Возницкий И.В. Судовые двигатели внутреннего сгорания (конструкция, теория эксплуатация)
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
flocxoaBy
acriqnra
a(fll8{oro
xoAa
nnyExepa
onpeAeJrf,src,
rlonoxeHr|e
opratra, yIrparrtDqcFo
roAaqefi
Tonnrla,
-
r6naretofi
piniol
xicoci
nnn
,on_
.rnoxofi
pyxorrKo*
rrocra
vnDaBnenrr
(Tp),
rc 3avelus
h"
ni f?--i'"_ro"0"
1,
B
nocrof,Huylo
/(, noalntru-
- ". ^L9rt:llg:
sbrpaxeHre
y.(o6lo
^ncno,lb3oBar_b
npr aHarr3e
Bnurflri, pexnMa
paoortt
rBlrrareJrr
Ha Berlnttluv
koeo$fluuenTa
us6bnia
goeayxa.
1i*, y"",rtue"ne
a uoxer
6H*
onsaago
cnurie[reM
'*rraq"un""i"
'
"""oiJii,i"
'n
n,,or"o"r"
naxoaqqerocr
B
pectBepe
BGAyXa.
--,
Oco6eHno
Hexe,rareJrbuo
yMeHr,ueHr.re
a
npn
pa6ore
ABHrareJrfi
::.L:Tii
"-9i]Iolo
xoaa,
raK
KaK rlptMblM
c,rencTnneu
yMeHbrrreHuff
113 ::y ^1":f
yy
6yAer
JxyaueHr.re
cropa
H,r.iq
ronJrr.rBa,
ionpoaox4a_
rcueecq
oopa3oBaHlreM
6o,,1burer,o
xorHqecTBa
npoAyKmB
HenoJrHoro
cfopat[g
I.I
cBfl3aHHHM
c
grltM
oHr{xenlreu
gxoHouuqgocra
pa6oru
aBurareJrr, noBr,rureHrjeM
reMneparyp
Aera,refi
(u.rusaponopiuHeaoft
npynnu.
BHeuntM
npoqBrenlleM
ueno,lrHoro
cropaHrq
,Idn,ru"u
s,sJrt_
eTct notBreHl|e
caxll
B Br,rnycKHHX
ra3ax
_
aB[faTeJIL
HarInHa€T
,IIbIMHTb.
8u:
K (TP)
6.
I4cnolrsya
saBtrcruocrr,
(lS)
r (2g),
fiafiAen
/.r
'ln
Is
,[rl
xorxpetnoro
ABrfarent
u,onpeAeneHHoro
copra
tonnrBa
V.
\ Ao
\er3,
Merrnbl
li BMecre
c xog$$uquerrou
.l( voryr
6urr
ex,l'toqeHn
o no"roi"t
ra
d
:
t(
-;E-ri-
.
tJ r)
1r
pa6overo
re;la (raea)
B
TortKe z
3aBuctr
or Ko"'rH.IecrBa
coo6qae-
MOrO
eMy
TenJra
Ha
STOM
VqaCT(e.
flpt
noaaqe
o
un.nun4p
g"
111.,16n-
itIBa
KoJtHqecTBo
Tenna,
KoTopoe
reopern'.recK{
l*oxer
6urr
cob6-
qexo
.
ra3y,
^paouo
guQn,
xxan
(
KAx,
'
tAe
Qg
-
r€flJlorz
CIo.
paHlt
I Kr
ronJrtBa:
AJtfl.rusenb-
HHx
ro[,'lHB
opheHTripoBoqHo
eH:
:
l0
000 xxa.n/ir (+
t
'SOO
rAx/;{i)
;
c
yBefl
nrleHxeM
nJIoTHOCTI
TOnJIITBa
Qn
nponopqnoHaJrbuo
cuHxaerct
Il
y
rsxenblx
ocTaToqHHx
ToUJIHB
8-999
(23)
(24)
Pnc.
139. npoqecc
cropanxr
B
pacqer-
EOM Ilr.rXJIe
TepxoAxuaxf,sccxf,e
ocxoru
npoqeoca,
B.pacuerxou
qnKne
npo-
rl€ccy
cropauur
-
coorBelcrByp,r
ytacrxn
un4ti<aropgoft
AaarpaMMbl
cz'-H
z'z
(pnc.
