Walsh J.E. A Brief History of India

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A BRIEF HISTORY OF INDIA

412

Sikhism 76, 88, 90, 91, 94, 151, 174

Sikh kingdom 113, 117, 122–123

Sikhs 182, 209

after independence 227–228

effects of “divide and rule”

on 216

festivals and holidays 291–292

I. Gandhi’s assassination 249

government and politics 113,

209, 211, 214, 219, 236,

243–244, 291, 311

partition and 221, 227–228

population 285

in the Punjab 251

riots and 218

Simla 134, 182–183, 184–185

Simon, John 202–203

Sind(h) 17, 54, 70, 80, 83, 91, 101,

117, 214, 219

Singh, Ajit 254

Singh, Beant 249

Singh, Chaudhuri Charan 175,

242, 254

Singh, Hari 220

Singh, Kalyan 261

Singh, Manmohan 308, 309, 326–

327, 358c

on aborting of female fetuses

285

economic policies of 258–259,

314, 327

farmer suicides 317

as ﬁ rst non-Hindu prime min-

ister 311

poverty programs 331–333

Singh, Ranjit 113, 117

Singh, Satwant 249

Singh, Vishwanath Pratap (V. P.)

253–257

Sino-Indian War of 1962 232

Sirajuddaula 103–104

Sita 289

“Sky-clad” sect (Jainism) 38

Slave (Mamluk) dynasty 78, 79, 80

slavery, women and 43

Slumdog Millionaire (ﬁ lm) xii,

287–288

slums 237, 241, 266, 270, 287–288

smrti 24

smuggling 241

Soan River Valley 5–6

Social Conference movement 162,

176

social reform 146–152, 162,

168–170, 178. See also speciﬁ c

association or reform

socialism 195, 204, 216, 223–224,

228, 298

Socialist Independence for India

League 204

Society for Participatory Research in

Asia (PRIA) 323

Society for the Encouragement of

Widow Remarriage 149

soft drink industry 320–322

Soma 30

Somnath, temple at 70, 72

soul. See atman

South Africa, Gandhi in 187–189

south India 50–52, 71–74, 81. See

also speciﬁ c location

bhakti in 74, 75–76, 78

birth groups and 63

Christian communities in 54

housing 268

language and writing 36, 45

temples built 57

trade 51–52

upward caste mobility in 297

Soviet Union. See USSR (Union of

Soviet Socialist Republics)

spinning and weaving 115–116, 129,

196–198, 200, 209

spinning wheel 196, 200

SRB. See “sex–ratio at birth” (SRB)

