Wellman Guy. The Heinemann ELT Wordbuilder
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Normality and
regularity
Game
Answer this questionnaire to see how young (or old) at heart you are. And note the
expressions it contains relating to frequency / infrequency, normality /
abnormality.
Cover the column on the right. Choose one answer to each question.
Are you middle-aged?
1 How often do you worry about money?
a daily, hourly or constantly 3
b from time to time, once in a while 2
с seldom or never 1
2 Do you tend to
a write short notes to friends? 2
b write exceptionally long letters? 1
с forget to write? 3
3 How frequently do you find yourself saying: 'They don't write
songs like they used to'?
a every now and then 2
b regularly 3
с never 1
4 Are you inclined to think that teenagers having green, orange
or purple hair is
a perfectly normal, nothing out of the ordinary? 1
b inexplicable, beyond belief, really weird? 3
с slightly odd, a bit peculiar, rather strange? 2
5 How often does it cross your mind that thirteen- and fourteen-year-olds
should have the right to vote?
a occasionally, but generally not for long 2
b hardly ever 3
с repeatedly, and usually for long periods 1
6 Are you apt to give dinner parties?
a once in a blue moon 1
b on special occasions 2
с as a regular habit, normally on Fridays
and Saturdays 3
7 How regularly do you watch the mid-evening News on TV?
a without fail 3
b more often than not 2
с rarely 1
8 How common is it for you to ask your partner if she/he can see
any 'new' grey hairs on your head?
a unheard of 1
b not that common 2
с a daily event that's taken for granted 3
Now count up the numbers (on the right) that you scored. What's your total? Read
the next page to see what your score tells you.
201
Normality and regularity
If you scored:
10 or under:
11 to 16:
17 to 22:
23 or over:
Practice
You have no worries; you're young, still a baby.
You're pretty reasonable about the whole thing but you show
occasional slight signs of ageing before your time.
An average score, but you really ought to stop worrying. Enjoy
yourself while you can.
You're showing the standard symptoms of middle-age; whether
you're four, fourteen or twenty-four, you certainly think like a
forty-year old. Oh dear!
Note down or tell a partner about ways in which you consider yourself to be:
a average and normal.
b unusual and rather eccentric.
Discuss with a partner or in writing whether it is boring to be normal.
Find out from your partners whether you are significantly different concerning the
frequency with which you do each of the following.
1 visit your dentist
2 see your parents
3 get very depressed
4 go to the bank
5 feel ashamed of yourself
6 cry
Write a questionnaire similar to the one in this unit to focus on one of the following
topics.
1 whether the reader loves their partner or not
2 whether the reader will be rich one day
3 whether the reader is a good person to have as a friend or not
Add here any other words about the normal or the abnormal that you may meet.
202
Probability, necessity
and free will
Reading
[1] Notice the numerous variations on must and needn't in the following scene. Guess
what they are talking about.
Mother We're not going to force you, Luigi.
Father Nobody's going to compel you to do it. Are we boys?
All No. No. Of course not. No way.
Brother No-one's going to make you do anything you don't want to.
Other Brother
Right. You tell him, dad.
Cousin You make up your own mind.
Uncle
The
choice
is
yours.
Other
Uncle
It's
your
decision.
Mother It's up to you.
Ml Right.
Brother You don't have to do it if you'd rather not.
Other
Brother
There's
no
need
to do it if
you'd
prefer
not to.
Father
You're
under
no
obligation
at
all.
Other
Uncle
It's
a
free
country.
Uncle
A
man's
allowed
to
change
his
mind,
isn't
he?
Brother
Sure. Breach
of
promise
is not
prohibited
by law any
more
Father Oh no, not forbidden by law. On no.
Mother
No, the law
can't
stop
you
doing
whatever
you
like.
Other
Brother
That's
right.
The law
permits
you to do as you see fit...
Cousin To do what you feel your duty is ...
Uncle
As
your
conscience
dictates.
Mother
So you
please
yourself.
Uncle
After
all, you've
got an
option.
Father
You've
got a
clear
alternative.
Luigi I have?
All Why yes. Sure. Of course. You bet you have.
Luigi And if I don't?
Grandfather We'll kill you.
, is it?
[2] This is the way job advertisements used to look.
PACKERS / SORTERS / SHELF-FILLERS WANTED
Owing
to a
shortage
of
staff
in our
Liverpool branch
following
recent mergers,
we are
looking
for:
10 packers
15 shelf-fillers
20
sorters
Previous experience desirable, but not necessary.
