shigeya Naritsuka
Chapter 3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructures
by Microwave Irradiation 47
J. Vivas-Castro, G. Rueda-Morales, G.
Ortega-Cervantez, J. Ortiz-López,
L. Moreno-Ruiz and M. Ortega-Avilés
Chapter 4 Effects of Gravity and Magnetic Field on
Production of Single-Walled Carbon
Nanotubes by Arc-Discharge Method 61
Tetsu Mieno and GuoDong Tan
Chapter 5 Selective Growth of Carbon Nanotubes,
and Their Applications to Transparent
Conductive Plastic Sheets and Optical Filters 77
Yusuke Taki, Makiko Kikuchi, Kiyoaki Shinohara,
Yosuke Inokuchi and Youhei Takahashi
Chapter 6 Direct Growth of Carbon Nanotubes on Metal
Supports by Chemical Vapor Deposition 99
Naiqin Zhao and Jianli Kang
Chapter 7 Flame Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 121
Jay P. Gore and Anup Sane
VI Contents
Chapter 8 Carbon Nanotube Synthesis
and Growth Mechanism 147
Mukul Kumar
Chapter 9 Dielectrophoretic Deposition and
Alignment of Carbon Nanotubes 171
Wei Xue and Pengfei Li
Chapter 10 Aligned Growth of Single-Walled and
Double-Walled Carbon Nanotube Films
by Control of Catalyst Preparation 191
Mineo Hiramatsu and Masaru Hori
Part 2 Characterization & Properties of CNTs 217
Chapter 11 Study of Carbon Nanotubes Based
on Higher Order Cauchy-Born Rule 219
Jinbao Wang,
Hongwu Zhang,
Xu Guo and Meiling Tian
Chapter 12 In-Situ Structural Characterization
of SWCNTs in Dispersion 241
Zhiwei Xiao, Sida Luo and Tao Liu
Chapter 13 Microwave Absorption
Characteristicsof Carbon Nanotubes 265
Xiao-Gang Sun, Ming Gao, Cheng Li and Yiqiang Wu
Chapter 14 Structural Instability of Carbon Nanotube 279
I-Ling Chang
Chapter 15 Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study
on the Mechanical Properties and Fracture
Behavior of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes 291
Keka Talukdar and
Apurba Krishna Mitra
Chapter 16 Microscopic Structure and Dynamics of Molecular
Liquids and Electrolyte Solutions Confined by
Carbon Nanotubes: Molecular Dynamics Simulations 325
Oleg N. Kalugin, Vitaly V. Chaban
and Oleg V. Prezhdo
Chapter 17 Comparison of NQR of O
2
, N
2
and CO on
Surfaceof Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
and Chemisorption of Oxygen-Doped on the
Surface of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes:
A DFT and NMR Computational Study 345
S. A. Babanejad, F. Ashrafi, A. Ghasemi,
N. Salarzadeh, M. Rahimova, G. H. Babanejad,
G. Babanejad and N. Babanejad
Contents VII
Part 3 Applications 369
Chapter 18 Smart Materials and Structures Based
on Carbon Nanotube Composites 371
Sang-ha Hwang, Young-Bin Park,
Kwan Han Yoon and Dae Suk Bang
Chapter 19 Nonlinear Optical Properties of Graphene
and Carbon Nanotube Composites 397
Jun Wang, Yu Chen, Rihong Li, Hongxing Dong, Long Zhang,
Mustafa Lotya, Jonathan N. Coleman and Werner J. Blau
Chapter 20 Design and Demonstration of Carbon Nanotubes
(CNTs)-Based Field Emission Device 425
Tian Jin-shou, Li Ji, Xu Xiang-yan and Wang Jun-feng
Chapter 21 Reinforced Thermoplastic Natural Rubber
(TPNR) Composites with Different
Types of Carbon Nanotubes (MWNTS) 443
Sahrim Hj. Ahmad, Mou'ad.A.Tarawneh,
S.Y.Yahya
and Rozaidi Rasid
Chapter 22 Carbon Nanotubes and Semiconducting
Polymer Nanocomposites 469
Duong Ngoc Huyen
Chapter 23 Carbon Nanotube-Based Thin Films:
Synthesis and Properties 487
Qiguan Wang and Hiroshi Moriyama
Preface
Carbon nanotubes are one of the most intriguing new materials with extraordinary
properties being discovered in the last decade. Carbon nanotubes are typically
considered as molecular-scale tubes of graphitic carbon. Depending on numbers of
carbon layers, they are categorized as single-walled and multi-walled nanotubes. The
unique structure provides nanotubes with extraordinary mechanical and electrical
properties. The outstanding properties that these materials possess have opened new
interesting research areas in nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Although nanotubes are very promising in a wide variety of fields, application of
individual nanotubes for large scale production has been limited. The main
roadblocks, which hinder its use, are limited understanding of its synthesis and
electrical properties which lead to difficulty in structure control, existence of
impurities, and poor processability.
