Water Power and Dam Construction

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WWW.WATERPOWERMAGAZINE.COM OCTOBER 2009 11

INSIGHT

ORWEGIAN state owned

hydroelectric company Statkraft

has fulﬁlled its promise to move

beyond its domestic market

through a serious of investments in other

countries. While the firm has been able

to upgrade a number of existing projects

in Norway, the prospect of further large

hydro schemes is limited and so Statkraft

pledged to turn its attention to overseas

ventures that could enable it to continue

to grow. It now owns assets in Sweden,

Germany and the Balkans, and is increas-

ingly investing in emerging markets in

Africa, Asia and Latin America.

The Nordic power pool, Nord Pool, has

certainly encouraged Scandinavian power

companies to look beyond their own bor-

ders. It provides a market for trade in elec-

tricity across Denmark, Finland, Norway

and Sweden, accounts for more than 60%

of the Nordic region’s total power con-

sumption and is one of the world’s most

liquid power markets. It now also offers

contracts for certiﬁed emission reductions

(CERs), under the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean

Development Mechanism (CDM), and

European Union Allowances (EUAs).

For a relatively limited population of about

23 million people, the Nord Pool member

states offer a wide range of power genera-

tion. Denmark is one of the world’s most

important wind power producers, while

Sweden and Finland rely on nuclear power

and almost all Norwegian electricity is pro-

vided by hydro schemes. Apart from Nord

Pool, Norwegian power producers also ben-

eﬁt from transmission interconnectors with

Germany and the Netherlands. The beneﬁts

of trading on the power pool were under-

lined by the latest ﬁnancial data from Nord

Pool, which reveal that average power spot

prices were almost unchanged during the ﬁrst

half of this year in comparison with the same

period last year, at Euro 36.1 (US$50.9) per

megawatt hour, despite the global economic

downturn. This contrasted sharply with fall-

ing power and gas prices in almost all other

parts of the industrialised world.

Prices are set for the following day, hour

by hour, based on registered offers and bids

from generators and distributors, although

all bids are anonymous. Offers and bids

are matched with transmission capacity,

so that although prices vary relatively little

across the region, there are some regional

differences that reﬂect transmission bottle-

necks. However, prices paid by consumers

vary from country to country according to

tax levels and competition in the Nordic

consumer market. Hydro accounts for half

the Nordic electricity market, so the level

of precipitation is signiﬁcant for pricing on

the power exchange. According to Nord

Pool: “An increase in precipitation alone

will normally reduce prices.”

Norway is one of the most hydro power

dependent countries in the world, with its

hydroelectric output equal to 99% of power

consumption, although this ﬁgure will prob-

ably fall slightly in the future as a result of

the construction of new gas ﬁred generation

capacity and wind farms. Little new hydro-

electric generating capacity has been added

in recent years, with just 800MW of new

capacity installed between 1993 and 2005,

mainly as a result of the refurbishment of

existing schemes. However, Norway’s par-

ticipation in Nord Pool and power trad-

ing is not purely designed to guarantee

an export market for surplus electricity.

Water inﬂow at the country’s reservoirs is

strong during the spring thaw but decreases

towards autumn and then again in winter,

so imports are also required.

New contracts

Despite the success of Nord Pool, bilateral

cross-border deals continue to be agreed.

Last year, Swedish ﬁrm Vattenfall signed

an eight-year contract with Norwegian alu-

minium producer Norsk Hydro to supply

18TWh of electricity from 2013. Although

the agreed tariff was not revealed, a spokes-

person for Norsk Hydro said that it was

“one of the largest cross-border contracts

since the integration of the Nordic power

market in the early nineties” and would

provide about 85% of power required by

the Soeral aluminium plant.

Despite the success of Nord Pool and the

buoyancy of its prices, Statkraft’s greater

vulnerability to non-Nordic power markets

has increased its exposure to the economic

crisis. Its operating profit for the second

quarter of this year was 31% lower than

last year at NKr1.42 billion ($236M), partly

as a result of lower demand for electric-

ity from the ﬁrm’s gas ﬁred power plants in

Germany. However, a company statement

read: “Norwegian hydro power production

was…down as a result of lower inﬂow into

water courses.” On a more positive note,

hydroelectric output for the ﬁrst half of this

year increased because of the takeover of

new hydro power plants following a swap

deal with E.ON of Germany. This helped

boost operating income by 2.5% to NKr4.9B

(US$815.6M).

The E.ON deal centred on a  4.5B ($5.9B)

asset swap that was completed at the end of

December. Statkraft, which is the biggest

power producer in Norway, took control of

a large number of smaller hydro schemes in

other countries, including 40 in Sweden with

combined generating capacity of 900MW,

eleven in Germany with 262MW, including

a 220MW pumped storage facility, and a

single 56MW plant in Wales. It also gained

a 4.17% stake in E.ON, while E.ON took

Statkraft’s 44.6% stake in E.ON Sverige

in Sweden in return. The deal took more

than twelve months to complete because

of the need to secure regulatory approval

from a number of different countries. The

Norwegian ﬁrm is now one of the four big-

gest power generators in Sweden and also

hopes to build on its German and British

acquisitions.

This was not the company’s first deal

with E.ON. In October 2005, it paid

$586M for 24 hydro schemes in Sweden

and Finland, and now plans to set up a joint

venture with Svenska Cellulosa AB (SCA)

of Sweden to develop hydro schemes and

other renewable energy projects on four

Beyond national borders

Will cross border trade in electricity boost the hydro sector in Scandinavia, or hold it back?

12 OCTOBER 2009 INTERNATIONAL WATER POWER & DAM CONSTRUCTION

INSIGHT

river systems in Sweden, although they have

not yet revealed likely generation capacities.

The two partners have signed a ten-year

power supply deal to supply 500GWh to

SCA’s forestry operations. In a statement,

Statkraft argued: “In practice, hydro power

development has been at a standstill for

the past 25 years. We have respect for the

major environmental values in untouched

river systems, but we believe that it should

be possible to examine the possibilities for

environmentally friendly development.”

It continued: “With modern technol-

ogy and expertise, it should be possible to

balance environmental values and ﬁnance.