Lack of qualifications not necessarily a disadvantage.
References optional.
Applicants should be in good health.
Good
salaries
and
prospects.
Apply:
J.
Mills
and
Son, Mersey
Street,
Liverpool
4.
203
Probability, necessity and free will
How long will it be before we read adverts like this in our newspapers?
VACANCY OF XTJB/25 TYPE - LONDON
TLB pic are in urgent need of a button-pusher for their new AXK mobile
hypermarket complex.
Minimum 10 years' experience with buttons vital.
M.Sc., Ph.D. plus two other post-graduate qualifications essential, preferably 1st
Class.
15 good references indispensable.
Applications must be accompanied by a 10,000-word thesis on a subject of
candidate's choice.
The successful candidate will be required to attend work between the hours of
09.00 and 09.10 and again between 17.55 and 18.00 two days a week.
He or she will have to write up full reports on each pushing.
Participation in in-service training schemes is compulsory, attendance at all
lectures and seminars obligatory.
This position is restricted to those in the 35 to 38 age-group; voluntary
redundancy may be taken at the age of 40, when the worker appointed will be able
to draw a full pension - type Y2a.
Deadline for applications: 31.12.01
[4j Finally, read this extract from the British news and note some of the degrees of
probability it deals with.
'Good morning, and here is the 8 o'clock news, here on Radio Sunshine, for today,
April 1st.
•
Hopes were fading last night of a peaceful settlement of the border dispute
between North
and
South Wales.
A
long, bitter struggle
now
looks
inevitable
after
the predictable breakdown of yesterday's talks.
Fears are growing for the lives of the fifteen people whose boat capsized and sank
off the Isle of Wight early yesterday morning. A diver at the scene said: "There's
really not the remotest chance of any of them being found alive now'. The accident
was almost certainly caused by the unexpected change in weather conditions at
that
time
and may
have
happened
as
close
as
twenty metres
from
the
shore.
The safety of the 250 passengers hijacked late yesterday afternoon was still in the
balance last night. The ten billion dollars had definitely not been paid by the
midnight deadline, and it seems unlikely that it will be in the foreseeable
future. What the hijackers' next move will be is anybody's guess.
Prospects of an end to the three-month-old strike of Public Service Employees still
look slim. A union spokesman is quoted as saying: 'There's no possibility of any
progress while the Government remain so stubborn. There's no way we'll accept
two and a
half
per
cent'.
A
Government Minister
commented:
'An
increased
offer
is
absolutely out of the question, certainly this year and most likely for some years
to come.'
It looks as if unemployment figures, interest rates and inflation are all certain to
continue rising. Cabinet Misisters now admit there is very little likelihood of any
improvement before the end of the decade. Meanwhile BP have announced that in
all probability they will be forced to put up their petrol prices by 15% from next
month.
It is
thought
that
their
competitors
are
bound
to
follow
suit.
A
further
increase before the end of the year has not been ruled out, while heavier taxation on
petrol is still very much on the cards.
204
Probability, necessity and free will
Sport, and the eight-day cricket match between Canton Bern and Canton Zurich
seems
set to be a
draw.
After
three
days
of
heavy snow,
it is
extremely doubtful
whether
either
side
can
force
a
result.
And finally, the
weather:
-
today
is
sure
to be wet and
windy
again;
some
areas
might
have thunderstorms
and
there
could
be
some
snow
in the
north. However,
there
is a
distinct
possibility
that
the sun
will
break
through
in
some
parts
at
tea-time, for a short period.
The time is five past eight. And now over to ...'
Practice
[l] In what ways do you think the next few decades will bring the following to each
individual?
a less freedom
b greater freedom
[2] What do you think is the most likely future for each of the following items?
a the Olympic Games
b nuclear arms
с marriage
d books
e the Aids virus
f the ozone layer
g the whale
h space exploration
[3] Write a letter to your local council complaining about the inconvenience you had to
put up with while your road was dug up for new water pipes to be laid — and again
for them to be laid properly — and for a third time while they were laid in the right
place.
Add here any other words about the concepts discussed in this unit that you may
come across.
205
Cause and effect
Reading 1
Notice some of the ways in which the following single sentence can be added to and
commented on.
I'm going to continue with my English,
because
because of
owing to
on account of
in case
in order to
so as not to
so that
whether
wherever
whatever
whichever
however
regardless
even if
whenever
if
providing
provided that
unless
although
even though
in spite of
despite
but
whereas
unlike
as opposed to
so
which
considering
Practice
I like the language.
this book.
its importance in the world of business.
what my teachers have told me.
