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810 Diesel engine system design
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
into the system design process. Related references about combustion noise
prediction can be found in Corcione et al. (2003) and Scarpati et al. (2007).
Note that a cylinder pressure decomposition technique (i.e., decomposing the
total in-cylinder pressure signal to the compression-expansion, combustion,
and resonance pressures) may also be considered to predict the combustion
noise (Siano and Bozza, 2009).
The methodologies and the models of the level-2 piston noise and valvetrain
noise models are described in Sections 11.5 and 11.6. It should be noted that,
unlike the combustion noise, it is difcult to separate/measure the piston slap
noise and the valvetrain noise in engine experiments due to the difculty
of measuring the impact events. Simulation in the virtual world plays a key
role in these NVH areas.
Overall engine noise synthesis is an important part of system NVH analysis.
The synthesis refers to the following (Fig. 11.4): (1) the sound-pressure-level
synthesis by combining all the noises from different sources to predict the
overall noise level; (2) the frequency-domain synthesis analysis for sound
quality; (3) the sensitivity comparison of any design/operation changes
between different subsystems (i.e., different sources of noise) to balance/
coordinate at a system level to address the most important issues; and (4) the
synthesis of transient noises in the time domain. In the synthesis analysis of
the overall engine noise from the noises of each source (combustion, piston
slap, valvetrain, etc.), the results depend on which noise is dominant. For
Individual virtual noise variation (sound pressure level, dB)
Overall noise level (SPL, dB)
Valvetrain
noise
sensitivity
Valvetrain
noise
sensitivity
Other
noises
Other
noises
Piston slap noise
sensitivity
Piston slap noise
sensitivity
Combustion noise
sensitivity at 2000 rpm
Combustion noise
sensitivity at 1000 rpm
Baseline overall
noise at 2000 rpm
Baseline overall
noise at 1000 rpm
11.4 Concept of diesel engine NVH system synthesis analysis.
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811Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) in engine system design
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example, the combustion noise is dominant in naturally aspirated diesel
engines, and sometimes the combustion noise is only 1–2 dB lower than the
overall noise. However, at some conditions the combustion noise level can
be well below the overall noise in a turbocharged diesel engine, bearing little
effect on the overall noise. In the synthesis analysis, not only the difference
between the overall noise level and each component noise level (i.e., the
contribution) is important, the slope (larger or less than 1) and the shape
(linear or nonlinear) of the sensitivity curve of each individual noise source
are also important and informative for system design.
Useful references on system-level powertrain NVH analysis about the
cranktrain, the valvetrain, and the engine block are provided by Stout (1997,
1999 and 2001), Stout et al. (2007), and Morel et al. (2003).
11.12.3 Level-3 system NVH model
The level-3 system NVH model predicts the structural attenuation, the
transfer function, and the noise radiation with FEA and/or BEM. It does
not have real-time capability. It tends to be used in a system synthesis stage
to assemble the critical component models together, or used at a detailed
component design level. The primary focus of engine system design is to
produce system specications in the early stage of the design. Therefore, the
sophisticated level-3 model is not the primary focus in system design.
References for the level-3 models of powertrain dynamics and structural
noise radiation include Moulin (2003), Payer and Platnick (1998), Priebsch
and Krasser (1998), Schneider et al. (2002), Hayes and Quantz (1982),
Loibnegger et al. (1997), Sung et al. (1997), Seybert et al. (1997), and
Richardson and Riding (1997).
11.13 References and bibliography
11.13.1 References and bibliography on general NVH
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noise and vibration in product development’, SAE paper 2007-01-2434.
Allam S and Åbom M (2005), ‘Acoustic modelling and testing of diesel particulate
lters’, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 288(1–2), 255–273.
Allam S and Åbom M (2006), ‘Sound propagation in an array of narrow porous channels
with application to diesel particulate lters’, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 291(3–5),
882–901.
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Anderton D (1979), ‘Relation between combustion system and engine noise’, SAE paper
790270.
Anderton D (1984), ‘Design options for low noise in IC engines’, in Haddad S D and
Watson N (eds), Design and Applications in Diesel Engineering, Ellis Horwood
Limited, Chichester.