139),
flapauerpu
225
rexnr B
npeaerax 9800+9600
rKan/Kr
(41
000+40
000
-xAx/xr)
'
B
pealsnuf
ycnoBntx
cfopaHHt'
BcJleacrBne
H-ecoBeplreHcrBa
cMe-
ceo6paaosann'a
ru
png,a nnux
nPstrHH,
Korolble,
-611fi-n?1l96Ho
pac-
i"o"ir*""
e
npelbiayuen
napai'paQe,
Bce,
noAal-t-t:^e-i
.llr-
rHAp
ron-
J
.TBO
He
yclleBaer
croperb
no
y"a&*e cz'z
-
H[:et
-Mecr.o
ero
QH-
3llrl@xrrfr
H
xuu,nqecrnfi
ue,4oxdr.
Ocragurascs
qacrb
ron']rHBa
M
rlpo-
,rr.vxrbl
ero
Henornoro
cropan[q aoropalor
3a
roqKofi
z
Ha,nvfirlvI
pac'
ir'*p"nn"
rlorrouy
x rtloileury
flptxoaa
nopurHf,
B r'oqKy-z
renJla
,Bbraerflercq
MeHbure
reope'rn"iecin
nosMo:,iHom
rorfirlecrBa
gqQ"'
KXa,r, l,
coorBercrBeHgo
MeHb
e
ero
codlllaercg
rasau'
Eo'nee
toro'
u"ati
o6ur""o
KoJlrqecrBa
BHAeJItPqeficn
renJlorbl
nepeAaercq
qepe3
crer
ns
u
nItHApa
oxaaxAaroqefi
BoAe
E 3arpaqfiBaerct
Ha
rltccolrl'I-
aqnro
(,pacnal)
MoJIeKyJI
fa3a.
9ro6u
y
npoctnrb
3aAaqy
orpeAerlenllfl
*o'n1ttl:.3-
l-t:lorsr'
aefi
-
ct"*uno"d
cbo6uaeuofi
B lpoueoce
cropannq
pa6o'{-eMy
reJly'
BBo'
ar.rrcr
noHfi
TI.Ie
xoatltpuuueu
ra
tl{cnorb3oBa
Hnr
renna
gz'
-'--(o"OOnqoerif
'scno.lrbsoBaH
q
rertra
Ez
xa{paxre-
ousver
o;HouJeHne ,u,otH
Terlta'
@o6qaeMom
ra3y
-'( MoMeHry
npo-
iLZu
-""opunor
LB
mqKe
z
K
Kol[rlecrBy
ronnd
$qQs,
Kompoe
reo-
;;;;"";d
t,ror.no
6u
6nrr
coo6ueso
ra3y
npn
ycnoBl,t,
rlonHoro
cfo-
i;;;;t;
*",
mnr""a
r
orcyrcrB'I,
xaxrx
6u
to
Hti
6brro
norepb
!enra:
rAe
Q"
-
KotltqocrBo
ren,na,
ooo6qaeuoe
ra3y
B
peaJIbHoM
npoqec-
ce
cropaHnt
AO
TOqKU
Z.
--
KolOOrq";i"r
!"
sarncnr
or coBepuleHcrBa
[pouecca--
cropaHul
,onn""u"
'u"nnu"uu
norepl
renna
B
nep'oA
cfopaHuq
u
np'
npoqlx
DaBHbrx YcJloBl.lflx
onpeAerqeTct
6ucrpoxoanocrlo
ABLtar€rq'
t
""I]il
i
;t;#'
lr!flvfi-
pvrireorcrsoiarrcs
3HaqeHI.IqM
I'r
Ez
:
0'65+
+o,Si.
bonee
lr.rsruIe
suiienlrt
yKa3HBaKlr
Ha
fiarfit
.l^e,-3'Haqhrerb-
roio
gpaopn""" TonJIuBa
na anunm
pacrxn'pe'ufi h
yc[JreHHyro
reuno-
oiaaqri
e'uoAy
I.r
rnn[qnbl Ars
sucoxoo6oPorHblx
QopcHpoBaHHbIx
n"i.ri"ral.
Bh"o*""
3HaqeHnfl
E,:0,80+0'85
xapaKrepHbl
Jlrlfi
Ma-
noo6oporHux
agnrarenei.
--
"-l;;il&tiropanm.