I need it one day.
take Proficiency next year.
forget what I've learnt.
I can work in the States one day.
you think it's a good idea or not.
I go.
happens.
country I go to next.
difficult the next stage is.
of my slow progress so far.
I have to give up all my other interests.
I
can.
it's possible.
I can find a teacher.
someone agrees to teach me.
you persuade me that Chinese is more useful.
I know I'm not the most gifted linguist.
I'm a very busy person.
the cost of these lessons.
what you've said about my slow progress.
I think I'll give up Russian.
everyone else in the class is giving up.
the others, who are stopping.
my Japanese.
you'll see me again next term.
is a bit silly, I suppose,
I live on a desert island.
What do you think of English now? Which of these statements apply to you? (Notice
how cause and effect are expressed.)
1 A lot of my problems stem from trying to translate from my language.
2 My hesitation in speech is caused by a lack of vocabulary.
3 Some basic errors can be traced back to the way I learnt English at the beginning.
4 My large vocabulary is a direct consequence of knowing two other European
languages.
5 Most of my problems have their roots in grammatical uncertainty.
6 Studying vocabulary has led to a better understanding of how English works.
7 More vocabulary means more fluency.
8 Learning a lot of words can result in confusion.
206
Cause and effect
Reading 2
Notice, in this final and more difficult section, how a sentence can be added to,
strengthened or balanced.
The illogical nature of much of English grammar makes it an unfortunate choice as a
world language, let alone the leading one.
Consequently, many non-native speakers resent having English forced upon them.
All possible attempts should be made, therefore, to further the cause of Esperanto.
For this reason, we should all try to ensure that French is not lost as an
international language.
In spite of this - or because of it, perhaps - English has been the vehicle for much
of the world's greatest literature.
It does, however, prove to be a relatively easy language for most people to learn, at
least in the early stages.
On the other hand, no other language can boast the richness and versatility that
English has acquired over the centuries.
Furthermore, its vocabulary is impossibly imprecise, its preposition usage totally
ridiculous, not to mention the absurdity of its spelling rules.
Moreover, it has lost so much of its charm over the past few decades that it no
longer represents a satisfying subject for study.
What is more, the language has diversified into so many forms that most English
speakers the world over would have difficulty in understanding each other.
Besides, who really wants a world language anyway? In fact, who needs language?
• From now on, you will no doubt meet other ways of connecting two ideas. Make a
note of them with examples below.
207
Index
a certain 8
a couple of 110
a couple of hours 194
a fair amount of 110
a few
110,
196
a few generations ago 191
a few years back 192
a fortnight tomorrow 193
a little 147
a little while ago 192
a lot of 110
a month or so ago 192
a short time ago 192
a thousand and one 110
abacus 163
abbess 143
abbot 143
abdomen, pain in one's 32
ability level 199
able seaman 142
able to, be 204
abnormality 201
abolished 186
about 100 miles from 21
about a fortnight ago 192
about midday, at 194
about nine, at 194
about two miles 23
about, out and 149
above average height 25
above, just 22
abroad, go 178
absolute, decree 136
absolutely hideous 189
absolutely worthless 188
absorbing 188
abstract art 171
absurd 188
abundance of 110
Academy Award Winner
160
accelerate, to 178
accelerator 101
accept 48, 57
accept, be prepared to 44
accept, refuse to 43
acceptance 57
accessory 155
accident 137
accidental death 137
accommodation 91
accompany 170
accomplice 185
accordion 169
account 56
account of, on 206
account, current 146
account, deficit on
current 182
account, deposit 146
accountant 141
accusation 60
accuse 60
accused, the 186
ace 165
ache, dull 151
Achilles tendon 31
acorn 80
acquit, to 187
acre 111
acrobat 161
across 165
across the board 182
across the fields 22
across the road from,
just 23
across the traffic lights 22