Swedish industry needs more power, and

the world needs energy production that does

not increase harmful emissions to the envi-

ronment. We will involve all affected parties

in the effort to explore the possibilities. Not

least, we will involve affected local authori-

ties and other local stakeholders in consider-

ing how any development can best beneﬁt

the local community.” Kenneth Eriksson,

COO of SCA, added: “Finally, it is up to

political authorities to decide whether new

hydro can play a role in Sweden’s future

energy supplies.”

Overseas acquisitions

Despite such ventures, the focus of Statkraft’s

foreign investment now seems to be moving

further south. In March it agreed to take a

95% stake in Turkish hydro power company

Yesil Enerji, an offshoot of Global Investment

Holdings, which has rights to seven planned

schemes in Turkey with combined gener-

ating capacity of 633MW and projected

output of 2100GWh. The deal is expected to

be sanctioned by Turkish regulators during

the second half of this year. Remaining con-

struction costs on the planned projects are

estimated at Euro 600-700M (US$882M-

1B). One 20MW scheme is due to come on

stream before the end of this year with the

others due to follow over subsequent years.

German ﬁrm Energie Baden-Wurttemberg is

also investing in the Turkish hydro sector via

Turkish subsidiary Borusan Holding, while

GE Energy plans its own hydro projects in

the country.

The most active region for new develop-

ments is the Balkans. In December, Statkraft

agreed to construct a three stage hydro

scheme on Albania’s Devoll River in part-

nership with EVN. When the Austrian ﬁrm

submitted plans for its own project on the

river, the Albanian government responded by

launching a tender for the rights to its devel-

opment. EVN eventually won the tender and

has decided to bring Statkraft on board in

a joint venture. Planned generating capac-

ity has been cut from 400MW to 340MW,

so investment costs of 950M (US$1.37B)

appear rather high in comparison with the

projected output.

However, the joint venture has already com-

pleted its feasibility study and ordered Straﬂo

Matrix units from Andritz, while a 35-year

Table 1: Statkraft hydro schemes in Norway

(20MW or greater)

Power plant County Ownership

(%)

Capacity

(MW)

Yearly average

production (GWh)

Kvilldal Rogaland 73.49 911 2225

Rana Nordland 100 500 1975

Saurdal Rogaland 73.49 470 944

Tokke Telemark 100 430 2140

Sysima Hordaland 65 403 1115

Langsima Hordaland 65 325 735

Skjomen Nordland 100 313 1257

Vinje Telemark 100 300 1017

Aura Møre og Romsdal 100 290 1623

Jostedal Sogn og Fjordane 100 290 874

Nedre Røssåga Nordland 100 260 1698

Svartisen Nordland 70 257 1517

Mauranger Hordaland 100 250 1150

Kobbelv Nordland 82.5 248 587

Nore 1 Buskerud 100 206 1137

Oksla Hordaland 33 200 294

Mår Telemark 100 180 1016

Nea Sør-Trøndelag 100 175 675

Øvre Røssåga Nordland 100 160 830

Alta Finnmark 100 150 655

Straumsmo Troms 100 137 678

Trollheim Møre og Romsdal 100 130 805

Grytten Møre og Romsdal 88 126 515

Bratsberg Sør-Trøndelag 100 124 650

Songa Telemark 100 120 575

Hylen Rogaland 73.49 118 395

Hjartdøla Telemark 100 110 398

Brokke Aust-Agder 31.4 104 459

Holen 1, 2 and 3 Aust-Agder 31.4 103 279

Sundsbarm Telemark 91.5 101 368

Bjølvo Hordaland 100 98 391

Innset Troms 100 91 460

Høyanger K5A Sogn og Fjordane 100 90 606

Åbjøra Oppland 100 90 510

Langvatn Nordland 100 90 242

Uvdal 1 Buskerud 90 81 255

Refsdal Sogn og Fjordane 88 77 402

Leirdøla Sogn og Fjordane 65 72 293

Nedre Nea Sør-Trøndelag 100 66 381

Nore 2 Buskerud 100 63 285

Kjela Telemark 100 60 218

Hove Sogn og Fjordane 88 54 324

Finndøla Telemark 50 52 140

Bagn Oppland 80 51 246

Adamselv Finnmark 100 50 199

Fjone Telemark 100 50 126

Tya Sør-Trøndelag 100 42 188

Vessingfoss Sør-Trøndelag 100 40 88

Jukla Hordaland 100 40 76

Lio Telemark 100 40 225

Brattset Sør-Trøndelag 48.6 39 194

Uvdal 2 Buskerud 90 37.8 154.5

Grana Sør-Trøndelag 48.6 36 136

Litjfossen Hedmark 48.6 36 78

Heggsetfoss Sør-Trøndelag 100 34 19

Tysso 2 Hordaland 17.7 32 158

Båtsvatn Nordland 100 30 130

Svean Sør-Trøndelag 100 30 106

Skollenborg Buskerud 30.79 27.1 122.2

Nedalsfoss Sør-Trøndelag 100 27 68

Svorkmo Sør-Trøndelag 48.6 27 131

Grønvollfoss Telemark 100 26 160.4

Høyanger K2 Sogn og Fjordane 100 25 99

Svelgfoss Telemark 23.36 23.1 127.9

Årlifoss Telemark 100 22 131.4

Gresslifoss Sør-Trøndelag 100 20 108

Målset Sogn og Fjordane 88 20 64

Osbu Møre og Romsdal 100 20 80

Glomfjord Nordland 100 20 85

Bjerka Nordland 100 20 144

Byrte Telemark 100 20 112

Source: Based on Statkraft information

WWW.WATERPOWERMAGAZINE.COM OCTOBER 2009 13

INSIGHT

concession has been awarded. The Devoll

venture, which is expected to be completed

in 2012, will increase total Albanian generat-

ing capacity by 20%, while EVN is already

developing a smaller scheme in the country,

the 48MW Ashta project, in partnership with

another Austrian company, Verbund.