Ha
ocHoBaftt.
nepBoro
3a(o'a
repMoAn'a-
u"*;"'dilo
-4,-ErgoQ*,
coo6qaeMoe
pa6oqeMy
re"ry
Ha-yqacr(e
uH-
Ar&aropuofi
alrarpaMMbl
cu"uritlrio.o
arixaa
cz'2
(cM'
phc'
139)'
pac-
;;;;;;t^ffi;*ul,*v"p"*""d
s'eprru
pa6oqero
rena
(Au):
ii-ii
"o""0t""""
pa6ora'
ALt,
Ha
yqacrKe
pacuupeHHn
rpn
nocroqH-
HoM AaBneHuH
z'z:Q":(tlJ)i
j
ALz'z'
- .. -
-'-
Li"
,roro
ypaoniunn,
npe.4crae'lr-toueno
co6ofi
6a'ranc
renla
s
TOqKe
Z,
nyrcv'
pnAa n'peo6pasolaunfi
npuxoAl'M
I{ EblpaxeHI'IIo'
I'13
*otopoio
riolyvit'l
reMilepaiypy
pa6ouero
rera
B
roqKe
a
,Q,
Br:Eo;
m
r"(e',
+
t,eel)+
-'!-9+-
=-
P"e;r",
(25)
rae
ef
-
cpe4naq Morr,Hafl
rcoxopHaq
rerrJroeMKocrb
gapraa
Bo3ayxa
KKanl(Monb:
oc)
[
xflx/r,ro,rr.K)l:
7i,
cv:4,tt0
*
0,00067"(Cv:19,27
+O,25Tc)i
(26)
^: pzl p.-CTeneHb
nOBbIuIeHI.Is
AaBneHflfl
npu
CrOpaHIjI,I;
:r.
:1,03+1,04
-
ro3QQlrunenr MoreKyJrrpHoro H3MeHeHnrr,
noKasbr-
Baroulnft yBerHr{etll,le
cyMMapHoro
KoJr[qecrBa
MoJ're-
xy,r pa6overo
rena
npH cropaur.ru ronnliBa
Ha
yqacrKe
czt 2:
a
-
l'"
,
.
,."_
Ma
rre Mz
-
KolwqecrBo
Monefr
tpoAytooB cropaH[q
a roqxe
z;
,44o
-
ro,rnvecrso
rrro,refr pa6overo
reJra
B
ToqKe
a.
Cpelurn MoJtbHafi
uso6apnaa
r€rrnoeMKocrb
cMect.t
(qtlcrbrx>
npo-
.lyKTOB
CropaHnn
H
OsIaBnefOCt
B
uHn,.rHApe
nocJe
3aBepueHfifi
cro-
pannR
n:6urovuofo Bo3,rlyxa,
nxa,[/(r*o.rs.qC)
[rflx/lro,rs.()],
6'"
:
a,8e
i
(i-
I
)
a,6
+
gl#
T
"
*
t,fr (27)
lz-"
20.49+G-l)19,27,
36*(a*1)251
1",:-
,
-r ---;104-I'
B tfoplry,ry
(27)
nxo4lr ncKoMas
reMneparypa I",
gHaqenle
ro-
mpori
4olxno
6srrl onpeleleuo
u3
ypaBHeH,rq
cropanxr
(25).
lloarouy npeAnaraeTcs
cneAylou[fl [yTb
peueHHq.
I-lHcaeHnue
eHa-
qeH[nfi
renroeMKocrefr
e,
u
C]
no4craeartor B
ypaBHeHr{e
(25),
nocre
qero
oHo npHBoAr.rrcs
r(
xBa.4parHoMy
)paBHeHHro
orHoc[TeJrbHo I{cr(oMofi
r€Mreparypbr
II,
c ros$$ruresrauu
A, B, C;
AT2+BT"-C:0.
-
3m ypaoxexne
Mox(er
6brrb
peureuo
no
qssecrHorl
a,rre6pauuecrofr
OopMyre
^
_
B+
V
_8._+
4AC_
;
,:
_
2_A_
LTeneHL
noiBbIueHut
aaBneHHq
II,0fi
croDaHHIl
L:p,!p"
oueHHBaercfl
Ha
oc+toBaHrlu au6paunoro
npn
pacuere
uar-
crMaJrbHoro
aaBJreu,nr
cropannfl
p".
pu
nu6ope
pz
Hyx{Ho opueHT,u-
poBaTbtt
Ha npuBeaeHHbre
Huxe onblrHbre
Aa,HHbre
n
[.MeTb
B BHAy,
qlo
yBe!'IsqeHEe
pz
ConrplxeRo c
pocTOM
Harpy3oK
Ha
Aerar'rli
UtH-
.rHH,{ponopurxeBoft
rpyllnbr, pocroM
MexaHr.rqecxoft
HanprxeuuocrH
,tB[fatens.