acrylic 116
act
159,
161
Act, Race Relations 186
Act, Sex Discrimination 186
action 161
action, bring a civil 186
action, killed in 137
actions and activities 74-76
active 50
active volcano 78
activist 44
activities, actions and 74-76
activity 163
actor 160
actor, supporting 160
actress 160
actress, supporting 160
adaptation, screen 160
add 56, 174-175, 197
address 21
adjacent to, run 22
administrator, local
government 141
admiral of the fleet 142
admire 54
admission 60
admit 48,60
admit, must 43
adolescence 10
adopt 14
adore 44, 53
adult 10
adult education 199
adultery 136
adventure story 164
adventure, sense of 37
adventure, train 180
adventurous 40
advertising 184
advertising executive 141
advice 57
advise 57
adviser, financial 148
aerial 101, 125
aeroplane 106
aeroplane, model 164
aeroplane, paper 165
affectionate 41
affluent society 147
Afghan 18
Afghanistan 18
afraid of 53
Africa, South 78
Africa, southern 78
after dinner 194
after next, the Christmas
193
after next, the week 193 '
after sunrise 193
after tax 146
after that, the Friday 193
after-taste 36,175
again, if I ever see him 193
against the law 186
against, be 43
against, have nothing 44
age
10-12
age group 10
age of, at the 10
age of, by the 10
age, Baroque 171
age, coming of 10
age, feel one's 10
age, look one's 10
age,
old 11, 137
age, same 11
age, school starting 199
age, twice one's 11
age, years of 10
aged 10-11
agenda 142
agent, estate 140
agent, travel 140,178
ages and ages ago 192
aggressive 40
aggressiveness 41
aging 10
agnostic 44
ago 109
ago, a few generations 191
ago, a little while 192
ago, a long, long time 192
ago, a month or so 192
ago, a short time 192
ago, a split-second 192
ago, about a fortnight 192
ago, ages and ages 192
ago, just a moment 192
ago, many years 192
ago, not so long 192
agree 57
agree, be tempted to 43
agreement, in complete 196
agreement, redundancy 142
208
agricultural region 22
agriculture 78, 181
agriculture, business,
industry and 181-184
aid, wear a hearing 37
aim for 47
air commodore 143
air force, marshall of the
143
air marshall 142
air,
by 22
air, with one's feet in the 71
air-conditioning 179
airliner, jet 106
airport 22,178, 180
albatross 83
album 169
album, solo 169
alcohol 177
alcoholism 177
ale, light 176
alert 50
algae 80
algebra 199
Algeria 17
alias 8
alimony
136,
146,185
all clear 178
all I've ever asked for 47
all of them 196
all probability, in 204
all skin and bones 25
allergic to 149
allergy 149
alley 21
alley,
down
a
little
23
alligator 83
allow to bubble 175
allowance 142
allowance, child 146
allowed to, be 203
almost certainly 204
almost completely recovered
149
alone, let 207
along
a
country
lane
22
along
a
passage
24
along
the
coast
from
21
along
the
landing
from 21
along
the
passage
23
along, halfway 23
aloud,
think
56
Alsatian 83
also-ran 156
alteration, structural 94
alternative 47
alternative, clear 203
although 206
altitude 78
alto 169
altogether 110
aluminium 116
amateur
dramatic
society 159
amateurish 188
amazed 51
Amazon 25
amber 119
ambition 41
ambitious 39
amble 73
ambulance 104
ambulance siren 152
ambulanceman 141
amenities 142, 199
America, South 78
American 19
American football 155
amnesia 149
amount of 110
amount of money 181
amount of, a fair 110
amp(ere) 111
amphibian 83
ample 110
amplifier 165
amputation 152
an inch thick 110
anaemia 150
anaesthetic 152
analyst, systems 141
anarchist 44
ancestor 13
ancient Greek tragedy 159
and ..., between ... 191
anecdote 56
angina 150
angle 46, 111
angle of 45 degrees to the
perpendicular, at an 114
animal world, the 82-86
animal, farmyard 84
animal-lover 84
ankle 31
anniversary 136
announce 56
annoyed 51
annual 181
annual wage increase 142
annul 136
anorak 107
another twenty years'
time 192
ant 82
ant, knee-high to an 25
Antarctic 21
ante-natal class 166
ante-natal clinic 134-135
antelope 82
antennae 86
anthem 169
anti-, fiercely 43
antibiotics, put someone
on 151
anti-climax 188
antique dealer 93, 140
any moment now 192
any second, at 149
anybody's guess 204
anybody, not 196
anything, hardly 110
anywhere, miles from 22
apart from 110
apart, fall 127
apart, standing feet 72
apartment 21
ape family 82
aperitif 176
apologetic 58
apologise 58
apology 58