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812 Diesel engine system design
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Anderton D and Priede T (1982), ‘Applications of engine noise control research’, in
Hickling R and Kamal M M (eds), Engine Noise Excitation, Vibration, and Radiation,
Plenum Press, New York.
Anderton D and Zheng J H (1993), ‘A new measurement method for separating airborne
and structure borne sound from an IC engine’s valve train mechanism’, SAE paper
931335.
Anderton D, Grover E C, Lalor N and Priede T (1970), ‘Origins of reciprocating engine
noise its characteristics, prediction, and control’, ASME paper 70-WA/DGP-3.
Austen A E W and Priede T (1959), ‘Origins of diesel engine noise’, SAE paper
590127.
Badawi B A, Kholosy M, Omer A A and Shahin M A (2007), ‘Identication of diesel
engine events from acoustic signals using independent component analysis and time-
frequency analysis’, SAE paper 2007-01-2278.
Beardmore J M (1982), ‘Piston stick slip noise generation mechanism’, SAE paper
820753.
Beidl C, Rust A and Rasser M (2001), ‘Key steps and methods in the development of
low noise engines’, Sound and Vibration, 35(4), 48–54.
Boesch N J W (1987), ‘The development of low-noise DI diesel engines’, SAE paper
870951.
Brandl F K, Affenzeller J and Thien G E (1987), ‘Some strategies to meet future noise
regulations for truck engines’, SAE paper 870950.
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paper 2001-01-1531.
Challen B J (1975), ‘The effect of combustion system on engine noise’, SAE paper
750798.
Challen B J (1982), ‘Techniques for engine noise control’, in Hickling R and Kamal M
M (eds), Engine Noise Excitation, Vibration, and Radiation, Plenum Press, New
York.
Challen B J and Croker D M (1982), ‘A review of recent progress in diesel engine noise
reduction’, SAE paper 820517.
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Corcione F E, Mattia M G and Paciucci R (1989), ‘Acoustic intensity measurements of
noise emission from a light duty TCDI diesel engine’, SAE paper 891130.
Corcione F E, Siano D, Vaglieco B M, Corcione G E, Lavorgna M, Viscardi M, Ladevaia
M and Lecce L (2003), ‘Analysis and control of noise emissions of a small single
cylinder DI diesel engine’, SAE paper 2003-01-1459.
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modelling to reduce radiated noise’, SAE paper 951315.
Cuschieri J M and Richards E J (1985), ‘On the prediction of impact noise, part VIII:
diesel engine noise’, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 102(1), 21–56.
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Sound and Vibration, 190(4), 677–712.
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shape’, SAE paper 891768.
Dhaenens M, Linden G, Nehl J and Thiele R (2001), ‘Analysis of transient noise behavior
of a truck diesel engine’, SAE paper 2001-01-1566.
Evans D and Ward A (2005), ‘Minimising turbocharger whoosh noise for diesel
powertrains’, SAE paper 2005-01-2485.
Evans D and Ward A (2006), The reduction of turbocharger whoosh noise for diesel
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813Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) in engine system design
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powertrains’, 8th International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging,
Woodhead Publishing Limited Cambridge, pp. 29–42.
Farnell R and Riding D (1999), ‘Engine noise’, in Challen B and Baranescu R (eds), Diesel
Engine Reference Book, 2nd edn, SAE International, Warrendale, PA, pp. 487–507.
Feng L, Gao W and Niu W (2008), ‘An investigation on acoustic model and test of diesel
particulate lter’, SAE paper 2008-01-1757.
Gaikwad A, Mahale P and Raju S (2007), ‘Noise assessment of diesel engines’, SAE
paper 2007-26-038.
Ghafouri M M and Ricci G (1993), ‘A numerical method for the prediction of exhaust
noise in internal combustion engine exhaust systems’, SAE paper 931348.
Govindswamy K, Wolff K and Heuer S (2007), ‘Aspects of powertrain noise with special
emphasis on impulsive noise’, SAE paper 2007-01-2411.
Govindswamy K, Wellmann T and Eisele G (2009), ‘Aspects of NVH integration in
hybrid vehicles’, SAE paper 2009-01-2085.