Sri Lanka 47, 50, 54, 74, 88,

252–253, 257

Sridharan, E. 275

sruti 24

St. Mary’s Church (Madras) 133

states 109–110, 117–119, 225,

227, 238–241, 323–324. See also

princely states; speciﬁ c state

Steel, Flora Annie 131–132, 134

steel industry 129–130, 180

Stein, Burton 42

sterilization 241

stone age communities 5–6

Story of My Experiments with Truth,

The (Gandhi) 199

Strachey, John 166, 169

Stribodh 154

strikes

banning of 241

against landlords 193

peasant 198

railway 240

Rowlatt Acts 190

textile industry 208

Tilak’s imprisonment 183–184

student protests 179, 183, 216,

255, 256

stupas 55–56, 57

Subhadra 57

Sudas 76–77

Suez Canal 126, 128, 132

Suﬁ sm 68, 88, 92

suicide 255, 256, 317–318

sultans/sultanates 78–82. See also

speciﬁ c sultan/sultanate

Sunni Muslims 68, 92

Supreme Court 225, 251, 252, 259,

306, 324

surveys. See also census

archaeological 7, 72

geographical 127

household 273–275

land revenues and 87, 155

poverty 331–332

Surya 25, 30, 57, 59

swadeshi 179–180, 183, 184

swaraj 165, 183, 184, 194, 204. See

also self-rule

Swarup, Vikas 287

Swat Valley 3, 6, 17, 23

Swatantra Party 235, 240

swayamsevaks 245, 260, 292

symbols. See Indus script; signs and

symbols

Syndicate, the 233, 234, 235, 236

Syrian Christians 54

Tagore, Debendranath 147, 148,

151

Tagore, Dwarkanath 140, 141

Tagore, Gaganendranath 153

Tagore, Rabindranath 153, 191

Taj Mahal 92, 93

Tamil 97

bhakti in 75–76, 78

farms and farming 74

legends and myths 71

non-Brahman movement 205,

297

songs 74, 75, 78

Tamil language 36, 45, 51, 52, 54,

227, 306

Tamil Nadu

festivals and holidays 290

R. Gandhi’s assassination in 257

government and politics 251–

253, 257, 258, 295

language and writing 227

non-Brahman movement 205,

296, 297

population 266

religion and beliefs 244,

251–252

riots 261

water disputes in 320

Tamil Tigers 252–253, 257

Tantia Tope 122

Tara Bai 95

Tariff Board 200

Tata, J. N. 129–130

Tata Iron and Steel Company

(TISCO) 129–130, 180

taxation. See also land revenues

East India Company and 105,

106–107, 109, 113–114

non-Muslims and 81, 85, 86,

87, 94

Salt March 206–209, 207

Taxila 29, 48

technology 14, 26, 28, 29, 119, 129,

250. See also industrialization;

transportation

telegraphs 119

Telegu language 227

television 250, 288. See also speciﬁ c

show

government and politics 276,

282–283, 286, 290, 292

middle-class and 271–272, 274

popular culture and 264, 275,

276–277, 292

urban life and 266

temples 58–59, 64, 77–78, 148. See

also Ramjanmabhoomi (Rama’s

birthplace/Babri Masjid mosque)

campaign; speciﬁ c temple

destruction of 57, 69, 72, 80

looting of 70

rebuilding of 87

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413

INDEX

Tendulkar, Suresh 331, 332–333

territories 40–41, 102, 114, 117–

118, 212, 225. See also states;

speciﬁ c territory

terrorism 180, 304–305, 324–326

textile industry. See also spinning and

weaving

effects of U.S. Civil War on

156, 159

effects of global depression

on 206

growth of 206

industrialization and 115–116,

128–130

strikes 208

trade and 51, 88, 90, 101, 126,

128, 180

unionization of 193

thagi 115

thakur 298

Thanckeray, Bal 248

Thapar, Romila 72

Theosophical Society 151–152,

163, 164

Theravada Buddhism 50

Thesiger, Frederic John Napier. See

Chelmsford, Lord

Thomas, St. (apostle) 54

Tiberius 52

Tibet 2m, 2–3, 232

tilak 291

Tilak, Balwantrao Gangadhar

(Lokamanya) 162, 168, 190

Age of Consent Act and 175,

176–178

Bengali partition/reuniﬁ ca-

tion 180

death of 186

Hindu race/nation 172

home rule leagues 186

imprisonment of 183–184,

185

Rand assassination and 178

time, concepts of 34–35, 138–139

Timur (Tamerlane) 79, 81, 82

Tipu Sultan 111

tirthankaras 37

Tod, James 108

Todar Mal 87

toilets 16, 268, 270, 271

tools 5–6, 8, 12, 17, 28, 29, 128

Topinard, Paul 171

trade 126–130. See also speciﬁ c

country

Arabs and 3, 70

boycotts 180, 196

central planning and 230,

231–232

commercialization of agriculture

and 156

early 9, 11

end of Harappan civilization

and 17, 21

with Europe 3–4, 88, 90

global depression and 205–206

the Green Revolution and

234–235

maritime 52

migration and 23

pottery and 28

with Rome 51–52

war and 102–103

during World War I 185–186

trade routes 3–4, 9, 17, 29, 47–48,

49–50, 70

transportation

bicycles 272, 273

palki (palanquin) 103

railroads 118,

119, 126, 240

travel time and 126, 128, 132

treaties 112

China-Tibet 232

on the making of 44

Mauryans and Selucids 43

princes’ and 125

with USSR 237

violations of 103, 111

tribal communities. See also clans

farms and farming 28–29

government and politics 40–42

migration and 18–20, 21–24,

26–29

post-Mauryan 52–54

rebellions 158–159

tribute 30, 56, 59–61, 97, 107

Tughluq, Ghiyasuddin 81

Tughluq, Muhammad 81

Tughluq dynasty 78, 79, 81, 82

Tulsidas 76

Turkey 70–71, 81, 200, 342c–344c

Tyabji, Badruddin 167

ulama 68, 94, 95–96, 150

UNICEF 284

Union Carbide India, Ltd. 252

unions 193

United Front, formation of 295

United Nations (UN) 220, 303

United Progressive Alliance (UPA).