AIq
peaJIu3aIlIIn
qnKna
c o,rrHocETeJIbHo
MaJlIjMtL
pz
tl
coorBercrBeHHo
,He8blcoKofi
creneHblo
noBbtIIJeH,Itfi
,{aB"'IoH,us l,
,Heo6-
\od,I|Mo
yMeHbuIITb
yror'I
ouepexeHl.Iq
noaaq[
ToIrJIi[Ba, cMecTtB
Bcto
noaaqy B HanpaBrTenr{r.l
EparqeHuq
ea.na. E,rano,lapr
gToMy
yMenb-
rrrriTcs KoJrHqecTBo
TonJrtBa,
nocTynaoqero
B
uljnliHAp
H
cropanqe-
ro
B HeM
ao
rr,pnxoAa
rroplrlHt B
BMT; 66ntuas
qacrb
rrpoqecca
cropauxq nepefi4er
_
Ha JrrrnltIo
paclxupeullr,
a
gro
conpsxeHo
c
!'reubuenueM E
v Tz
a
cHtrxonueM
grottouuquocru
u{Kna,
TaKtM
n7
o6pa:orrr,
crpeMJreHlre
nottll3ltrb
Bo3HlIKaPul[€
B
Aeranf,
x ABI'IraT€JIE
me*asuqec*ie
Harpy3Kx
flyreM
cH]Itxegfif,
p,
Ir
]u
BcfyuaeT
B
IIporE-
"op"u"a
o
neo6xoil'iuocmro
o6ecnequm
ablcoKylo
SKoHoM'uqrHocrb Pa-
6o'rero
U}IXJIa.
flo onulnuu aaH'HblM
3HaqeHnA
pz
u
|"
JIeXar
B
npeaenax
y
agurareneft:
^"""^mooop"""ux
p":50+95
Krc/cM'
(5+9,5,
$IIaJ
;..'l':
l'2+
+
r,ss;'
cpealeooopoi"o*
P,:55+140
xncicr'r2
(5'5-14 Mrla);
i':
:1,5+2.
Bucorue
3HaqeH
q
pz,H Marble l
xapaKT'epHbl
'['lts Asl'rrareJreft
c
BbrcoKoft
creneHblo
Ha.uAYBa.
Be.nnquua
T"
o6uqno
lexur
.IL.ns
rono
qro6ti
onPeaeJxrb
B npeaerlax
1750-2000
K'
[OJ]OXeHne
T0qKlt
Z
Ha
A[IalPaMMe
pu"Gn"o* [uxra
(cM.'plic. 139),
nafiaer'l
o6teu
V"
HclloJlb3yfi
cne-
aylolrlHe
3aBt{cllMocTH:
P"V
,:
M,8487
"i
P"V
":
Mo848T
"'
rAe
Mo:
M''
Pa3AenHM
nepBoe
ypaBHeHl{e
Ha
BTopoe H
BcnoMHI{M'
'].ropzlpc:
}"i
M,IM":
p'
Torga
noaYvnv:
P'v'
M'r''
''Y'
pn:fr;T"
^v,
vz
F"
T"
vc
I
Ic
AT
orcloA!
vz:
v
r
-T-
Tl'
O6osuaqru
i::
P'
orclona
-
-!'-Tz
y-
t T
'
KoeQQrqueHr
p Hocl{T
HaHMeHoBaHhe
crerreHl'I
npeABaplr-
r".nunbio
PadIIIfipeflnq'
ero
BeJIHqHHa
onpeaeJlter
creneHb
;;;;&";
pa6ouero
rera
(rasa)
B
npoqecce
cropaH't
or roqKu
z' to ros.Kn
z.
T
:l"i
i
€
37. CMECEOSPA3OSAHhE
flpoueocau
BocnJ'IaMeHeH
s
I{
cropaHnfl
T$["lrBa
B
Il[tILHApe
ABH-
,"r"r!