Grover E C and Lalor N (1973), ‘A review of low noise diesel engine design at ISVR’,
Journal of Sound and Vibration, 28(3), 403–431.
Haddad S D (1984), ‘Mechanically-induced noise and vibration in diesel engines’, in
Haddad S D and Watson N (eds), Design and Applications in Diesel Engineering,
Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester.
Haller H, Beisenbusch K, Spessert B, Cordes H and Querengasser J (1993), ‘Noise
excitation by auxiliary units of internal combustion engines’, SAE paper 931293.
Hanaoka M and Fukumura S (1973), ‘A study of valve train noises and a method of cam
design to reduce the noises’, SAE paper 730247.
Harris C M (ed.) (1979), Handbook of Noise Control, 2nd edn, McGraw-Hill, New
York.
Hayes P A and Quantz C A (1982), ‘Determining vibration, radiation efciency, and
noise characteristics of structural designs using analytical techniques’, SAE paper
820440.
Head H E and Wake J D (1980), ‘Noise of diesel engines under transient conditions’,
SAE paper 800404.
Hickling R (2005), A plea for linear units as an alternative to decibels and octaves’,
SAE paper 2005-01-2549.
Hickling R and Kamal M M (eds) (1982), Engine Noise Excitation, Vibration, and
Radiation, Plenum Press, New York.
Inagaki M, Yoshikawa K, Wakabayashi M and Takama K (1993), ‘Structural vibration
analysis in turbocharger-exhaust systems’, SAE paper 931318.
Isshiki Y, Shimamoto Y and Wakisaka T (1996), ‘Simultaneous prediction of pressure losses
and acoustic characteristics in silencers by numerical simulation’, SAE 960637.
Jenkins S H (1975), ‘Analysis and treatment of diesel-engine noise’, Journal of Sound
and Vibration, 43(2), 293–304.
Jenkins S H and Kuehner H K (1973), ‘Diesel engine noise reduction hardware for vehicle
noise control’, SAE paper 730681.
Jenkins S H, Lalor N and Grover E C (1973), ‘Design aspects of low-noise diesel
engines’, SAE paper 730246.
Jones A D (1984), ‘Modeling the exhaust noise radiated from reciprocating internal
combustion engines – a literature review’, Noise Control Engineering Journal, 23(1),
12–31.
Juang T B, Harvey K E, Burzlaff M W and Rockett P J (2006), ‘Analytical and experimental
development to improve powertrain system induced vehicle NVH issues’, SAE paper
2006-01-1533.
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814 Diesel engine system design
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Kalser H J, Deges R, Schwarz D and Meyer J (1991), ‘Investigations on valve train noise
in multi-valve engines’, SAE paper 911062.
Katari A, Syed M, Sickels M, Wahl T and Rajadurai S (2004), ‘Effect of aspect ratio on
pressure drop and acoustics in diesel particulate lters’, SAE paper 2004-01-0695.
Knutsson M and Åbom M (2007), ‘Acoustic analysis of charge air coolers’, SAE paper
2007-01-2208.
Kunz F (1999), ‘Semi-empirical model for ow noise prediction on intake and exhaust
systems’, SAE 1999-01-1654.
Kwak W-H, Kim H-S, Jung I-S, Yoo D-K and Kang K-T (2007), ‘NVH optimization of
HMC 3.0L V6 diesel engine’, SAE paper 2007-01-2371.
Lahey H-P, Steffens C and Schultz C (2001), ‘Simulation method for geartrain NVH
assessment and optimization’, SAE paper 2001-01-1593.
Laux P C, Blauwkamp K J, Cho P E and Unglenieks R J (2005), ‘Robust process for
the design and development of automotive noise control systems (a.k.a. acoustic
integration)’, SAE paper 2005-01-2395.
Lee S-D, Shannon B A and Mikulec A (2000), ‘Cranktrain system geometry optimization
and dynamic assembly of parametric solid models’, International Journal of Vehicle
Design, 23(1), 16–29.
Lee I J, Selamet A, Kim H, Kim T C and Kim J (2009a), ‘Design of a multi-chamber
silencer for turbocharger noise’, SAE paper 2009-01-2048.
