Xin Q. Diesel Engine System Design

810 Diesel engine system design

into the system design process. Related references about combustion noise

prediction can be found in Corcione et al. (2003) and Scarpati et al. (2007).

Note that a cylinder pressure decomposition technique (i.e., decomposing the

total in-cylinder pressure signal to the compression-expansion, combustion,

and resonance pressures) may also be considered to predict the combustion

noise (Siano and Bozza, 2009).

The methodologies and the models of the level-2 piston noise and valvetrain

noise models are described in Sections 11.5 and 11.6. It should be noted that,

unlike the combustion noise, it is difcult to separate/measure the piston slap

noise and the valvetrain noise in engine experiments due to the difculty

of measuring the impact events. Simulation in the virtual world plays a key

role in these NVH areas.

Overall engine noise synthesis is an important part of system NVH analysis.

The synthesis refers to the following (Fig. 11.4): (1) the sound-pressure-level

synthesis by combining all the noises from different sources to predict the

overall noise level; (2) the frequency-domain synthesis analysis for sound

quality; (3) the sensitivity comparison of any design/operation changes

between different subsystems (i.e., different sources of noise) to balance/

coordinate at a system level to address the most important issues; and (4) the

synthesis of transient noises in the time domain. In the synthesis analysis of

the overall engine noise from the noises of each source (combustion, piston

slap, valvetrain, etc.), the results depend on which noise is dominant. For

Individual virtual noise variation (sound pressure level, dB)

Overall noise level (SPL, dB)

Valvetrain

noise

sensitivity

Valvetrain

noise

sensitivity

Other

noises

Other

noises

Piston slap noise

sensitivity

Piston slap noise

sensitivity

Combustion noise

sensitivity at 2000 rpm

Combustion noise

sensitivity at 1000 rpm

Baseline overall

noise at 2000 rpm

Baseline overall

noise at 1000 rpm

11.4 Concept of diesel engine NVH system synthesis analysis.

Diesel-Xin-11.indd 810 5/5/11 12:01:48 PM

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811Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) in engine system design

example, the combustion noise is dominant in naturally aspirated diesel

engines, and sometimes the combustion noise is only 1–2 dB lower than the

overall noise. However, at some conditions the combustion noise level can

be well below the overall noise in a turbocharged diesel engine, bearing little

effect on the overall noise. In the synthesis analysis, not only the difference

between the overall noise level and each component noise level (i.e., the

contribution) is important, the slope (larger or less than 1) and the shape

(linear or nonlinear) of the sensitivity curve of each individual noise source

are also important and informative for system design.

Useful references on system-level powertrain NVH analysis about the

cranktrain, the valvetrain, and the engine block are provided by Stout (1997,

1999 and 2001), Stout et al. (2007), and Morel et al. (2003).

11.12.3 Level-3 system NVH model

The level-3 system NVH model predicts the structural attenuation, the

transfer function, and the noise radiation with FEA and/or BEM. It does

not have real-time capability. It tends to be used in a system synthesis stage

to assemble the critical component models together, or used at a detailed

component design level. The primary focus of engine system design is to

produce system specications in the early stage of the design. Therefore, the

sophisticated level-3 model is not the primary focus in system design.

References for the level-3 models of powertrain dynamics and structural

noise radiation include Moulin (2003), Payer and Platnick (1998), Priebsch

and Krasser (1998), Schneider et al. (2002), Hayes and Quantz (1982),

Loibnegger et al. (1997), Sung et al. (1997), Seybert et al. (1997), and

Richardson and Riding (1997).

11.13 References and bibliography

11.13.1 References and bibliography on general NVH

Afaneh A H, Abdelhamid M K and Qatu M S (2007), ‘Engineering challenges with vehicle

noise and vibration in product development’, SAE paper 2007-01-2434.

Allam S and Åbom M (2005), ‘Acoustic modelling and testing of diesel particulate

lters’, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 288(1–2), 255–273.

Allam S and Åbom M (2006), ‘Sound propagation in an array of narrow porous channels

with application to diesel particulate lters’, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 291(3–5),

882–901.