appalling state 124
appeal 185
appeal to 47
appearance, physical 35
appendicitis 150
appendix 33
applause 65
apple 87
appliance 96
apply 74
apprehended 185
approach 44, 154
approach from 22
approach middle age 10
approve of, strongly 43
approximately forty km
from 21
apricot 87
April 193
apron 109
apt to 201
Arabia, Saudi 18
Arabian, Saudi 18
arcade 21
archbishop 143
arched back 72
archery 158
architect 140
architecture, Gothic 171
Arctic Circle 21
area 22, 111
area, holiday resort 22
area, total 78
area, penalty 154
areas, forest 78
areas, urban 78
Argentina 17
Argentinian 17
argue with 56
arise 130
arithmetic 199
ark 104
arm 69, 107
arm, give one's right arm for
47
armchair 95
armed thief 185
armour, suit of 108
armpit 29
arms folded 72
arms outstretched 72
arms, metal 125
army, enough to feed an 110
around midnight 194
around teatime 194
arpeggio 170
arrangement 170
arrangement, make an 178
arrest, cardiac 150
arrested 185
Index 209
arrogance 41
arrogant 39
arrow 155
arson 186
art gallery 171
art, abstract 171
art, Byzantine 171
art,
pop 171
art, visual 171
artery 33
arthritis 150
artichoke 87
article of clothing 108
arts 199
arts, music and the 168-172
as big as 110
as black as one is painted
120
as blind as a bat 37
as dead as a dodo 83
as far as I'm concerned 44
as fit as a fiddle 149
as good as new 149
as opposed to 206
as red as a beetroot 63, 120
as right as rain 149
as square as one is tall,
be 25
as the crow flies 23
as things stand 191
as time goes on 192
as you go in 24
asbestos 118
ash 80
ash-blonde 26
ashes 138
ashes, rise from the 127
ashore, put 179
Asia 21
Asia, South-East 78
aside, an 159
ask me, if you 44
asked for, all I've ever 47
asleep, fast 72
asparagus 87
asparagus soup 174
asphyxiated 137
ass 83
assassin 137
assassinate, to 137
assassination 137
assault, to 185
assistant 144
assistant, shop 141
assure 56
asteroid 77
asthma 150-151
astonished 51
astride a chair, sit 72
astrologer 77
astronomer 77
astronomical 110
at a quarter to six 194
at about midday 194
at about nine 194
at an angle of 114
at any moment 192
at any second 149
at closing time 194
at least 207
at length 56
at nightfall 194
at one end 125
at present 191
at the age of 10
at the correct time, set 193
at the end of 192
at the far end of the
street 23
at the foot of 22
at the front 23
at the moment 192
at the present time 191
at the southern tip of 22
at the top 23, 114
at the turn of the
century 191
at the wheel of one's
car 137
at this moment in time 191
at this point in history 191
at this very moment 192
atheist 44
athlete's foot 151
athlete, talented 157
athletic event 155
atlas 18
attack of, suffer a mild 149
attack, heart 150
attendance, full 196
attention, drive without due
care and 186
attic 23
attitude towards 43
attitudes and beliefs 43-45
attitudes and relationships
53-55
attracted to 48
attractive 188
attractively 94
attributes, physical 35
auburn 26
audible 36
audience 159, 161
August 193
aunt 13
aunt, great 14
Australia 19
Australian 19
Austria 17
Austrian 17
authority, teachers' 199
automation 181
autopsy 138
autumn 193
auxiliary junior 144
auxiliary, nursing 141
avalanche 130
avenue 21
average height, above 25
average height, below 25
average speed 111
award a decree nisi 136
Award Winner, Academy
160
aware of, be 46
awareness, political 199
away, keep 178
away, pass 137
away-day 178
awful 188
awkward 188
В
baby 197
baby, new-born 10
baby-battering 186
Bacardi 176
back 43, 191
back garden 95
backon one's heels,
be rocked 31
back on, turn one's 48
back street 23
back to front 108,122
back, a few years 192
back, arched 72
back, bad 32
back, hands behind one's
71
back, head 72
back-bencher 143
back-combed 26
backbone 33
backgammon 165
background 171
backhand 154
backing vocals 168
backstroke 157
backward 188
bacon 88
bacteria 80
bacterial disease 152
bad 188
bad back 32
bad taste, in rather 36
badger 83
badly treated 54
badly worn 123
badminton 158
bag 112
bag, carrier 99
bag, paper 99
bag, shoulder 99
bagpipes 169
bags under the eyes 27
bail 186
bake, to 173, 175
baked 88
baker 141
baker's 93
baking flour 174
baking tray 97
balance 146, 165
balance of payments 181
balance
the
pros
and
cons
46
balance, in the 204
balance, sense of 37
210 Index