Wawro G. The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870-1871
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
P1: GGE
CB563-12 CB563-Wawro-v3 May 19, 2003 14:2
313The Peace
comprised 17,000 acres and the largest forests of uncut timber in Germany.
47
Against faint opposition like this, Kaiser Wilhelm II had far less difficulty than
might otherwise have been expected driving Germany toward a catastrophic
war in the years 1890–1914.
When Moltke – worried by growing French and Russian armies – be-
gan to echo Bismarck’s caution about Germany’s place in Europe, Wilhelm II
brushed him aside and elevated his less cautious sous-chef, General Alfred von
Waldersee. That man, who had posed as an artist to sketch Austria’s Prague for-
tifications in 1866 and infiltrated the Parisian boudoir of General Barth
´
elemy
Lebrun’s mistress to gather intelligence in 1869–70, spent the twilight of his
career no less adventurously, trying to persuade the Kaiser to invade Russia
preemptively and destroy it too as a threat.
48
Resentful of Britain’s overseas
empire and America’s writ in the western hemisphere, Wilhelm II embarked
on a battleship-building program in the 1890s that shattered Germany’s fi-
nances and alienated Great Britain, an otherwise natural ally. In 1891, Wilhelm
II replaced General Waldersee with an even more aggressive strategist, Field
Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen, who has justly gone down in history as the
embodiment of all that was wrong with German strategy and war planning.
The Schlieffen Plan, a titanic Sedan or K
¨
oniggr
¨
atz, aimed to envelop the entire
French army without regard for the political and larger military consequences.
Though Schlieffen died in 1905, his plan was implemented in 1914 with disas-
trous consequences. Germany’s mad decision to bid for war in 1914 and throw
away decades of economic expansion was but the culmination of a school of
thought launched in the wars of 1866 and 1870–71. Its dangerously insouciant
slogan would have been that of Friedrich von Bernhardi, who, recalling Sedan
in his Germany and the Next War (1912), concluded that “the appropriate and
conscious employment of war as a political means has always led to happy
results.”
49
Who won the Franco-Prussian War? The answer to that question was
never as obvious as it seemed. Just hours after Sedan – the greatest victory of
the modern age – Vienna’s Neue Freie Presse reminded Bismarck that “nations
tend to slip on the blood that they have shed. Victory is a poor advisor.”
50
And indeed it is strange and disorienting to alight these days at the Metz
railway station – built of heavy turrets and rusticated stone in Wilhelm II’s
“German historicist” style – or to walk the battlefields from Froeschwiller to
Gravelotte. One is struck by the number of triumphal monuments installed
by the Germans in the years after the Treaty of Frankfurt to glorify the deaths
of 28,000 young Germans in the struggle to reclaim Elsass and Lothringen.
47 Taylor, p. 134. Stern, pp. 280–2, 290.
48 Martin Kitchen, The German Officer Corps 1890–1914, Oxford, 1968, pp. 64–71.
49 Friedrich Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War, New York, 1912, pp. 42–3.
50 Schivelbusch, pp. 144–5.
P1: GGE
CB563-12 CB563-Wawro-v3 May 19, 2003 14:2
314 The Franco-Prussian War
Most of the monuments – great granite slabs and cenotaphs sprouting iron
crosses or Pickelhauben – reflected the prevailing view that Germany had
won a great, irreversible war of survival, and secured its place in the world, to
say nothing of Alsace-Lorraine. Today those German monuments suffocate
under haystacks, wheat, vines, and orchards. French farmers rattle past them
in tractors or knock their farm tools impatiently against them before turning
onto east-west roads that still bear reminders –“Route de 3
`
eme Arm
´
ee”–of
Patton’s bloody march across Lorraine to Germany in 1944.