Alt N W, Nehl J, Heuer S and Schlitzer M W (2003), ‘Prediction of combustion process

induced vehicle interior noise’, SAE paper 2003-01-1435.

Anderton D (1979), ‘Relation between combustion system and engine noise’, SAE paper

790270.

Anderton D (1984), ‘Design options for low noise in IC engines’, in Haddad S D and

Watson N (eds), Design and Applications in Diesel Engineering, Ellis Horwood

Limited, Chichester.

Diesel-Xin-11.indd 811 5/5/11 12:01:48 PM

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812 Diesel engine system design

Anderton D and Priede T (1982), ‘Applications of engine noise control research’, in

Hickling R and Kamal M M (eds), Engine Noise – Excitation, Vibration, and Radiation,

Plenum Press, New York.

Anderton D and Zheng J H (1993), ‘A new measurement method for separating airborne

and structure borne sound from an IC engine’s valve train mechanism’, SAE paper

931335.

Anderton D, Grover E C, Lalor N and Priede T (1970), ‘Origins of reciprocating engine

noise – its characteristics, prediction, and control’, ASME paper 70-WA/DGP-3.

Austen A E W and Priede T (1959), ‘Origins of diesel engine noise’, SAE paper

590127.

Badawi B A, Kholosy M, Omer A A and Shahin M A (2007), ‘Identication of diesel

engine events from acoustic signals using independent component analysis and time-

frequency analysis’, SAE paper 2007-01-2278.

Beardmore J M (1982), ‘Piston stick slip noise generation mechanism’, SAE paper

820753.

Beidl C, Rust A and Rasser M (2001), ‘Key steps and methods in the development of

low noise engines’, Sound and Vibration, 35(4), 48–54.

Boesch N J W (1987), ‘The development of low-noise DI diesel engines’, SAE paper

870951.

Brandl F K, Affenzeller J and Thien G E (1987), ‘Some strategies to meet future noise

regulations for truck engines’, SAE paper 870950.

Castillo M S (2001), ‘Noise control for heavy duty trucks, a systems approach’, SAE

paper 2001-01-1531.

Challen B J (1975), ‘The effect of combustion system on engine noise’, SAE paper

750798.

Challen B J (1982), ‘Techniques for engine noise control’, in Hickling R and Kamal M

M (eds), Engine Noise – Excitation, Vibration, and Radiation, Plenum Press, New

York.

Challen B J and Croker D M (1982), ‘A review of recent progress in diesel engine noise

reduction’, SAE paper 820517.

Cherne K D (1993), ‘Motor vehicle noise regulations’, SAE paper 931281.

Corcione F E, Mattia M G and Paciucci R (1989), ‘Acoustic intensity measurements of

noise emission from a light duty TCDI diesel engine’, SAE paper 891130.

Corcione F E, Siano D, Vaglieco B M, Corcione G E, Lavorgna M, Viscardi M, Ladevaia

M and Lecce L (2003), ‘Analysis and control of noise emissions of a small single

cylinder DI diesel engine’, SAE paper 2003-01-1459.

Croker M D, Amphlett S A and Barnard A I (1995), ‘Heavy duty diesel engine gear train

modelling to reduce radiated noise’, SAE paper 951315.

Cuschieri J M and Richards E J (1985), ‘On the prediction of impact noise, part VIII:

diesel engine noise’, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 102(1), 21–56.

Davies P O A L (1996), ‘Piston engine intake and exhaust system design’, Journal of

Sound and Vibration, 190(4), 677–712.

Dent W T and Chen C R (1989), ‘A new approach for the analysis of OHC engine cam

shape’, SAE paper 891768.

Dhaenens M, Linden G, Nehl J and Thiele R (2001), ‘Analysis of transient noise behavior

of a truck diesel engine’, SAE paper 2001-01-1566.

Evans D and Ward A (2005), ‘Minimising turbocharger whoosh noise for diesel

powertrains’, SAE paper 2005-01-2485.