Lee I, Selamet A, Kim T-C and Kim J (2009b), ‘A multi-chamber silencer for turbocharger
noise’, SAE paper 2009-01-2048.
Loibnegger B, Rainer G P, Bernard L, Micelli D and Turino G (1997), ‘An integrated
numerical tool for engine noise and vibration simulation’, SAE paper 971992.
Lu M H and Jen M U (2007), ‘Gain and loss of NVH characteristics from naturally
aspirated to turbocharged engine’, SAE paper 2007-01-2282.
Maetani Y, Niikura T, Suzuki S, Arai S and Okamura H (1993), ‘Analysis and reduction
of engine front noise induced by the vibration of the crankshaft system’, SAE paper
931336.
March J, Strong G, Gregory S and Rediers B (2005a), ‘Achieving diesel vehicle appeal,
part 1: vehicle NVH perspective’, SAE paper 2005-01-2484.
March J, Ward A, Bennett C and Towalski C (2005b), ‘Achieving diesel vehicle appeal,
part 2: powertrain NVH perspective’, SAE paper 2005-01-2489.
Meisner S and Campbell B (1995), Development of gear rattle analytical simulation
methodology’, SAE paper 951317.
Mellin R C (1980), ‘Noise and performance of automotive cooling fans’, SAE paper
800031.
Miura Y and Kojima N (2003), ‘Noise generating mechanism at idling for a four-cylinder
in-line diesel engine’, SAE paper 2003-01-1720.
Morel T, Silvestri J, Goerg K-A and Jebasinski R (1999), Modeling of engine exhaust
acoustics’, SAE paper 1999-01-1665.
Morel T, Keribar R and Leonard A (2003), ‘Virtual engine/powertrain/vehicle simulation
tool solves complex interacting system issues’, SAE paper 2003-01-0372.
Mori T, Takaoka A and Maunder M (2005), ‘Achieving a vehicle level sound quality
target by a cascade to system level noise and vibration targets’, SAE paper 2005-
01-2394.
Moshre N, Mazzella G, Yeager D and Homco S (2007), ‘Gasoline engine piston pin
tick noise’, SAE paper 2007-01-2290.
Moulin L (2003), ‘Simulation study of the internal mechanical excitations to reduce the
noise emitted by a heavy duty engine’, SAE paper 2003-01-1727.
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Munjal M L (1981), ‘Evaluation and control of the exhaust noise of reciprocating IC
engines’, Shock and Vibration Digest, 13(1), 5–14.
Nathak S S, Rao M D and Derk J R (2007), ‘Development and validation of an acoustic
encapsulation to reduce diesel engine noise’, SAE paper 2007-01-2375.
Ochiai K and Yokota K (1982), ‘Light-weight, quiet automotive DI diesel engine oriented
design method’, SAE paper 820434.
Offner G, Priebsch H H, Ma M T, Karlsson U, Wikstrom A and Loibnegger B (2004),
‘Quality and validation of cranktrain vibration predictions effect of hydrodynamic
journal bearing models’, Multi-Body Dynamics: Monitoring and Simulation Techniques-
III, pp. 255–271.
Onorati A (1995), ‘Numerical simulation of exhaust ows and tailpipe noise of a small
single cylinder diesel engine’, SAE 951755.
Onorati A (1999), ‘Numerical simulation of unsteady ows in internal combustion
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R J, Design Techniques for Engine Manifolds, SAE International, Warrendale, PA,
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phenomenon: state of the art’, SAE paper 951316.
Pang J, Kurrle P, Qatu M, Rebandt R and Malkowski R (2003), ‘Attribute analysis and
criteria for automotive exhaust systems’, SAE paper 2003-01-0221.
Pang J, Rebandt R, Knapp G, Qatu M, Demmith D and Sheng G (2005), ‘Flow excited
noise analysis of exhaust’, SAE paper 2005-01-2352.
Payer E and Platnick J L (1998), ‘The use of CAE for the optimization of engine NVH
behaviour: state-of-the-art and future trends’, SAE paper 980274.
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evaluations’, SAE paper 2005-01-2455.