Statkraft is also to develop four hydro

schemes on the lower Vrbas River in the

Serbian part of Bosnia and Herzegovina,

known as Srpska. It signed a contract with

the government of Srpska at the start of last

year for the construction of 75MW of gen-

erating capacity, which is expected to yield

annual output of 450 GWh. Investment

costs are estimated at Euro 100M

(US$143.6M). Elsewhere, Statkraft has

signed an MoU with Rosnor Energo and

Hydro OGK of Russia with regard to

upgrading hydro facilities in Russia.

Yet perhaps the most interesting aspect of

the company’s overseas strategy is its invest-

ment in developing countries via Statkraft

Norfund Power Invest AS (SN Power), which

it owns in partnership with Norfund, the

Norwegian government’s emerging markets

development investment vehicle. SN Power

develops hydroelectric projects on a com-

mercial basis that are considered beneﬁcial

to living standards in the host country.

In November last year, Statkraft agreed

to buy 10% of Norfund’s stake in the com-

pany for NKr1.1B ($160M), increasing its

total equity in the venture to 60%, leaving

Norfund with the remaining 40%, although

Statkraft has an option to buy a further 7%

by 2015.

SN Power’s 14 existing plants, which are

listed in Table 2, range from the 2.1MW

Belihuloya hydro power plant in Sri Lanka

up to the 360MW Magat plant in the

Philippines, and are located in South and

Southeast Asia, as well as South America.

Nine other projects are at various stages of

development but will generally be larger

than the company’s existing holdings and

include two 600MW ventures, Tamakoshi II

in Nepal and Trayenko in Chile.

The two shareholders have also agreed

to set up another company, called SN

Power AfriCA, to develop hydroelec-

tric and possibly other renewable energy

projects in Africa and Central America.

Other Norwegian power companies have

been invited to invest in the company

and in June Bergenshalvøens Kommunale

Kraftselskap (BKK) and TrønderEnergi

agreed to take 18.5% and 15% stakes

respectively, leaving Statkraft with 51%

and Norfund 15.5%. The new company is

to invest $700M in Africa by 2015.

Outlook

On balance, Statkraft appears to have con-

cluded that the ﬁnancial attractions of invest-

ing beyond the Nordic states outweigh the

greater risks incurred in less stable power

markets. Such a strategy should certainly

diversify the firm’s holdings and help to

increase total turnover and proﬁts. Yet as

a state owned company, the increased risk

inherent in emerging markets seems to be a

price worth paying for supporting the gov-

ernment’s development aims.

In common with the UK’s CDC Globeleq,

SN Power is seeking to make a proﬁt from

power projects while contributing to local

development, in what is becoming an

increasingly popular model. However, the

Norwegian ﬁrm is the ﬁrst to pursue this con-

cept almost entirely via new hydro schemes,

so it will be interesting to see whether it can

make SN Power a commercial success. With

climate change considerations now often

outweighing environmental opposition to the

physical destruction caused by dam projects,

philanthropic hydro development is a trend

that could take off in countries desperate for

improved power supplies.

Report by Neil Ford

Table 2: SN Power’s operational hydro projects

Country and project Mean annual output (GWh) Installed capacity (MW)

India

Malana Hydropower Plant 350 108

Nepal

Khimti Hydropower Plant 350 60

Sri Lanka

Assupiniella Hydropower Plant 17 4

Belihuloya Hydropower Plant 9 2.1

Peru

Arcata Hydropower Plant 37 5.4

Cahua Hydropower Plant 280 43

Gallito Ciego Hydropower Plant 150 37

La Oroya 65 9

Malpaso 207 54.5

Pachachaca 45 9

Pariac Hydropower Plant 24 4.9

Yaupi 789 108

Philippines

Magat Hydroelectric Power Plant 920 360

Binga Hydroelectric Power Plant 350 100

Source: SN Power

Table 3: SN Power hydro projects under development

Country and project Mean annual

output (GWh)

Installed

capacity (MW)

Chile

La Higuera (under construction) 728 155

La Conﬂuencia (under construction) 645 156

Trayenko (Pellaifa, Reyehueico, Liquiñe, Maqueo) 2628 600

India

Allain Duhangan (under construction) 800 192

Bara Bangahal -- 200

Peru

Cheves 825 168

The Philippines

Ambuklao (under rehabilitation) -- 75

Nepal

Tamakoshi III -- 600

Kirne hydro power project -- 60

Source: SN Power

IWP& DC

14 OCTOBER 2009 INTERNATIONAL WATER POWER & DAM CONSTRUCTION

INSIGHT

14 OCTOBER 2009 INTERNATIONAL WATER POWER & DAM CONSTRUCTION

XPECTATIONS for the International

Hydropower Association’s (IHA)

World Congress, now a biennial

event, were high within the hydro

power community, following the success of

IHA’s inaugural World Congress, which was

held in Antalya, Turkey, in May 2007. This

set the foundation upon which to build the

2009 Congress, highlighting the importance

of a collaborative approach to improving

hydro power procedures and policy, through

consensus building and partnerships.

Two years’ of preparation by the IHA

Central Office culminated in the 2009

World Congress, which was convened under

the patronage of Iceland’s President Ólafur

Ragnar Grímsson. It brought together over

40 partner organizations and over 250

thought leaders, from some 50 countries.

“In creating a new and more responsible

global economic system, the transformation

of the energy sector is a crucial priority” said

Iceland’s President, Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson,

emphasizing his country’s support for the

Congress. “Therefore, the discussions and

the deliberations at this Congress are more

important than ever”.

The theme for the IHA 2009 World Congress

was Advancing Sustainable Hydropower,

reﬂ ecting the Association’s mission statement.

“We are within a global ﬁ nancial crisis, cou-

pled with worsening trends associated with cli-

mate change, but this simply reﬂ ects the need

to invest further in hydro power, as it stands

at the crossroads of water, energy and climate

issues,” said Richard Taylor, IHA Executive

Director, presenting the Congress theme. “The

role of hydro power as an advanced, renewable,

energy brings it to the forefront of global efforts

to implement solutions for water management

and smarter power systems, as well as in tack-

ling climate change, which hydropower is both

affected by, and also serves to mitigate.”