In the fields around Mars-la-Tour, I looked for the farmhouse where
Bismarck had sought his wounded son Herbert in August 1870. The circum-
stances of that visit – comprehensible only to a German perhaps – capture
the essential tension and fatuity of the Prussian state better than any amount
of academic analysis. Finding his injured son and every other man in the
makeshift hospital hungry, Bismarck asked the Prussian surgeon why he did
not make a meal of the turkeys and chickens scratching around in the farm-
yard. The surgeon replied that he could not slaughter the birds because they
were not government property. With all of the paternal indignation that he
could muster, Bismarck drew a revolver and threatened to slaughter the an-
imals himself before finally drawing his wallet instead and agreeing to pay
twenty francs for fifteen chickens, a sum that would presumably find its way
to the owner of the farm. Had the story ended there, there may yet have been
hope for the democratic evolution of Germany in the nineteenth century. But
Bismarck, whom the king had made a major general in the euphoria after
K
¨
oniggr
¨
atz four years earlier, stopped himself and slid the wallet back into
his pocket. “At last I remembered that I was a Prussian general, and I ordered
[the surgeon] to do as I told him, whereupon he obeyed me.”
51
Bismarck and
Moltke were not clairvoyants, but did they ever imagine the reckless lengths
to which other Prussian generals would run once blessed by the great victories
at Gravelotte and Sedan?
51 Busch, p. 67.
P1: IML/FFX P2: IML/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1:IML
CB563-BIB CB563-Wawro-v3 May 19, 2003 14:11
Bibliography
unpublished documents
Austria Haus-Hof-und Staatsarchiv (HHSA), Vienna. Consulted Politisches Archiv
(PA) for France, Prussia, Italy, and the German states. Police archives – BM-
Akten to 1867 and Informationsb
¨
uro (IB) from 1868–71. Kriegsarchiv (KA)
Milit
¨
arkanzlei seiner Majest
¨
at (MKSM) and Kriegsministerium-Pr
¨
asidium (KM-
Pr
¨
as.)
France Service Historique de l’Arm
´
ee de Terre (SHAT). Consulted all records of the
Arm
´
ee du Rhin, Arm
´
ee de Ch
ˆ
alons, Arm
´
ees de Paris, Arm
´
ees de la Loire, Arm
´
ee
de Vosges, and Arm
´
ee de l’Est. Also Archives Centrales de la Marine (ACM.)
Germany Bayerisches Kriegsarchiv (BKA), Munich. Consulted Generalstab (GS),
Handschriften-Sammlung (HS), B-Akten (field reports) and many unpublished
manuscripts. S
¨
achsisches Kriegsarchiv (SKA), Dresden. Consulted Zeitgeschi-
chtliche Sammlung (ZS), Geheimes Kabinett, S
¨
achsischer Milit
¨
arbevollm
¨
ach-
tiger in Berlin, various KA-Akten pertaining to military operations and reports.
Great Britain Public Record Office (PRO), London. Consulted Foreign Office (FO)
records for France, Prussia, and the German states as well as Confidential Print
“Respecting the War Between France and Germany.”
United States National Archives (NA), Washington, DC. Consulted all Congressional
Information Service (CIS) records pertaining to the Franco-Prussian War and
Ambassador Elihu Washburne’s reports from Paris and Tours.
secondary sources
Agulhon, Maurice. The French Republic 1879–1992. Orig. 1990; New York, 1995.
[Andlau, Col. Joseph d’], Metz: Campagne et N
´
egociations. Paris, 1872.
Anon. Deutschland um Neujahr 1870. Berlin, 1870.
Arnold, Hugo. Unter General von der Tann: Feldzugserinnerungen 1870–71. Munich,
1896.
Ascoli, David. A Day of Battle: Mars-la-Tour, 16 August 1870. London, 1987.
315
P1: IML/FFX P2: IML/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1:IML
CB563-BIB CB563-Wawro-v3 May 19, 2003 14:11
316 Bibliography
Audoin-Rouzeau, St
´
ephane. 1870: La France dans la Guerre. Paris, 1989.
Baguley, David. Napoleon III and his regime. Baton Rouge, 2001.
Bauer, Max. Von der Maas-Armee. Halle, 1871.
Bauriedel, Paul. Meine Erlebnisse w
¨
ahrend des Feldzuges im Jahre 1870–71.
Nuremberg, 1895.