Evans D and Ward A (2006), ‘The reduction of turbocharger whoosh noise for diesel

Diesel-Xin-11.indd 812 5/5/11 12:01:48 PM

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813Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) in engine system design

powertrains’, 8th International Conference on Turbochargers and Turbocharging,

Woodhead Publishing Limited Cambridge, pp. 29–42.

Farnell R and Riding D (1999), ‘Engine noise’, in Challen B and Baranescu R (eds), Diesel

Engine Reference Book, 2nd edn, SAE International, Warrendale, PA, pp. 487–507.

Feng L, Gao W and Niu W (2008), ‘An investigation on acoustic model and test of diesel

particulate lter’, SAE paper 2008-01-1757.

Gaikwad A, Mahale P and Raju S (2007), ‘Noise assessment of diesel engines’, SAE

paper 2007-26-038.

Ghafouri M M and Ricci G (1993), ‘A numerical method for the prediction of exhaust

noise in internal combustion engine exhaust systems’, SAE paper 931348.

Govindswamy K, Wolff K and Heuer S (2007), ‘Aspects of powertrain noise with special

emphasis on impulsive noise’, SAE paper 2007-01-2411.

Govindswamy K, Wellmann T and Eisele G (2009), ‘Aspects of NVH integration in

hybrid vehicles’, SAE paper 2009-01-2085.

Grover E C and Lalor N (1973), ‘A review of low noise diesel engine design at ISVR’,

Journal of Sound and Vibration, 28(3), 403–431.

Haddad S D (1984), ‘Mechanically-induced noise and vibration in diesel engines’, in

Haddad S D and Watson N (eds), Design and Applications in Diesel Engineering,

Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester.

Haller H, Beisenbusch K, Spessert B, Cordes H and Querengasser J (1993), ‘Noise

excitation by auxiliary units of internal combustion engines’, SAE paper 931293.

Hanaoka M and Fukumura S (1973), ‘A study of valve train noises and a method of cam

design to reduce the noises’, SAE paper 730247.

Harris C M (ed.) (1979), Handbook of Noise Control, 2nd edn, McGraw-Hill, New

York.

Hayes P A and Quantz C A (1982), ‘Determining vibration, radiation efciency, and

noise characteristics of structural designs using analytical techniques’, SAE paper

820440.

Head H E and Wake J D (1980), ‘Noise of diesel engines under transient conditions’,

SAE paper 800404.

Hickling R (2005), ‘A plea for linear units as an alternative to decibels and octaves’,

SAE paper 2005-01-2549.

Hickling R and Kamal M M (eds) (1982), Engine Noise – Excitation, Vibration, and

Radiation, Plenum Press, New York.

Inagaki M, Yoshikawa K, Wakabayashi M and Takama K (1993), ‘Structural vibration

analysis in turbocharger-exhaust systems’, SAE paper 931318.

Isshiki Y, Shimamoto Y and Wakisaka T (1996), ‘Simultaneous prediction of pressure losses

and acoustic characteristics in silencers by numerical simulation’, SAE 960637.

Jenkins S H (1975), ‘Analysis and treatment of diesel-engine noise’, Journal of Sound

and Vibration, 43(2), 293–304.

Jenkins S H and Kuehner H K (1973), ‘Diesel engine noise reduction hardware for vehicle

noise control’, SAE paper 730681.

Jenkins S H, Lalor N and Grover E C (1973), ‘Design aspects of low-noise diesel

engines’, SAE paper 730246.

Jones A D (1984), ‘Modeling the exhaust noise radiated from reciprocating internal

combustion engines – a literature review’, Noise Control Engineering Journal, 23(1),

12–31.

Juang T B, Harvey K E, Burzlaff M W and Rockett P J (2006), ‘Analytical and experimental

development to improve powertrain system induced vehicle NVH issues’, SAE paper

2006-01-1533.

Diesel-Xin-11.indd 813 5/5/11 12:01:48 PM

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814 Diesel engine system design

Kalser H J, Deges R, Schwarz D and Meyer J (1991), ‘Investigations on valve train noise

in multi-valve engines’, SAE paper 911062.

Katari A, Syed M, Sickels M, Wahl T and Rajadurai S (2004), ‘Effect of aspect ratio on

pressure drop and acoustics in diesel particulate lters’, SAE paper 2004-01-0695.