Co ngres s acti vit ie s and

ne twork ing op por tu nit ie s

“The trademark of IHA Congresses is that

they are interactive and dynamic and the

2009 Congress certainly lived up to dele-

gates’ expectations,” said Michael Fink, IHA

Programme Director. “The Congress was

based around plenary sessions and designed

to be informative, whilst at the same time

challenging current strategies and think-

ing.” It was also designed from the outset to

provide delegates with multiple networking

opportunities, so that they could optimise the

time spent together at the Congress.

The Congress was preceded by a

Networking Tour, which combined visits

to geothermal and hydro power projects in

Iceland, with the chance to delve into the

breathtaking nature of Iceland and its his-

tory, and the opportunity to meet fellow

Congress participants.

In the evening, following the Networking

Tour, delegates were invited to a drinks recep-

tion at the Ásmundur Sveinsson Sculpture

Museum, a unique igloo-shaped building that

was designed and built mostly by Sveinsson

himself and housed both the artist’s studio

and his home. The reception was hosted by

Hon. Katrín Júlíusdóttir, Iceland’s Minister for

Energy, Industry and Tourism, and was also

the scene of the announcement of IHA’s three

new Platinum Sponsors: the Hydro Equipment

Association (HEA), China Three Gorges Project

Corporation (CTGPC) and Statkraft.

Congress delegates were also able to take

part in other events throughout the week,

including a trip to the Blue Lagoon geother-

mal baths and a whale watching trip. Many

delegates also took part in a post-congress

tour – a rare opportunity to combine a visit

to Iceland’s most recent hydro power project

and aluminium smelter, a geothermal power

plant and to absorb the dramatic landscape

and nature of east and northeast Iceland.

Consultative council

meeting

IHA also used the opportunity presented by

the Congress to hold a Consultative Council

meeting between the Association and more

than 60 high-level key ﬁ gures from industry,

NGOs, governments, the United Nations

and other international organizations, on 23

June 2009, prior to the actual IHA World

Congress.

“The meeting involved discussions on

matters and concerns relating to the hydro

power industry, and in particularly hydro

power policy, as well as providing the IHA

Board with an opportunity to consider what

policy makers expressed were the challenges

facing hydro” said Dr Refaat Abdel-Malek,

IHA President. IHA was also able to explain

the work programmes and activities that the

Association was currently undertaking, to

gain feedback and input into future direction

from the participants.

The product of the Council Meeting is to be

used for the setting of IHA’s two-year work

programme, to be ﬁ nalized by a strategic meet-

ing of the IHA Board in October 2009.

Congress programme and

panellists

During the Congress delegates attended

sessions on a wide variety of topics, which

IHA World

Congress – advancing

sustainable hydro power

The International Hydropower Association (IHA) hosted delegates

from a wide range of political, technical, ﬁ nancial, social and

environmental backgrounds, along with ﬁ gureheads from

business and industry, during the IHA 2009 World

Congress, held in Reykjavik, Iceland

on 23-26 June 2009

WWW.WATERPOWERMAGAZINE.COM OCTOBER 2009 15

INSIGHT

tackled the critical issues in relation to hydro-

power development, including water and

energy security, climate change and ﬁnancing

development. Impacts on the role of hydro

power and other water and energy services

were also discussed, and actions speciﬁed.

The success of the Congress lies in part

with the diversity of the high-level panel-

lists, carefully assembled to address each of

the topics within the Congress Programme.

Chosen for the diversity of their expertise,

perspectives and views, panellists included

some of the world’s most inﬂuential water,

energy and climate thought leaders, includ-

ing Minister Júlíusdóttir; Hon. Hilary Onek,

Uganda’s Minister for Energy and Mineral

Development; Hon. Kempheng Pholsena,

Lao’s Minister of Water Resources; Hon.

Robin Martin Kåss, Deputy Minister,

Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, Norway;

Dr Marzena Chodor of the European

Commission, Dr Joerg Hartmann of the

World Wide Fund for Nature; Raghuveer

Sharma of the World Bank, and Jeremy Bird

of the Mekong River Commission.

The sessions were facilitated to address key

questions, so that Congress participants could

hear and respond to a breadth of opinion on

topics including markets and investment,

hydro power development, hydro ﬁnancing

and emerging markets. Experiences from

other industries were presented, in relation

to the introduction of standards, and special

initiatives in the renewables portfolio were

also compared.

On Wednesday 24 June, participants

gathered for the opening session of the

Congress, followed by panel-led sessions on:

energy policy; water policy; and on linkages

between hydro power and climate change.

On Thursday 25 June, delegates participated

in panel-led discussions on hydro develop-

ment, investment and financing models,

hydro markets, and a seminar on hydro

power and greenhouse gases emissions. On

Friday 26 June, participants attended panels

on sustainability standards and renewable

energy sustainability initiatives, and on spe-

ciﬁc hydro power sustainability assessment.

The Congress concluded with a summary of

outcomes, and the General Meeting of the

International Hydropower Association, fol-

lowed by a closing banquet at Reykjavik’s

Spectacular Perlan restaurant, hosted by

President Grímsson.

At the Banquet, participants were

addressed by the President of Iceland on the

importance of hydro and the need to invest

wisely in all the renewable technologies.

He particularly commended IHA’s involve-

ment in the International Renewable Energy

Alliance (REN Alliance), bringing together

the technologies of bioenergy, geothermal;

hydro, solar and wind.

Discussion of important

initiatives

The Congress also provided IHA with the

opportunity to present the progress made

on the development of a number of impor-

tant initiatives, in particular the work of the

UNESCO/IHA Project on Greenhouse Gas

Emissions from Freshwater Reservoirs and

the Hydropower Sustainability Assessment

Forum (HSAF).

Hydropower and Greenhouse

Gas Emissions Seminar

In the seminar on hydropower and green-

house gases emissions, which centred on

the UNESCO/IHA GHG Research Project,

Prof. Dr Luiz Pinguelli Rosa of the Federal

University of Rio de Janeiro, provided

an overview of reservoir emission types,

including surface ﬂuxes, bubble emissions,

degassing and downstream emissions. In

the ensuing panel discussions, panellists

addressed the process and challenges of meas-

uring methane release from certain reservoirs,

including monitoring of concentrations in the

water column; the importance of measuring

the seasonal variation in emissions, and the

beneﬁts of continuous measurement; and the

use of models as tools for the assessment of

GHG emissions from reservoirs.