Bazaine, F. A. L’Arm
´
ee du Rhin depuis le 12 Ao
ˆ
ut jusqu’au 29 Octobre 1870. Paris,
1872.
Episodes de la Guerre de 1870 et le Blocus de Metz. Madrid, 1883.
M
´
emoire et Rapport sur les Op
´
erations de l’Arm
´
ee du Rhin et sur la Capitulation de
Metz. Paris, 1873.
Becher, Oskar. Kriegstagebuch eines Vierundneunzigers aus dem Kriege 1870–71.
Weimar, 1904.
Bell, Harry (ed.) St. Privat: German Sources. Fort Leavenworth, 1914.
Berendt, Richard. Erinnerungen aus meiner Dienstzeit. Leipzig, 1894.
Berghahn, Volker. Germany and the Approach of War in 1914, 2nd edition. New York,
1993.
Bernhardi, Friedrich. Germany and the Next War. New York, 1912.
Betz, C. Aus den Erlebnissen und Erinnerungen eines alten Offiziers. Karlsruhe, 1894.
Billroth, Theodor. Chirurgische Briefe aus den Kriegs-Lazarethen in Weissenburg und
Mannheim. Berlin, 1872.
Bismarck, G. von. Kriegserlebnisse 1866 und 1870–71. Dessau, 1907.
Bismarck, Otto Prince von. Bismarck: The man and the statesman, 2 vols. London,
1898.
Blumenthal, Field Marshal Albrecht von. Journals of Field Marshal Count von
Blumenthal for 1866 and 1870–71. London, 1903.
Bremen, Walter von (ed.) Denkw
¨
urdigkeiten des preussischen Generals der Infanterie
Eduard von Fransecky. Leipzig, 1901.
Brogan, D. W. The French Nation. London, 1957.
Brose, Eric Dorn. The Kaiser’s Army. Oxford, 2001.
Bucholz, Arden, Moltke and the German Wars, 1864–1871. New York, 2001.
Moltke, Schlieffen and Prussian War Planning. Providence, 1991.
Bury, J. P. T. and R. P. Tombs. Thiers 1797–1877. London, 1986.
Busch, Moritz. Bismarck: Some secret pages of his history, 2 vols. New York, 1898.
Clarke, David. Military Memoirs: Roger de Mauni, the Franco-Prussian War. London,
1970.
Corbin, Alain. The Village of Cannibals. Cambridge, MA, 1992.
Cox, Gary P. The Halt in the Mud: French Strategic Planning from Waterloo to Sedan.
Boulder, 1994.
Crane, Edward A. (ed.) The Memoirs of Dr. Thomas W. Evans: Recollections of the
French Second Empire. 2 vols. London, 1905.
Dorsch, Paul, ed. Kriegszuge der W
¨
urttemberger im 19. Jahrhundert. Stuttgart, 1913.
Noch ein Schwabenbuch: W
¨
urttembergs S
¨
ohne in Frankreich 1870–71. Stuttgart,
1911.
Ducrot, General. La Journ
´
ee de Sedan. Orig. 1871; Lyon, 1989.
Eberstein, Alfred von. Erlebtes aus den Kriegen 1864, 1866, 1870–71 und mit FM
Helmut Graf Moltke. Leipzig, 1899.
P1: IML/FFX P2: IML/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1:IML
CB563-BIB CB563-Wawro-v3 May 19, 2003 14:11
317Bibliography
Echevarria, Antulio J. After Clausewitz, Lawrence, 2000.
Edwards, H. Sutherland. The Germans in France: Notes on the method and conduct
of the invasion. London, 1873.
“Ex-Trooper.” The French Army from Within. New York, 1914.
Fay, General. Journal d’un Officier de l’Arm
´
ee du Rhin. Paris, 1889.
F
¨
orster, Stig and J
¨
org Nagler (eds.) On the Road to Total War. Cambridge, UK,
1997.
Foerster, Wolfgang. Prinz Friedrich Karl von Preussen: Denkw
¨
urdigkeiten aus seinem
Leben, 2 vols. Stuttgart, 1910.