See UPA (United Progressive

Alliance)

United Provinces 201, 236. See also

Uttar Pradesh

government and politics 213,

233

irrigation projects 126

Muslims in 214

Nehru’s travels in 195

riots 174, 175, 198–199, 201,

218

rural reform in 230

United States xii, 160

Ambedkar in 205

Bhopal disaster 252

cable TV news 283, 286

cold war and 232

Civil War 156, 159

ﬁ lm industry 287–288

food aid 233–234

in literature 135

Persian Gulf War (1991) 258,

286

support for West Pakistan 237

Supreme Court as a model 225

trade 232

Vivekananda in 173

universities. See colleges and univer-

sities; speciﬁ c school

Universities Act (1904) 179

Unlawful Activities (Prevention)

Act 326

Untouchability (Offences) Act 228

Untouchables. See also Dalits;

Scheduled Castes

Ambedkar and 205, 211

Arya Samaj and 174, 201

Aryan race and 172

Buddhism and 229

census’ and 256

in the Constitution 224–225

conversion of to Islam 244

M. Gandhi and 198, 200, 211

in government and politics

210–211, 218, 241–242,

297–301, 334

laws and legislation 228

loss of caste and 62

non-Brahman movement and

160, 204–205

Poona Pact 210–211

reincarnation and 34

rural life 268, 269–270

UPA (United Progressive Alliance)

312–314, 323–324, 326–327

Upanishads 31–32

animal sacriﬁ ce and 28, 31

karma and reincarnation and

32–34, 35

origins of 24

Persian translation of 94

philosophy and 75–76

women and 63

urban life 137, 263–264, 266, 292,

334. See also slums

rural life v. 270–271

voting patterns 311–312

urban planning 14–16, 132–134

urbanization 8, 29, 263–264, 265–266

Urdu language 145, 149, 150, 174,

276, 306

USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist

Republics) 232, 233, 237

Uttar Pradesh 28. See also United

Provinces

caste and 298

farms and farming 6, 234

government and politics 236,

240, 242, 253, 254, 257, 258,

259–260, 261, 262, 298–300,

301, 328, 329

Muslim education 149–150

population 265

religion and beliefs 34, 40

Untouchables in 270

violence in 251, 260

Vaishnavism 75. See also Vishnu

Vaishyas 32–33, 61–62, 145

Vajpayee, Atal Bihari 242, 308–312

BJP Party and 248, 260, 261

as prime minister 260, 295,

296, 304–305

resignation of 310

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A BRieF HiSTORy OF indiA

414

Varanasi 54, 57, 60, 71, 76, 241

Varna, pavan K. 272, 312

varnas 61–63. See also jati; speciﬁc

varna

census’ and 96, 127

consumerism and 263–264, 267

deﬁned 61

middle class and 145

origins of 29, 32–34, 60

religious reform and 151

Rig-Veda and 25, 32

rural life and 62, 155, 268–270

in South india 75

upward mobility and 297–301

voting patterns 311–312,

326–331

Varuna 30

vasectomy 241

Vedanta 75–76

Vedas 24, 25, 28–29, 36, 63, 151,

203. See also speciﬁc text

Vedic Hinduism 29–34. See also

gods and goddesses

cyclical view of time 34–35

Gupta dynasty 55

modern Hinduism v. 29–30,

58–59

post-Mauryan 50

rituals 29–30, 47, 58, 97

Satavahana dynasty 54

Shunga dynasty 49

Vedic Sanskrit 25, 36, 151

vegetarianism 28, 36–37, 47, 188

Vellala community 75

Vernacular press Act 161, 163,

164, 167

VHp (Vishwa Hindu parishad)

244–246, 289, 305–306. See

also Ramjanmabhoomi (Rama’s

birthplace/Babri Masjid mosque)

campaign

viceroy 124, 140, 186, 199–200,

212, 218–219, 220. See also spe-

ciﬁc viceroy

Victoria (queen of Great Britain,

empress of india) 100, 124–125,

178

Vijayanagar 81, 82

Vikramaditya 55

villages 268–271. See also rural life

anti-industrialization and 198

caste system 62, 155, 268–270

central planning and 230–231

consumerism and 263–264, 292

elections and 195

hereditary service relationships

155, 268–269

housing 268

independence and 225

political mobilizing of 192

Vindhya Range 4

violence. See crime and violence

Vishnu 57, 58, 59, 73, 75

Vishwa Hindu parishad (VHp). See

VHp

Vitobha 76

Vivekananda 173, 173

voting and voting rights 225, 311–

312, 326–331

Wajid Ali Shah 122

wars and warfare 25, 41–42, 44, 71,

86, 113. See also speciﬁc dynasty,

kingdom, location or war

Washington, George 160

water 4–5, 16. See also rivers

water management. See also irriga-

tion

drainage 12, 16, 17

monsoons and 5

soft drink/bottled water indus-

tries and 320–322

wastewater 16

water disputes 249, 318–320

wells 12, 16

weaving. See spinning and weaving

Wellesley, Richard Colley 109–110,

116–117

wells 12, 16

West Bengal 235, 261, 265

Western scholarship 20, 107. See

also speciﬁc scholar

Western Shakas 54

wheat 128, 185, 234, 235

Wheeler, Mortimer 21

“White Clad” sect (Jainism) 38

White Huns 58

“White Man’s Burden, The” (Kipling)

135

widows 65, 119, 144, 147, 149, 152.