On the progress made so far in assessing

net GHG emissions, Dr Alain Tremblay of

Hydro Québec described the preliminary

results of research on hydro power reser-

voirs in the boreal region. He explained that

background emissions are established by

comparing the emissions from natural lake

ecosystems in the same vicinity with the emis-

sions recorded at a reservoir under study. He

explained that his studies showed a rapid

return of methane and carbon dioxide emis-

sions to natural levels, during the years after

commissioning new reservoirs.

The panellists presented research from

around the world, including Brazil, Laos,

Norway, and the United States, showing

that reservoirs could act as carbon sinks,

with sedimentation potentially sequester-

ing more carbon than is emitted by associ-

ated GHG emissions; net increases in carbon

dioxide emissions tended to be insigniﬁcant

at the basin scale; and, where elevated meth-

ane emissions had been observed at speciﬁc

reservoirs, a greater understanding of the

key parameters was beginning to material-

ize.. All panellists noted the importance of

this research for hydro power development

and policy.

Dr Joel Goldenfum, Project Manager of the

UNESCO/IHA GHG Research Project, pro-

vided an overview of the Project’s progress;

explaining its aim of gathering data on

Left: A networking tour allowed delegates the

chance to visit hydro projects in Iceland. Above:

The congress closing banquet, hosted by Iceland’s

President Olafur Ragner Grimsson

16 OCTOBER 2009 INTERNATIONAL WATER POWER & DAM CONSTRUCTION

INSIGHT

emissions from a diverse and representative

sample of the world’s reservoirs. “This is an

issue currently before the Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)” said Dr

Goldenfum. “It is also the case that the CDM

currently excludes certain hydro projects”.

Panellists discussed the UNESCO/IHA

Project, and recommended learning from

GHG inventory methods employed by other

industries, such as forestry, and gathering

data from both old and new reservoirs. The

effort to standardise the methodology of res-

ervoir GHG measurement was highly com-

mended, and many participants expressed

an interest in the forthcoming Field Manual,

under preparation by the UNESCO/IHA

Project. The need for a communications

campaign to counter publications claim-

ing that reservoirs emit copious amounts

of GHG emissions was also raised. For

further information on the UNESCO/IHA

GHG Research Project, see the “Climate

Initiatives” section of the IHA website at

www.hydropower.org.

Hydropower Sustainability Assessment

Forum Session and Side Event

In the session dedicated to the work of the

Hydropower Sustainability Assessment

Forum (HSAF), Dr Helen Locher, Forum

Coordinator, explained that the Forum is a

cross-sectoral collaboration of representatives

from developed and developing country gov-

ernments, social and environmental NGOs,

commercial and development banks, and the

hydro power sector, that aims to develop a

broadly endorsed sustainability assessment

tool to measure and guide performance in

the hydro sector. She pointed out that Forum

members are jointly reviewing and recom-

mending enhancements to the existing IHA

Sustainability Assessment Protocol, originally

released in 2006.

David Harrison, representing The Nature

Conservancy (TNC), outlined his organi-

zation’s aspirations for the HSAF, includ-

ing widespread improvement in the hydro

sector, in the consideration of environmen-

tal flows, and the use of integrated plan-

ning. Kirsten Nyman of GTZ stressed that

the main challenge facing the HSAF was to

achieve a balance between the dual needs

of speciﬁ city and broad applicability. Israel

Phiri, from the Ministry of Energy and Water

Development, Zambia, said he looked for-

ward to the Protocol creating a level play-

ing ﬁ eld, and stressed that it needed to be

relevant to Africa.

Describing his aspirations for the Protocol,

Andrew Scanlon, Hydro Tasmania (who coor-

dinated the development of the IHA 2006

Protocol), looked forward to a self-sustaining

continual improvement process that manages

assessment and veriﬁ cation. Michael Simon of

Oxfam stressed the need for the involvement

of indigenous people and dam-affected people.

He also urged delegates to apply and imple-

ment the Protocol. Dr Locher outlined the

major challenges facing the HSAF, including

the need to address complexity and make the

Protocol comprehensive, understandable and

broadly acceptable.

Discussions among panellists and par-

ticipants addressed the potential lessons that

could be learned from criteria called for in

existing directives, integrated water manage-

ment and strategic environmental assess-

ments; the advantages of a sector-speciﬁ c,

multi-stakeholder-informed, industry-sup-

ported standard; the compatibility of the

Protocol with other assessment standards;

whether the Protocol can help good projects

become more timely, in terms of decision

making, as well as more sustainable; and

whether the use of the tool might be expen-

sive or time consuming.

Delegates and panellists also considered

how the Protocol needs to take into account

speciﬁ c basin contexts, including local and

national laws and regulatory regimes. Scanlon

explained that the HSAF worked to build

flexibility for different circumstances into

the Protocol and its performance measures,

and Nyman said that more input on address-

ing national contexts in the tool would be

helpful. On whether there has been consid-

eration of the transformation of the Protocol

into a certiﬁ cation system or process, Scanlon

suggested that a possible follow-up activity

would be to develop a fully functioning cer-

tiﬁ cation scheme.

A side event for the HSAF was also held at

the Congress, where delegates had the oppor-

tunity to ask more detailed questions about

Protocol content, and to obtain informa-

tion on the consultation and trialling phase

that was scheduled to commence soon after

the Congress. This consultation and trialling

phase (September-November 2009) is now

underway and focuses on the content of the

Draft Hydropower Sustainability Assessment

Protocol August 2009, and its practical applica-

tion. Trialling is being encouraged in a number

of regions and on a range of hydro power

project types and scales. To ﬁ nd out more, visit

the Sustainability Initiatives section of the IHA

website: http://www.hydropower.org/sustain-

able_hydropower/HSAF.html.

Congress attendance

Despite a number of factors threatening to

reduce attendance at the 2009 Congress,

such as the global ﬁ nancial crisis, the effects

of which were particularly strong in Iceland,

and the Swine Flu outbreak, IHA was

delighted with the attendance levels, which

were an increase on the 2007 Congress.

IHA is now looking towards the future and

has already started planning the 2011 IHA

World Congress, details of which will be

announced later this year.