Fontane, Theodor. Der Krieg gegen Frankreich,1870–71, 4 vols. Orig. 1873–76; Zurich,
1985.
Wanderungen durch die Mark Brandenburg, 4 vols. Orig. 1859–82. Berlin, 1998.
Forbes, Archibald. My Experiences of the War between France and Germany, 2 vols.
Leipzig, 1871.
Frederick III. The War Diary of the Emperor Frederick III 1870–71. New York, 1927.
Freudenthal, Friedrich. Von Stade bis Gravelotte: Erinnerungen eines Artilleristen.
Bremen, 1898.
Friedjung, Heinrich. The Struggle for Supremacy in Germany 1859–1866. Orig. 1897;
London, 1935.
Fulbrook, Mary (ed.) German History since 1800. London, 1997.
Gall, Lothar. Bismarck: The White Revolutionary, 2 vols. London, 1986.
Giesberg, Robert I. The Treaty of Frankfort. Philadelphia, 1966.
Goerlitz, Walter. History of the German General Staff, 1657–1945. Orig. 1952; New
York, 1995.
Gooch, Brison. The New Bonapartist Generals of the Crimean War: Distrust and
Decision Making in the Anglo-French Alliance. The Hague, 1959.
Gouvernement de la D
´
efense Nationale, Proc
´
es-Verbaux des S
´
eances du Conseil 1870–
71. Paris, 1905.
Groote, Wolfgang and Ursula Gersdorff (eds). Entscheidung 1870: Der deutsch-
franz
ˇ
ssische Krieg. Stuttgart, 1970.
Herwig, Holger H. The First World War. London, 1997.
Hindenburg, General-Feldmarschall von. Aus meinem Leben. Leipzig, 1934.
Holmes, Richard. The Road to Sedan: The French Army 1866–70. London, 1984.
Horne, Alistair. The Fall of Paris. London, 1965.
Horne, John and Alan Kramer. German Atrocities, 1914. New Haven, 2001.
Howard, Michael. The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France, 1870–
71. Orig. 1961; London, 1981.
Jarras, General Louis. Souvenirs. Paris, 1892.
Keegan, John. A History of Warfare. New York, 1993.
Kitchen, Martin. The German Officer Corps 1890–1914. Oxford, 1968.
A Military History of Germany: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present Day.
Bloomington, 1975.
Koch, H. W. A History of Prussia. New York, 1978.
Kolb, Eberhard. Europa vor dem Krieg von 1870. Munich, 1987.
Der Weg aus dem Krieg: Bismarcks Politik im Krieg und die Friedensanbahnung
1870–71. Munich, 1989.
P1: IML/FFX P2: IML/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1:IML
CB563-BIB CB563-Wawro-v3 May 19, 2003 14:11
318 Bibliography
K
¨
uhlich, Frank. Die deutschen Soldaten im Krieg von 1870–71: Eine Darstellung der
Situation und der Erfahrungen der deutschen Soldaten im Deutsch-Franz
¨
osischen
Krieg. Frankfurt, 1995.
Le Goff, Jean Yves. Le G
´
en
´
eral Adolphe Le Fl
ˆ
o. Lesneven, 1993.
Leo, Friedrich. Kriegserinnerungen an 1870–71. Berlin, 1914.
Lindner, Theodor. Der Krieg gegen Frankreich und die Einigung Deutschlands. Berlin,
1895.
Litzmann, Karl. Ernstes und heiteres aus den Kriegsjahren 1870–71. Berlin, 1911.
Lonlay, Dick de. (Hardoln, N.) Franc¸ais et Allemands: Histoire Anecdotique, Guerre
de 1870–71, 6 vols. Paris, 1888.
Lowe, John. The Great Powers, Imperialism, and the German Problem 1865–1925.
London, 1994.
McMillan, James F. Napoleon III. London, 1991.
Massow, Anton von. Erlebnisse und Eindr
¨
ucke im Kriege 1870–71. Berlin, 1912.
Matthias, Adolf. Meine Kriegserinnerungen. Munich, 1912.