Priebsch H H and Krasser J (1998), ‘Simulation of vibration and structure borne noise of
engines a combined technique of FEM and multi body dynamics’, The 16th CAD-
FEM Users’ Meeting, Bad Neuenahr, Germany, October 7–9, 1998.
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971870.
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in diesel engine populations’, SAE paper 2003-01-1723.
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of rened power for the Jaguar XK8’, SAE paper 972041.
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conceptual automotive powertrain design’, SAE paper 911077.
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Russell M F (1972), ‘Reduction of noise emissions from diesel engine surfaces’, SAE
paper 720135.
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Rust A, Schiffbanker H and Brandl F K (1989), ‘Complete NVH optimisation of a
passenger vehicle with a DI diesel engine to meet subjective market demands and
future legislative requirements’, SAE paper 890125.
SAE Surface Vehicle Information Report J1242 (1991), ‘(R) Acoustic emission test
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SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J986 (1998), ‘Sound level for passenger
cars and light trucks’.
SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J57 (2000), ‘Sound level of highway truck
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SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1074 (2000), ‘Engine sound level
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SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1207 (2000), Measurement procedure for
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level’.
SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1477 (2000), ‘Measurement of interior
sound levels of light vehicles’.
SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J336 (2001), ‘Sound level for truck cab
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SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1492 (2008), ‘(R) Measurement of light
vehicle stationary exhaust system sound level engine speed sweep method’.
SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1096 (2000), ‘Measurement of exterior
sound levels for heavy trucks under stationary conditions’.
SAE Surface Vehicle Standard J1470 (1998), ‘(R) Measurement of noise emitted by
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SAE Surface Vehicle Standard J2555 (2000), ‘Vehicle idle gear rattle evaluation
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SAE Surface Vehicle Standard J88 (2006), ‘(R) Sound measurement off-road work
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SAE Surface Vehicle Standard J1169 (2007), ‘Measurement of light vehicle exhaust
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SAE Surface Vehicle Standard J2805 (2008), ‘Measurement of noise emitted by
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R (eds), Diesel Engine Reference Book, 2nd edn, SAE International, Warrendale,
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SAE paper 870991.
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(eds), Internal Combustion Engine Handbook, SAE International, Warrendale, PA,
pp. 753–768.
Wolf A, Gaertner U and Droege T (2003), ‘Noise reduction and sound design for diesel
engines an achievable development target for US passenger cars?’, SAE paper
2003-01-1719.
Yadav P S, Muthukumar A, Kiran V V P, Tandon V and Raju S (2007), ‘Optimized
design of silencer an integrated approach’, SAE paper 2007-26-037.
Yawata Y and Crocker M J (1983), ‘Identication of internal noise sources in diesel
engines’, SAE paper 831330.
Zhao H and Reinhart T E (1999), ‘The inuence of diesel engine architecture on noise
levels’, SAE paper 1999-01-1747.
11.13.2 References and bibliography on combustion noise
Alt N W, Wiehagen N, Steffens C and Heuer S (2001), ‘Comprehensive combustion
noise optimization’, SAE paper 2001-01-1510.
Alt N, Sonntag H-D, Heuer S and Thiele R (2005), Diesel engine cold start noise
improvement’, SAE paper 2005-01-2490.
Anderton D (1979), ‘Relation between combustion system and engine noise’, SAE paper
790270.
Badami M, Mallamo F, Millo F and Rossi E E (2002), ‘Inuence of multiple injection
strategies on emissions, combustion noise and BSFC of a DI common rail diesel
engine’, SAE paper 2002-01-0503.
Badaoui M E, Daniere J, Guillet F and Serviere C (2005), ‘Separation of combustion
noise and piston-slap in diesel engine part I: separation of combustion noise and
piston-slap in diesel engine by cyclic Wiener ltering’, Mechanical Systems and
Signal Processing, 19, 1209–1217.
Blunsdon C A, Dent J C and Das S (1995), ‘Modelling the origins of combustion noise
in the indirect injection diesel engine’, SAE paper 952432.
Brandl F, Veit J, Arndt R and Priebsch H-H (2007), ‘The application of a new software
tool for separating engine combustion and mechanical noise excitation’, SAE paper
2007-01-2376.