Richard Taylor believes that the success

of the IHA Congresses depends on the con-

tinued commitment to reach out to a wide

diversity of high-level delegates, not just

from within the hydro power sector, but

also from government, agencies, ﬁ nancial

organisations industry, research institutes,

environmental groups and civil society.

“The Congresses provide a real opportuni-

ty for hydro power leaders to come togeth-

er with key actors from other backgrounds,

to contribute to solving the challenges that

lie ahead and to help shape the future strat-

egy for hydro power”.

IHA would like to take this opportunity

to thank the World Congress sponsors and

partners for their support, without which

the Congress could not have taken place,

particularly Landsvirkjun, IHA’s strategic

Icelandic partner. Details of the Congress

sponsors and partners can be found at www.

ihacongress.org.

The International Institute for Sustainable

Development (IISD) reported on the Congress

proceedings and their Congress reports can

be viewed online at www.iisd.ca/ymb/hydro/

iha2009/24june.htm

For further information, please contact

Philip Smith, Communications Ofﬁ cer,

IHA. Tel: (+44) 208 652 5290.

Email: ps@hydropower.org

www.hydropower.org

IWP& DC

Above: The Congress opening session

Left: The event offered invaluable networking

opportunities

18 OCTOBER 2009 INTERNATIONAL WATER POWER & DAM CONSTRUCTION

Welcome to International Water Power & Dam Construction’s list of the 60 most inﬂuential

people in the industry. These people have helped shape the course of the global hydro and dams

business over the last 60 years. This list – in alphabetical order – is the result of nominations

from contacts and readers around the world, and was decided by a panel of industry experts

Under the inﬂuence

Professor Kader Asmal

As chairman of the World Commission on Dams, Professor Asmal headed

a multi-stakeholder global review of the development effectiveness of dams.

As part of its conclusions in November 2000, the Commission proposed a

new framework for decision making in the water and energy sector. This

proved highly controversial, sparking a further six years of dialogue that

was hosted by the United Nations, culminating in the UN withholding

its full endorsement of the WCD report. Nonetheless, the report has had

a profound inﬂuence on policy and directives at the international level,

increasing sensitivities in both environmental and social dimensions.

Professor Jose Antonio Baztan de Granda

Over the past 40 years, Professor Baztan de Granda has designed some of the

most important dams in Spain, while also teaching about the subject at the

Polytechnical Univerity of Madrid. He has been referred to as one of the most

inﬂuential dam engineers in Europe.

Geoffrey Binnie (1908-1989)

Geoffrey Binnie was the third generation to head up UK-based Binnie &

Partners – the ﬁrm started by his Grandfather Sir Alexander Binnie in 1901.

He was instrumental in launching the ﬁrm into the international large dam

business, and worked on a number of important projects such as Gorge

dam in Hong Kong, Dokan dam in Iraq and Mangla dam in Pakistan.

Hermod Brekke

Hermod Brekke is Professor Emeritus Dr. Tech at the Norwegian University of

Science and Technology in Department for Thermal Energy and Hydropower.

His focus of research, for both industry and academia, has been on hydro tur-

bine design, high-head hydraulic systems, and renewables integration for small

and large hydropower particularly in developing country contexts. A founding

and honorary member of the International Hydropower Association, Brekke

has made a considerable contribution to the advancement of hydro power

technology

Dr Roy W Carlson (d 1990)

Dr Carlson is internationally renowned for his research in concrete technol-

ogy and for the invention of several widely used instruments for gauging

the behaviour of concrete. He played a vital role in the construction and

testing of dams worldwide.

Linda Church Ciocci

After assuming her position as executive director of the National Hydropower

Association in 1991, Linda Church Ciocci helped the organisation double its

membership, strengthen its ﬁscal position, and signiﬁcantly increase its politi-

cal stature and public voice in North America.

Professor Ray W Clough

From 1950-1995 Professor Ray W. Clough signiﬁcantly contributed to the

ﬁeld of earthquake engineering through teaching, research and consulting.

His most important research contribution in structural engineering was as a

co-developer in the “Finite Element Method” (beginning with a classic paper

in 1956 that he co-authored), which forever revolutionized the ﬁeld of struc-

tural analysis and design, as well as many other disciplines that now uses this

method for analysis.

A K Chopra

Professor Chopra’s research activities have included studies of structur-

al dynamics and earthquake analysis and design of concrete dams. He

has authored more than 300 published papers on this work, a mono-

graph, Earthquake Dynamics of Structures, A Primer, 2005, and a text-

book, Dynamics of Structures: Theory and Applications to Earthquake

Engineering, 1995, 2001, and 2007.

J Barry Cooke (d 2005)

Often referred to as the ‘father’ of the concrete faced rockﬁll dam (CFRD),

J Barry Cooke is recognised as one of the industry’s most important, and

respected, civil engineers. Cooke was co-editor of the one of the dam design-

er’s most important reference books – Concrete Face Rockﬁll Dams - Design,

Construction and Performance.

Ronald A. Corso

Corso was one of the principal players in developing the US Federal Energy

Regulatory Commission’s (FERC) licensing regulations and polices, and

was the principal architect of its dam and public safety regulations. An

author of more than 75 presentations, he is a sought-after expert on hydro

power issues.

Dr. Andre Coyne (1891-1960)

French dam engineer Dr Andre Coyne designed 70 dams in 14 countries,

including the Daniel Johnson multiple arch dam on the Manicouagan River

in Quebec, and the Malpasset Dam in Southern France. Unfortunately,

Malpassaet dam failed in 1959, deeply affecting Coyne, although a later study

found that the design of the dam was probably not the reason for its failure.

Coyne is also credited with inventing acoustic monitoring procedures and the

technique of anchoring structures using pretensioned steel ties.

Paulo T Cruz

Paulo T Cruz’s ﬁrst work with dams was in the historical Tres Marias

Dam and in the past 50 years of his professional life he has worked on

countless dams all over Brazil including the Itaipu and Tucurui dams. He

is the author of 100 Brazilian Dams – history cases, material, construction

and design (1996), consolidating the Brazilian know-how in dam design

and construction.