Maurice, Major General Sir F. The Franco-German War 1870–71. Orig. 1899; London,
1914.
Mitchell, Allan. Bismarck and the French Nation, 1848–1890. New York, 1971.
Moltke, Helmuth von. The Franco-German War of 1870–71. New York, 1892.
Extracts from Moltke’s Military Correspondence. Fort Leavenworth, 1911.
Moltke’s Military Correspondence, 1870–71. Orig. 1923; London, 1991.
Montaudon, General Jean-Baptiste. Souvenirs Militaires, 2 vols. Paris, 1898–1900.
Mosse, W. E. The European Powers and the German Question, 1848–71. Cambridge,
UK, 1958.
Murray, Scott W. Liberal Diplomacy and German Unification. Westport, 2000.
Ollivier, E. L’Empire Lib
´
eral. Paris, 1904.
The Franco-Prussian War and Its Hidden Causes. Boston, 1914.
Palat, Barth
´
elemy Edmond. Bibliographie g
´
en
´
erale de la guerre de 1870–1871. Paris,
1896.
Papiers et Correspondance de la Famille Imp
´
eriale: Pi
`
eces trouv
´
ees aux Tuileries. Paris,
1870.
Patry, L
´
eonce. The Reality of War. London, 2001.
Pflanze, Otto, Bismarck and the Development of Germany, 3 vols. Princeton, 1990.
Plessis, A. The Rise and Fall of the Second Empire 1852–71. Orig. 1979; Cambridge,
UK, 1985.
Price, Roger. Napoleon III and the Second Empire. London, 1997.
Priese, Johannes. Als Totenkopfhusar 1870–71. Berlin, 1936.
Rauch, Fedor von. Briefe aus dem grossen Hauptquartier 1866 und 1870. Berlin, 1911.
Reitlinger, Frederic. A Diplomat’s Memoir of 1870. London, 1915.
Ris, Richard. Kriegserlebnisse. Auerbach, 1911.
Roth, Franc¸ois. La Guerre de 1870. Paris, 1990.
Ruby, Edmond and Jean Regnault, Bazaine: Coupable ou victime? Paris, 1960.
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. The Culture of Defeat. Orig. 2001; New York, 2003.
Shand, Alexander Innes. On the Trail of the War. New York, 1871.
Sheehan, James J. German History 1770–1866. Oxford, 1989.
Sheridan, Philip H. Personal Memoirs of P. H. Sheridan, 2 vols. New York, 1888.
P1: IML/FFX P2: IML/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1:IML
CB563-BIB CB563-Wawro-v3 May 19, 2003 14:11
319Bibliography
Showalter, Dennis E. Railroads and Rifles. Hamden, 1975.
Simpson, F. A. Louis-Napoleon and the Recovery of France. London, 1965.
Stern, Fritz. Gold and Iron. New York, 1977.
Strachan, Hew. European Armies and the Conduct of War. London, 1983.
Taylor, A. J. P. Bismarck. Orig. 1955; New York, 1967.
Trautmann, Frederic (ed.) A Prussian Observes the American Civil War. Columbia,
2001.
Trochu, Gl Louis Jules, La Politique et le si
´
ege de Paris. Paris, 1873.
L’Armee Francaise en 1867. Paris, 1870.
Truesdell, Martin. Spectacular Politics. New York, 1997.
Verdy du Vernois, General Julius von. With the Royal Headquarters in 1870–71.
London, 1897.
Vizetelly, Ernest Alfred. My Days of Adventure: The Fall of France 1870–71. London,
1914.
The Court of the Tuileries, 1852–70.
Waldersee, Graf Alfred von. Denkw
¨
urdigkeiten, 3 vols. Berlin, 1922.
Washburne, Elihu Benjamin. Recollections of a Minister to France 1869–77, 2 vols.
New York, 1887.
Wawro, Geoffrey. The Austro-Prussian War. Cambridge, UK, 1996.
Warfare and Society in Europe, 1792–1914. London, 2000.
Weber, Eugen. Peasants into Frenchmen. Stanford, 1976.