Knutsson M and Åbom M (2007), ‘Acoustic analysis of charge air coolers’, SAE paper

2007-01-2208.

Kunz F (1999), ‘Semi-empirical model for ow noise prediction on intake and exhaust

systems’, SAE 1999-01-1654.

Kwak W-H, Kim H-S, Jung I-S, Yoo D-K and Kang K-T (2007), ‘NVH optimization of

HMC 3.0L V6 diesel engine’, SAE paper 2007-01-2371.

Lahey H-P, Steffens C and Schultz C (2001), ‘Simulation method for geartrain NVH

assessment and optimization’, SAE paper 2001-01-1593.

Laux P C, Blauwkamp K J, Cho P E and Unglenieks R J (2005), ‘Robust process for

the design and development of automotive noise control systems (a.k.a. acoustic

integration)’, SAE paper 2005-01-2395.

Lee S-D, Shannon B A and Mikulec A (2000), ‘Cranktrain system geometry optimization

and dynamic assembly of parametric solid models’, International Journal of Vehicle

Design, 23(1), 16–29.

Lee I J, Selamet A, Kim H, Kim T C and Kim J (2009a), ‘Design of a multi-chamber

silencer for turbocharger noise’, SAE paper 2009-01-2048.

Lee I, Selamet A, Kim T-C and Kim J (2009b), ‘A multi-chamber silencer for turbocharger

noise’, SAE paper 2009-01-2048.

Loibnegger B, Rainer G P, Bernard L, Micelli D and Turino G (1997), ‘An integrated

numerical tool for engine noise and vibration simulation’, SAE paper 971992.

Lu M H and Jen M U (2007), ‘Gain and loss of NVH characteristics from naturally

aspirated to turbocharged engine’, SAE paper 2007-01-2282.

Maetani Y, Niikura T, Suzuki S, Arai S and Okamura H (1993), ‘Analysis and reduction

of engine front noise induced by the vibration of the crankshaft system’, SAE paper

931336.

March J, Strong G, Gregory S and Rediers B (2005a), ‘Achieving diesel vehicle appeal,

part 1: vehicle NVH perspective’, SAE paper 2005-01-2484.

March J, Ward A, Bennett C and Towalski C (2005b), ‘Achieving diesel vehicle appeal,

part 2: powertrain NVH perspective’, SAE paper 2005-01-2489.

Meisner S and Campbell B (1995), ‘Development of gear rattle analytical simulation

methodology’, SAE paper 951317.

Mellin R C (1980), ‘Noise and performance of automotive cooling fans’, SAE paper

800031.

Miura Y and Kojima N (2003), ‘Noise generating mechanism at idling for a four-cylinder

in-line diesel engine’, SAE paper 2003-01-1720.

Morel T, Silvestri J, Goerg K-A and Jebasinski R (1999), ‘Modeling of engine exhaust

acoustics’, SAE paper 1999-01-1665.

Morel T, Keribar R and Leonard A (2003), ‘Virtual engine/powertrain/vehicle simulation

tool solves complex interacting system issues’, SAE paper 2003-01-0372.

Mori T, Takaoka A and Maunder M (2005), ‘Achieving a vehicle level sound quality

target by a cascade to system level noise and vibration targets’, SAE paper 2005-

01-2394.

Moshre N, Mazzella G, Yeager D and Homco S (2007), ‘Gasoline engine piston pin

tick noise’, SAE paper 2007-01-2290.

Moulin L (2003), ‘Simulation study of the internal mechanical excitations to reduce the

noise emitted by a heavy duty engine’, SAE paper 2003-01-1727.

Diesel-Xin-11.indd 814 5/5/11 12:01:48 PM

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815Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) in engine system design

Munjal M L (1981), ‘Evaluation and control of the exhaust noise of reciprocating IC

engines’, Shock and Vibration Digest, 13(1), 5–14.

Nathak S S, Rao M D and Derk J R (2007), ‘Development and validation of an acoustic

encapsulation to reduce diesel engine noise’, SAE paper 2007-01-2375.