60 MOST INFLUENTIAL

WWW.WATERPOWERMAGAZINE.COM OCTOBER 2009 19

Calvin V Davis (1897-1980)

Calvin V Davis was President of Harza Engineering Company (now MWH)

and editor and contributor to the Handbook of Applied Hydraulics, a com-

prehensive reference for the dam and hydro power design industry. The

book was considered a ‘ﬁrst tier’ reference by the American Association of

Dam Safety Ofﬁcials as late as the year 2000.

Dr Victor De Mello (1926-2009)

The research and developments proposed by Dr Victor De Mello on the behaviour

of compacted saprolites and residual soils have inﬂuenced dam engineering through-

out the world. He participated on the design and construction of some major engi-

neering projects worldwide, including the Tucurui and Yacyreta projects in Brazil.

Mr. Zho Dongru

Mr Zho Dongru is Senior Engineer and Project Manager of China Gezhouba

(Group) Corporation (CGGC). Some of his achievements include Gezhouba dam

and Three Gorges in China, and Yeywa RCC dam in Myanmar. Mr Zho has spent

a lifetime dedicated to dam and hydro power projects in China and Southeast Asia

Dr Malcolm Dunstan

Dr M.R.H. Dunstan is recognised as one of the industry’s foremost experts on roller

compacted concrete dams. Dr Dunstan has been involved in the majority of large

RCC dams in the western world, and with the fastest RCC dams built to date, includ-

ing Longtan (placement rate 145,000m

month), Upper Stillwater (125,000m

month), Olivenhain, (121,000m

/month) and Beni Haroun, (103,000m

month).

Paul Fischer (d 2009)

Paul Fischer was Colenco Power Engineering Ltd’s Chief Resident Engineer

for the Yeywa hydro power project in Myanmar. He had almost 40 years

experience in the design and construction of hydro projects including being

project manager for the design and construction of the 1000MW Mosul

dam in Iraq, and site manager for Singkarak project in Indonesia.

Brian Forbes

Brian Forbes is currently Australia-based GHD’s Manager for major dam

projects. He has 43 years of international experience in the investigation,

spillway modelling, design, documentation and construction of all types of

dams for hydroelectric, water supply and irrigation projects involving over

100 major dams. He has an international reputation for his expertise in RCC

dams, having been closely involved in over 40 projects in 19 countries.

Richard K Fisher Jr

Before his retirement in May 2009, Fischer was senior vice president of the Voith

Hydro Engineering Center in York, Pennsylvania. He was responsible for research

and development, turbine technology, new product development, and technical

marketing support for Voith Hydro. Fisher’s team led the hydraulic design for

modernizing the Kaplan turbines at the 1076.6-MW Bonneville project, which

were the prototypes for the company’s environmentally friendly turbine designs.

Sir Alexander Gibb (1872-1958)

A Scottish Civil Engineer, Alexander Gibb was the founder of Sir Alexander Gibb &

Partners, which was to become the largest consulting civil engineering firm in the UK.

Henri Gicot (1897-1982)

The late Henri Gicot was in demand all over the world as a consulting engineer,

with a particular focus on arch dams. He designed a number of dams including

the Rossens dam in Switzerland – the ﬁrst large arch dam in the country and the

ﬁrst to be constructed on soft sandstone of the ‘molasse’ type. His last design

was the twin arch dam at Hongrin, completed in 1968. These two elliptical

arch dams reach a height of 126m and are separated by rock outcrop.

B Gilg

Bernard E. Gilg was Vice Director the former Electro-Watt Engineering

Services Ltd., Zurich as well as a member of the Swiss National Committee

on Large Dams. Working as a dam engineer and researcher in Switzerland, his

work has inﬂuenced the hydro power industry particularly with his research

and expertise in the ﬁeld of foundations and dam stability.

James L Gordon

Jim Gordon has authored or co-authored 90 papers and 44 articles on a large

variety of subjects ranging from submergence at intakes to powerhouse con-

crete volume, cavitation in turbines, generator inertia and costing of hydro-

power projects. He has worked on the design of over 45 hydro projects, and

was awarded the Rickey medal by the ASCE. As an independent consultant, his

work assignments have ranged from investigating turbine foundation micro-

movements to acting on review boards for major Canadian utilities. He has

also developed software for RETScreen and HydroHelp.

Ken Hansen

Recently retired from Schnabel Engineering, Mr Hansen is one of the most recognized

authors, lecturers and consultants on RCC. One of his main contributions to the devel-

opment of RCC has been to take education to the construction site. He has organized

and taught at 16 PCA sponsored RCC dam short course/tours in ten US states.

Leroy Harza (1882-1953)

Leroy Harza was founder of Harza Engineering Company (now MWH),

an internationally known designer of dam and hydropower projects. Mr

Harza is the holder of several US patents relating to the hydro power indus-

try including the patent for the straight ﬂow turbine and rim generator.

Evald Holmén

Evald Holmén is a well recognised turbine designer and consultant in all

aspects of design and engineering for hydro power plants. Throughout his

distinguished career he has undertaken several thorough assessments of the

technological ability of manufacturers for insurance companies and clients,

and has served as an expert in disputes between clients and suppliers.

Sir William Hudson (1896-1978)

Appointed on 1 August 1949, Hudson was manager of the Snowy

Mountains scheme, and was responsible for the biggest civil engineering

project ever undertaken in Australia and one which the American Society

of Civil Engineers would call an engineering wonder of the world.

Charles Hutton

Mr Hutton has worked on over 40 dams and water resource projects worldwide.

He started his career in the 1970’s with the US Bureau of Reclamation and dedicated

twenty years of his life to projects in the US including a stability analysis for upgrades

at the world famous Hoover Dam project on the Colorado river.

Dr. Charles Jaeger (1901-1989)

Dr Charles Jaeger was involved in various dam problems as and expert and

also gave advice for complex designs all over Europe as a consulting engi-

neer. His specialities included water hammer and surge tank analysis, pressure

tunnels and rock mechanics. He published a number of books including the

classical textbook Technische Hydraulik (1949) of which French and English

translations were published in the mid ﬁfties, the noteworthy Rock Mechanics

and Engineering (1970) and Fluid Transients (1977).