Wehler, Hans-Ulrich. The German Empire, 1871–1918. Orig. 1973; New York, 1991.
Wetzel, David. A Duel of Giants. Madison, 2001.
Williams, Roger L. The French Revolution of 1870–71. New York, 1969.
Napoleon III and the Stoeffel Affair. Wortland, 1993.
Wilson, Keith (ed.) Decisions for War, 1914. New York, 1995.
Winning, Leopold von. Erinnerungen eines preussischen Leutnants aus den Kriegs-
jahren 1866 und 1870–71. Heidelberg, 1911.
Wright, Gordon. France in Modern Times, 5th edition. New York, 1995.
Zeldin, Theodore. Emile Ollivier. Oxford, 1963.
Zins, Ronald. Les Mar
´
echaux del Napol
´
eon III. Lyon, 1996.
P1: IML/FFX P2: IML/FFX QC: IML/FFX T1:IML
CB563-BIB CB563-Wawro-v3 May 19, 2003 14:11
320
P1: GGE
CB563-IND CB563-Wawro-v3 May 24, 2003 10:5
Index
Albert, Crown Prince of Saxony, 193,
201–2, 206, 209
Albrecht, Field Marshal Archduke, 67
Alexander II, Tsar of Russia, 11, 238–9,
311
Alsace-Lorraine, annexation of, 227,
230, 235, 239, 244, 246, 253, 303–4,
311, 313–14
Alvensleben, General Konstantin von,
114–16, 118, 152, 154, 155, 157, 168,
272
Andlau, Colonel Joseph, 69, 91, 144,
159, 165, 180, 198, 243
Arago, Emmanuel, 39, 140
Ardant du Picq, Colonel Charles, 154,
174, 175, 307–8
armistice negotiations, 233–4, 234–6,
244–7, 253–5, 278–80, 283, 284, 285,
288, 290–2, 293, 294, 296, 298,
299–306
artillery: changes after 1866, 57–60, 307;
in fighting of 1870, 100–1, 105, 112,
116, 129–30, 136, 154, 155–6, 158–9,
161–2, 172, 173–5, 184, 216–17, 220,
222–3, 224, 226–7, 262, 267–8, 275
Auftragstaktik, 54, 59, 62, 152
Aurelle de Paladines, General Louis,
265, 266, 269–71, 274–5, 284
Austerlitz, battle of, 7, 10, 11
Austria-Hungary, 36, 66, 67, 73, 85, 138,
187–8, 239, 305, 306
Austro-Prussian War (1866), 14–15,
16–17, 21, 50–1, 53–4, 55, 57–8, 60,
93–4, 111, 119–20, 122–3, 136, 150,
158, 223, 299–300, 301, 307, 308
Baraguay d’Hilliers, Marshal Achille, 68,
148
Bavarian army in 1870, 83–4, 102, 105–6,
127–8, 130–1, 135–6, 217, 218–19, 253,
254, 266–7, 286
Bazaine, Marshal Achille, 23, 50, 69–70,
80, 90, 95, 107–8, 120, 228; command
at Mars-la-Tour, 151, 152, 155, 156,
157, 159, 160–1, 308; defeatism in
Metz, 186, 188, 194–5, 196, 198,
199–200, 201, 242–5, 249–52, 260;
generalissimo in 1870, 141, 142, 143–4,
145–6, 147, 148–9, 150; Gravelotte,
164–6, 170, 173, 175–6, 178–83, 185;
political intrigues after Sedan, 239–40,
242–6, 249, 310; resentment of
Napoleon III, 68–72, 91–2, 118,
141–2, 145–6, 148–9, 165; role at
Spicheren, 110, 111, 115, 117–19
Beaugency, battle of, 284–5, 287
Beaumont, battle of, 206–10, 212, 216
Beaumont, Captain Louis de, 178–9
321
P1: GGE
CB563-IND CB563-Wawro-v3 May 24, 2003 10:5
322 Index
Beaune-la-Rolande, battle of, 271–4
Benedek, General Ludwig von, 14, 15,
59, 119, 142, 145, 160, 166, 193, 196,
212, 223
Benedetti, Vincent, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39