This book focuses on understanding the synthesis mechanism behind the development
of carbon nanotubes along with studying their properties and applications. The book
has been divided into three parts, the first section focuses on the various synthesis and
processing techniques, second part focuses on characterization of CNTs and the third
part gives various applications of CNTs.
Part 1. Synthesis and Processing
Chapter 1. Processing Carbon Nanotubes
This chapter starts with an overview of the characterization techniques commonly
used to follow surface and structural modification of CNTs upon chemical treatments;
the respective sensitivity and the limits of each technique are also briefly discussed.
The second part is dedicated to the description of the main kinds of CNT samples
(obtained from different synthesis methods) and the question of their purification is in
particular considered. In the following section, focus is on the treatments commonly
used to induce the dispersion of the CNTs in a surrounding medium (solvent,
monomer or polymer) and the methods leading to modify the CNT reactivity. The last
part reports on the elaboration and the characterization of CNT-based composites
taking into account their particular multi-scale character.
X Contents
Chapter 2. Initial Growth Process of Carbon Nanotubes in Surface Decomposition of SiC
Understanding the growth mechanism is essential to control structural parameters of
CNTs, which are necessary for realization of CNT devices. This chapter studies the
formation process of carbon nanocaps, which are precursors of CNTs, determining the
structures of CNTs.
Chapter 3. Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes by Microwave Irradiation
The results of the synthesis of various carbon nanostructures under different
preparation conditions using a domestic microwave oven as energy source have been
presented. The chapter also presents a detailed description of the synthesis results in
dependance of nanostructures on how the starting material is prepared and the time of
exposure to microwaves.
Chapter 4. Effects of Gravity and Magnetic Field On Production of Single Walled Carbon
Nanotubes by Arc Discharge Method
The production of SWNTs by the arc discharge method is investigated. As the reaction
is strongly affected by gravity (heat convection) (Mieno, 2004) and the applied
magnetic field (Lorentz force), the effects of gravity, heat convection and magnetic
field on the production of SWNTs were experimentally studied.
Chapter 5. Selective Growth of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Applications to Transparent
Conductive Plastic Sheets and Optical Filters
This chapter starts with explanation of radiation-heated CVD (RHCVD), which
enables us to selectively synthesize SWCNT, DWCNT and TWCNT films on substrate
followed by the synthesis of vertically aligned SWCNT, DWCNT and TWCNT films
on substrates and the essence of synthesizing long CNTs on substrates. The optical
performance of CNT forests is also explained in detail.
Chapter 6. Direct Growth of Carbon Nanotubes on Metal Supports by Chemical Vapor
Deposition
Current developments of direct growth technique and its applications are summarized.
Chapter 7. Flame Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes
This chapter summarizes the mechanisms of carbon nanotubes formation in flames
followed by the summary of the types of flame configurations and chemistry that have
been used in the synthesis process.
Chapter 8. Carbon Nanotubes Synthesis and Growth Mechanism
The material aspects of CNT synthesis by CVD is reviewed and the CNT growth
mechanism in light of the latest progresses in the field has been discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 9. Dielectrophoretic Deposition and Alignment of Carbon Nanotubes
The selective deposition of CNTs - including both SWNTs and MWNTs - with
dielectrophoresis to obtain aligned nanotubes in the forms of thin films, small bundles,
and individual nanotubes has been examined by changing parameters in the
dielectrophoresis process and the concentration of the CNT sample solutions.