Eric B. Kollgaard

From his early work on Brownlee and Oxbow Hydroelectric Projects in Idaho in

1955, to his recent contributions to the San Vicente Dam Raise Project in San Diego,

Kollgaard has worked on more than 400 dam projects in nearly every US state and

on four continents. Since retiring from Morrison-Knudsen Corporation as Chief

Engineer in 1993, he has been actively engaged in a private consulting practice.

60 MOST INFLUENTIAL

20 OCTOBER 2009 INTERNATIONAL WATER POWER & DAM CONSTRUCTION

Masatane Kokubu (d 2004)

Professor Emeritus of the University of Tokyo. Presented with a number

of awards including the 1986 International Award of Merit in Structural

Engineering from the International Association for Bridge and Structural

Engineering.

Raymond Laﬁtte

Professor Raymond Lafitte teaches at the Swiss Federal Institute of

Technology of Lausanne (EPFL) on the subjects of Electrical power

plants and water resources development. He has produced a number of

expert reports on dams and is a former expert for the Swiss Government

for dam safety.

F. Lempérière

F. Lempérière is chairman of the HYDROCOOP organization and an

active member of the International Commission on Large Dams. He has

authored and co-authored many publications on hydro power develop-

ment, dam design and water resources management in developed and

developing countries. He is an expert on present and future energy needs

and advocates the importance of storage in meeting the world’s fresh-

water needs.

Brian Leyland

An electrical and mechanical engineer with wide experience in power genera-

tion, power systems and transmission, Brian Leyland is a recognized expert on

all aspects of the design, construction and operation of small hydro schemes

with wide experience on large schemes. He has been employed by the Asian

Development Bank as a staff consultant for the appraisal of projects in the

Philippines, Thailand, Western Samoa and Bangladesh.

Jack Linard

Jack Linard is a Civil Engineer with 35 years of international experience,

covering all aspects of hydroelectric and water resources projects, including

studies, ﬁnal designs, tender documents and construction. He has worked

in over 20 countries in ﬁve continents, with geographical emphasis on

Southeast Asia and technical emphasis on RCC dams in recent years.

Dr Giovanni Lombardi

A Swiss engineer, Dr Lombardi specialises in civil works and tunnel construc-

tion. He has contributed signiﬁcantly to new theoretical developments in the

ﬁeld of civil engineering hydraulic structures (especially arch dam design and

a very solid understanding for their performance and the interaction with

grouting measures). Throughout his engineering life as consultant he inﬂu-

enced the construction of numerous structures. He is a past president of the

International Commission on Large Dams.

Pierre Londe

Pierre Londe is a past president of the International Commission on

Large Dams. He is author of “Rock mechanics and dam foundation

design” (1982) and has authored and co-authored publications on dam

design in developed and developing countries. At the technical level,

Londe achieved recognition worldwide as an expert on dam safety and

foundation engineering. Notwithstanding this achievement, he also had

a special interest in encouraging others to develop their expertise in the

ﬁeld of hydro power and dams.

Mr A Marulanda

President of Ingetec in Colombia, Alberto Marulanda is very active in

the International Commission on Large Dams, and at the forefront of

the design of large CFRD’s, where there have been serious problems with

cracking in the concrete face on the higher dams. He also works on hydrof-

racturing in tunnels.

Bayardo Materon

Since the completion of Alto Anchicaya CFRD in 1974, Bayardo

Materon has been involved with many leading engineering organisa-

tions on design and construction or rockﬁll dams and hydro projects.

Member of several boards of consultants for different projects under

construction. Mr Materon is the actual President of the CFRD

International Society. He has participated in the design and construc-

tion of the world’s highest CFRDs.

Professor Emil Mosonyi (1910-2009)

A member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Professor Mosonyi was

well known for his documentation of European hydro design in his many

papers the reference text Water Power Development. He held many lead-

ing positions in organizations such as the Hungarian National Authority

for Irrigation, and the Hungarian National Bureau for Water Power

Development, the Hungarian National Authority for Water Management,

while lecturing in various Universities. He has also worked as a Consultant

in hydro power and water resources projects in Europe, Asia, Africa, South

and Central America and Australasia. He is the founding president of the

International Hydropower Association.

Dr. P. S. Nigam

Dr Nigam is author of the Handbook of Hydroelectric Engineering and a

University of Roorkee and international Asian consultant

Alessandro Palmieri

Alessandro Palmieri graduated in Civil Engineering in Rome 1974. After

working 22 years in the private sector, he joined the World Bank in 1997 as

Lead Dam Specialist where he has Bank-wide responsibility for quality assur-

ance of large water infrastructure projects (dams and hydro power). He also

acts as the World Bank spokesperson on dams. Over his professional career,

he has worked in over 40 countries worldwide.

Dr. Ralph B. Peck (1912-2008)

Dr. Ralph Brazelton Peck was an eminent civil engineer specializing in soil

mechanics. He was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1975 for his

development of the science and art of subsurface engineering, combining

the contributions of the sciences of geology and soil mechanics with the

practical art of foundation design. During his career Peck authored over

200 publications, and served as president of the International Society of Soil

Mechanics and Foundation Engineering from 1969 to 1973.

A D M Penman (1922-2008)

Arthur D M Penman was a recognised authority on embankment dams. An

author of more than 146 publications, Mr Penman was sought as an expert

on dams under construction throughout the world. In the UK he worked on

many of the large dams built during 1950-1980 and adjusted his research –

which had initially focused on strength properties of silt – to include rockﬁll

and tailings dams.

Dr Wolfgang Pircher

Dr Pircher gained experience in the ﬁeld of hydro power worldwide with

projects in Switzerland, Greece, Venezuela, Guatemala, Indonesia and

Turkey. During his time as head of an Austrian Utility he contributed sig-

niﬁcantly to hydro power development in Austria. He is a former president

of the International Commission on Large Dams.

Max Ritter (1884-1964)

Max Ritter is considered one of the pioneers of the theory of arch dams in

Switzerland and the use of physical models for this type of construction. He con-

tributed to the ﬁeld of statics and reinforced concrete structures, and was involved

in building numerous arch bridges.

60 MOST INFLUENTIAL

Water Power and Dam Construction - Issue October 2009

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