Ochiai K and Yokota K (1982), ‘Light-weight, quiet automotive DI diesel engine oriented

design method’, SAE paper 820434.

Offner G, Priebsch H H, Ma M T, Karlsson U, Wikstrom A and Loibnegger B (2004),

‘Quality and validation of cranktrain vibration predictions – effect of hydrodynamic

journal bearing models’, Multi-Body Dynamics: Monitoring and Simulation Techniques-

III, pp. 255–271.

Onorati A (1995), ‘Numerical simulation of exhaust ows and tailpipe noise of a small

single cylinder diesel engine’, SAE 951755.

Onorati A (1999), ‘Numerical simulation of unsteady ows in internal combustion

engine silencers and the prediction of tailpipe noise’, in Winterbone D E and Pearson

R J, Design Techniques for Engine Manifolds, SAE International, Warrendale, PA,

pp. 267–340.

Padmanabhan C, Rook T E and Singh R (1995), ‘Modeling of automotive gear rattle

phenomenon: state of the art’, SAE paper 951316.

Pang J, Kurrle P, Qatu M, Rebandt R and Malkowski R (2003), ‘Attribute analysis and

criteria for automotive exhaust systems’, SAE paper 2003-01-0221.

Pang J, Rebandt R, Knapp G, Qatu M, Demmith D and Sheng G (2005), ‘Flow excited

noise analysis of exhaust’, SAE paper 2005-01-2352.

Payer E and Platnick J L (1998), ‘The use of CAE for the optimization of engine NVH

behaviour: state-of-the-art and future trends’, SAE paper 980274.

Pollack M, Govindswamy K and Hartwig M (2005), ‘Cold start engine clatter noise

evaluations’, SAE paper 2005-01-2455.

Priebsch H H and Krasser J (1998), ‘Simulation of vibration and structure borne noise of

engines – a combined technique of FEM and multi body dynamics’, The 16th CAD-

FEM Users’ Meeting, Bad Neuenahr, Germany, October 7–9, 1998.

Priede T (1980), ‘In search of origins of engine noise – an historical review’, SAE paper

800534.

Priede T (1982), ‘Road vehicle noise’, in White R G (ed.), Noise and Vibration, Ellis

Horwood Limited, Chichester, pp. 389–437.

Priede T, Grover E C and Lalor N (1969), ‘Relation between noise and basic structural

vibration of diesel engines’, SAE paper 690450.

Rämmal H and Åbom M (2007), ‘Acoustics of turbochargers’, SAE paper 2007-01-

2205.

Reinhart T E (1991), ‘US vehicle noise regulations and the effects on vehicle condition’,

SAE paper 912709.

Reinhart T E and Wahl T J (1997), ‘Reducing compression brake noise’, SAE paper

971870.

Reinhart T E, Sampath A, Bagga K S and Leistensnider G W (2003), ‘NVH variations

in diesel engine populations’, SAE paper 2003-01-1723.

Richardson S H and Riding D H (1997), ‘Predictive design support in the achievement

of rened power for the Jaguar XK8’, SAE paper 972041.

Riding D and Weeks R (1991), ‘The application of noise simulation techniques to

conceptual automotive powertrain design’, SAE paper 911077.

Rufnen M A Z, Hamilton D A, Hayes P A and Reinhart T E (1995), ‘J366 driveby

variability’, SAE paper 951357.

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816 Diesel engine system design

Russell M F (1972), ‘Reduction of noise emissions from diesel engine surfaces’, SAE

paper 720135.

Russell M F (1982), ‘Diesel engine noise: control at source’, SAE paper 820238.

Rust A and Thien G E (1987), ‘Effect of transient conditions on combustion noise of

NA-DI diesel engines’, SAE paper 870989.

Rust A, Schiffbanker H and Brandl F K (1989), ‘Complete NVH optimisation of a

passenger vehicle with a DI diesel engine to meet subjective market demands and

future legislative requirements’, SAE paper 890125.

SAE Surface Vehicle Information Report J1242 (1991), ‘(R) Acoustic emission test

methods’.

SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J986 (1998), ‘Sound level for passenger

cars and light trucks’.

SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J57 (2000), ‘Sound level of highway truck

tires’.

SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1074 (2000), ‘Engine sound level

measurement procedure’.

SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1207 (2000), ‘Measurement procedure for

determination of silencer effectiveness in reducing engine intake or exhaust sound

level’.

SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1477 (2000), ‘Measurement of interior

sound levels of light vehicles’.

SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J336 (2001), ‘Sound level for truck cab

interior’.

SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1492 (2008), ‘(R) Measurement of light

vehicle stationary exhaust system sound level engine speed sweep method’.

SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice J1096 (2000), ‘Measurement of exterior

sound levels for heavy trucks under stationary conditions’.

SAE Surface Vehicle Standard J1470 (1998), ‘(R) Measurement of noise emitted by

accelerating highway vehicles’.

SAE Surface Vehicle Standard J2555 (2000), ‘Vehicle idle gear rattle evaluation

procedure’.

SAE Surface Vehicle Standard J366 (2001), ‘Exterior sound level for heavy trucks and

buses’.

SAE Surface Vehicle Standard J88 (2006), ‘(R) Sound measurement – off-road work

machines – exterior’.

SAE Surface Vehicle Standard J1169 (2007), ‘Measurement of light vehicle exhaust

sound level under stationary conditions’.

SAE Surface Vehicle Standard J2805 (2008), ‘Measurement of noise emitted by

accelerating road vehicles’.

Sasaki M and Nakashima K (2007), ‘Human auditory models and sound quality evaluation

method for diesel noise’, SAE paper 2007-01-2219.

Savage J and Matterazzo J (1993), ‘Application of design of experiments to determine

the leading contributors to engine valvetrain noise’, SAE paper 930884.

Schiffbanker H, Brandl F K and Thien G E (1991), ‘Development and application of an

evaluation technique to assess the subjective character of engine noise’, SAE paper

911081.

Schneider M, Lahey H-P, Steffens C and Sonntag H-D (2002), ‘CAE process to eliminate

powertrain noise and vibration’, SAE paper 2002-01-0459.

Schulte H S-H (1999), ‘Passenger car engines’, in Challen B and Baranescu R (eds), Diesel

Engine Reference Book, 2nd edn, SAE International, Warrendale, PA, pp. 524–551.

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817Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) in engine system design

Seybert A F, Hamilton D A and Hayes P A (1997), ‘Prediction of radiated noise from

engine components using the BEM and the Rayleigh integral’, SAE paper 971954.

Shangguan W-B (2009), ‘Engine mounts and powertrain mounting systems: a review’,

International Journal of Vehicle Design, 49(4), 237–258.

Siano D, Corcione F E, Bozza F, Gimelli A and Manelli S (2005), ‘Characterization of

the noise emitted by a single cylinder diesel engine: experimental activities and 1D

simulation’, SAE paper 2005-01-2483.

Siano D, Valentino G, Corcione F , Bozza F, Arnone L and Manelli S (2007), ‘Experimental

and numerical analyses of performances and noise emission of a common rail light

duty D.I. diesel engine’, SAE paper 2007-24-0017.

Silvestri J, Morel T and Costello M (1994), ‘Study of intake system wave dynamics and

acoustics by simulation and experiment’, SAE paper 940206.

Skaistis S J (1975), ‘Hydraulic uidborne noise mechanics’, SAE paper 751179.

Spessert B and Ponsa R (1990), ‘Investigation in the noise from main running gear, timing

gears and injection pump of DI diesel engines’, SAE paper 900012.

Steyer G, Voight M and Sun Z (2005), ‘Balancing competing design imperatives to achieve

overall driveline NVH performance objectives’, SAE paper 2005-01-2308.

Stout J L (1997), ‘Valvetrain unbalance and its effects on powertrain NVH’, SAE paper

971993.

Stout J L (1999), ‘Concept level powertrain radiated noise analysis’, SAE paper 1999-

01-1746.

Stout J L (2001), ‘Engine excitation decomposition methods and V engine results’, SAE

paper 2001-01-1595.