Berlin, 1
Biarritz, meeting of (1865), 13–14
Bismarck, Count Otto von: armistice
negotiations, 227–8, 234–6, 239–40,
244, 246–7, 253–6, 283, 290–2, 296,
299–306; attitude toward German
unification, 12–14, 21, 24, 30–1, 226,
301–3, 312; diplomacy, 138, 187–8,
238–9, 305–6; dispute with Moltke,
278–80, 290–2, 304–5; early dealings
with Napoleon III, 12–14, 21; “iron
and blood” speech, 14; manipulation
of Bazaine and the Bonapartes after
Sedan, 239–40, 244–6, 283, 304;
postwar career, 312–13; proclamation
of German Empire, 282–3, 302–3;
rivalry with Napoleon III, 20, 22–3,
32; role in 1870 operations, 131, 168,
186, 203–4, 211, 226, 227, 228, 279,
314; siege of Paris, 238, 255–6; war of
1866, 14, 16, 21–2, 111; Spanish throne
crisis, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37; wrangles with
South Germany, 30–2
Blanc, Louis, 7
Blanqui, Auguste, 234, 252
Blumenthal, General Albrecht von, 95,
101, 102, 121–2, 123, 127, 131, 132,
136, 145, 213, 214, 226, 280, 301
Bonaparte, Jer
ˆ
ome-Napoleon, 12, 68,
167, 187, 189, 190, 233
Bonaparte, Louis, see Prince Imperial
Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon, see
Napoleon III
Bonaparte, Napoleon, see Napoleon I
Borny, battle of, 146–7, 150, 165
Bose, General Julius von, 131, 134, 137
Bothmer, General Friedrich von, 97, 101,
123, 126
Bo
¨
uet-Willaumez, Admiral Louis, 191,
192, 206
Bourbaki, General Charles, 95, 108, 142,
151, 155, 157, 159, 160; at Gravelotte
and Metz, 165, 169, 178–80, 197, 199,
200, 245, 249, 252, 253; Loire and
Eastern campaigns, 284, 287, 288,
293–5, 296, 297–8
Boyer, General Napol
´
eon, 245–6
Bredow, General Friedrich Wilhelm von,
156, 162, 168
Bugeaud, Marshal Thomas, 44, 234
Burnside, General Ambrose, 246
Canrobert, Marshal Franc¸ois, 67, 68, 73,
75, 76, 94, 103, 148, 151, 154–6;at
Gravelotte, 166, 169, 173–4, 175–6,
178, 179, 180; in Metz, 196, 197, 198,
200
casualties, 90, 119, 136, 146, 160, 174–5,
184, 224, 251–2, 262, 274–5, 278, 283,
292, 298, 307
Cavaignac, General Louis, 7, 233
cavalry, changes in tactics, 60–4, 94, 110,
111, 121, 132–3, 145, 156, 210, 221
Cavour, Count Camillo, 11, 12, 13
Champigny, battle of, 276–8
Chanzy, General Antoine, 266, 274,
284–5, 287–8, 292–3, 295, 296
Chassepot rifle, 52–4, 56–7, 90, 93, 98–9,
102, 105, 115, 119, 122, 124, 129, 148,
158, 174–5, 176–7, 184, 242, 272, 307
Ch
ˆ
ateaudun, battle of, 264–5
Commune, 234, 247–8, 252, 253, 295–6,
301, 310
Confederation of the Rhine (1806), 21
Congress of Vienna (1815), 10
Conseil-Dumesnil, General Gustave,
132, 135, 221
Coulmiers, battle of, 266–8, 286
Cousin de Montauban, General Charles,
see Palikao
Crimean War, 10–11, 20, 192, 239, 290,
299–300
Danish War (1864), 13, 14
Daru, Napol
´
eon, 33
Decaen, General Claude, 146, 147
Denmark, 36, 73, 85, 138, 190
diplomacy, 32, 34–5, 36, 66, 67, 73, 85,
138, 151, 163, 187–8, 190, 203, 238–9,