Carlucci P, Ficarella A, Chiara F, Giuffrida A and Lanzafame R (2004), ‘Preliminary
studies on the effects of injection rate modulation on the combustion noise of a
common rail diesel engine’, SAE paper 2004-01-1848.
Challen B J (1975), ‘The effect of combustion system on engine noise’, SAE paper
750798.
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819Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) in engine system design
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
Costa M, Siano D, Allocca L, Montanaro A and Bozza F (2009a), ‘Light duty diesel
engine: optimization of performances, noxious emission and radiated noise’, SAE
paper 2009-32-0105.
Costa M, Siano D, Valentino G, Corcione F E and Bozza F (2009b), ‘Prediction and
optimization of the performances, noxious emissions and radiated noise of a light
duty common-rail diesel engine’, SAE paper 2009-24-0011.
Dhaenens M, Linden G, Nehl J and Thiele R (2001), ‘Analysis of transient noise behavior
of a truck diesel engine’, SAE paper 2001-01-1566.
Gazon M and Blaisot J-B (2006), Cycle-to-cycle uctuations of combustion noise in a
diesel engine at low speed’, SAE paper 2006-01-3410.
Hawksley G J and Anderton D (1978), ‘Studies into combustion and noise in turbocharged
engines’, IMechE paper C72/78.
Kohketsu S, Mori K, Kato T and Sakai K (1994), ‘Technology for low emission, combustion
noise and fuel consumption on diesel engine’, SAE paper 940672.
Lee M, Bolton J S and Suh S (2009), ‘Estimation of the combustion-related noise transfer
matrix of a multi-cylinder diesel engine’, Measurement Science and Technology,
20(1), 015106.
Luckhchoura V, Won H W, Sharma A, Paczko G and Peters N (2008), ‘Investigation of
combustion noise development with variation in start of injection using 3-dimensional
simulations by applying representative interactive amelet (RIF) model’, SAE paper
2008-01-0950.
Machado G B and De Melo T C C (2005), ‘Diesel cetane number versus noise emission’,
SAE paper 2005-01-2150.
Mallamo F, Badami M and Millo F (2002), ‘Analysis of multiple injection strategies for
the reduction of emissions, noise and BSFC of a DI CR small displacement non-road
diesel engine’, SAE paper 2002-01-2672.
Mendez S and Thirouard B (2008), ‘Using multiple injection strategies in diesel combustion:
potential to improve emissions, noise and fuel economy trade-off in low CR engines’,
SAE paper 2008-01-1329.
Reinhart T E (1987), ‘An evaluation of the Lucas combustion noise meter on Cummins
B series engines’, SAE paper 870952.
Roy M M and Tsunemoto H (2002), ‘Effect of injection pressure and split injection on
exhaust odor and engine noise in DI diesel engines’, SAE paper 2002-01-2874.
Russell M F (1984), ‘Combustion noise in automotive diesel engines’, in Haddad S D
and Watson N (eds), Design and Applications in Diesel Engineering, Ellis Horwood
Limited, Chichester, pp. 203–252.
Russell M F and Young C D (1985), ‘Measurement of diesel combustion noise’, Proc.
IMechE Conference Autotech ’85, Birmingham, October.
Russell M F, Young C D and Nicol S W (1990), ‘Modulation of injection rate to improve
direct injection diesel engine noise’, SAE paper 900349.
Scarpati J, Wikström A, Jönsson O, Glav R, ndel P and Hjalmarsson H (2007),
‘Prediction of engine noise using parameterized combustion pressure curves’, SAE
paper 2007-01-2373.
Shu G-Q, Wei H-Q and Han R (2005a), ‘The transfer function of combustion noise in
DI-diesel engine’, SAE paper 2005-01-2486.
Shu G-Q, Wei H-Q and Liang X-Y (2005b), ‘Experimental study on combustion noise
in transient conditions of DI-diesel engine’, SAE paper 2005-01-2487.
Shu G-Q, Wei H-Q, Wang Y-J, Yang Z-Y and Wei J-S (2006), Secondary inuence
factors of combustion noise mechanism under transient conditions of DI-diesel engine’,
SAE paper 2006-01-1530.
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