Stout J L, Rahimo G and Chien M-H (2005), ‘Engine radiated noise prediction modeling

using noise source decomposition and regression analysis’, SAE paper 2005-01-

2383.

Stout J L, Chien M-H, Rahimo G, Hoffman D, Williams R, Festag G, Holmes E, Mallela

R and Mancini M (2007), ‘NVH design and development of the Duratec35 engine

from Ford Motor Company’, SAE paper 2007-01-2414.

Stucklschwaiger W, Hargreaves N M and Beidl C V (1999), ‘NVH considerations to

make modern diesel engines an attractive alternative for SUV powertrains’, SAE

paper 1999-01-1772.

Suh I-S and Lyon R H (1999), ‘An investigation of valve train noise for the sound quality

of IC engines’, SAE paper 1999-01-1711.

Sung S H, Nefske D J, Chen F H K and Fannin M P (1997), ‘Development of an engine

system model for predicting structural vibration and radiated noise of the running

engine’, SAE paper 972039.

Tao Z and Seybert A F (2003), ‘A review of current techniques for measuring mufer

transmission loss’, SAE paper 2003-01-1653.

Thomson W (1978), Fundamentals of Automotive Engine Balance, Mechanical Engineering

Publications, London.

Tousignant T, Wellmann T, Govindswamy K, Heuer S and Workings M (2009), ‘Application

of combustion sound level (CSL) analysis for powertrain NVH development and

benchmarking’, SAE paper 2009-01-2168.

Trochon E P (2001), ‘A new type of silencers for turbocharger noise control’, SAE

paper 2001-01-1436.

Wahl T J and Reinhart T E (1997), ‘Developing a test procedure for compression brake

noise’, SAE paper 972038.

Walker S (1999), ‘Larger engine noise and vibration control’, in Challen B and Baranescu

Diesel-Xin-11.indd 817 5/5/11 12:01:49 PM

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818 Diesel engine system design

R (eds), Diesel Engine Reference Book, 2nd edn, SAE International, Warrendale,

PA, pp. 511–519.

Wang M Y, Manoj R and Zhao W (2001), ‘Gear rattle modeling and analysis for

automotive manual transmissions’, Proc. IMechE, Part D: Journal of Automobile

Engineering, 215, 241–258.

Wellmann T, Govindswamy K, Braun E and Wolff K (2007), ‘Aspects of driveline

integration for optimized vehicle NVH characteristics’, SAE paper 2007-01-2246.

Werkmann M, Tunsch M and Kuenzel R (2005), ‘Piston pin related noise – quantication

procedure and inuence of pin bore geometry’, SAE paper 2005-01-3967.

Werner L (1987), ‘Control of piston stick slip noise in a 4-cylinder gasoline engine’,

SAE paper 870991.

Wodtke H-W and Bathelt H (2004), ‘Noise emissions’, in Basshuysen R and Schafer F

(eds), Internal Combustion Engine Handbook, SAE International, Warrendale, PA,

pp. 753–768.

Wolf A, Gaertner U and Droege T (2003), ‘Noise reduction and sound design for diesel

engines – an achievable development target for US passenger cars?’, SAE paper

2003-01-1719.

Yadav P S, Muthukumar A, Kiran V V P, Tandon V and Raju S (2007), ‘Optimized

design of silencer – an integrated approach’, SAE paper 2007-26-037.

Yawata Y and Crocker M J (1983), ‘Identication of internal noise sources in diesel

engines’, SAE paper 831330.

Zhao H and Reinhart T E (1999), ‘The inuence of diesel engine architecture on noise

levels’, SAE paper 1999-01-1747.

11.13.2 References and bibliography on combustion noise

Alt N W, Wiehagen N, Steffens C and Heuer S (2001), ‘Comprehensive combustion

noise optimization’, SAE paper 2001-01-1510.

Alt N, Sonntag H-D, Heuer S and Thiele R (2005), ‘Diesel engine cold start noise

improvement’, SAE paper 2005-01-2490.

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790270.

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Xin Q. Diesel Engine System Design

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