*p"ar*rByer
npouecc
o6pasoeaHnr
ropovefi
cMe,cH
TonJ'III-
ullo3gjrx,
no''ryuilaurnfr
HaHMeHo;aHHe
cMec-eo6pa3oBaHI'lt'
--
B-
ffique
oi
rap6oparopnHx
asurareiefi'
B
Kolopblx
cMecb
npn-
roraBrfiBaslcq
,Bue
iunlrfiApa,
I
Kap6ropaTope'
B
ArBetrtx
cMeultrBa'
NE
(28)
r
!..
I
Ii
fr,'
i.'
HUe
m[.,IABa U
rCnOnb3yeMOrO B I{aqeCTBe
oKHcrHTeng
Bo3lyxa ocy-
uecrBJ
reltq
BHyTp[
ururuHApoB.
flo
cnoco6y ocyqecrrnenEfi
cveceo6pasosanre rroApa3Aerrerct
Ha
o6lerrrnoe, o66eMHo.lrefioquoe
r ut€HoqHoe. flocae.qnre
ABa
cno-
co6a
npuueuror
ficKJlorrrnTeJr'Ho
r rucorcoo6opoTHbrx
TpaHcnopTltHx
IBHtareJrsx
c ManHMH
pa3MepaMI
rlllrfiltApoB. Ilpusutn
nleHoqHoeo
t o6tenno-naeaoq*oeo
caecio1paaoaa*un
coc"totri
u
to*.
'rro rracrb
unKnotsofi
noAaqfl TorurflBa
pacnbldHBaercq
,r Hcnapnercr
s o6teMe
3aprAa B oonoBHofi
KaMepe
cropa'Hlts, a ocraJtnnoe
ronrfrBo x3
Qop-
cyHKrr
HanpaBJlteTct
Ha creHKn
Aono,'IHure4buo[
KaMepH,
pacncrro-
xeflHofi BHyrprl
fonoBK[ nopugr.
3.ra nopulra ronJrnBa pacreKaeTct
no'creHKaM
KaMepbr,
a
ouusal.ouufi
creHRH
BparqanujHfrcfl 3apr.u,
cnoco6crryer
,nnreHcntplxaLluu
trcnapeHls
n:louxn lona,nna
u o6pa-
3oBaHHro
cMoch napoB
'H
Boglyxa. Pas,'rtr,lfie
Mexly nneHoqHbrM
rr
o6beM,Ho-[,'leHo'rnu
u
cueceo6pasoaa H,HeM cocrotr
B xodltiqocrtse
rolr-
,'r,llBa, rroAaBaeMorro Ha foprq[e
crerKn.
flpn
nJreHoqnoM cnoco6e
ono
cocraBJ'rrer 85-900/0
gq,
a rpu
o6teuno-naeuoqnolr
-
40-500/s
g..
B
cyaonux
aBurareJ'rrx
Mano-
l,t cpelHeo6oporHux,
xMerournx
cpaBHrarer'rbHo
6o,rrurne
pa3MepH
qunlluApoB
H KaMep
cropanur, npll-
xeHrert{ npsfiMyurecrBeHHo
06r€MHo€
cMec@6pa3oBaHtre.
O6rcnnufi
cnoco6 ocnosusaelcr
Ha
paoHouepuoM
pacnpeAeJreH.tr.r
M
eJr
KOpa
cnb,rJreHHoro
TonJr,[Ba
ts Bo3.[yruHoM
3a
ptae,
qTo,qocTHrasrct
nocpeAcrBoM
oor,'racoBa.llrRt
OaJJltcrtr,tecKlx
napa Me.rpoB
(ga,ruto-
6oiiuocn,
vroJr
E MenK@Tb
pacnbrJrnBaH[r)
ruxoarulux
us
Qopcyn-
Kn ronJrnBHbrx
QaKeroB
c
QopMofi
KaMepbl
cropaHrrn,
o6ecnevuaa-
tou-(eii
HeBo3Mox(Hocrb
nonaaaH(fl
TonnuBa
Ha
creHKH. B or.nn-
que
or
nd'reHoilHoro
cueceo6pasooauut
Bct no,(aqa
ronJrlBa
.4orxna
pacflpeaer'rrTbcr
B
Macce
Haxoarrqerocr
B
KaMepe
3apflaa
BO3AyXa.
B cueceo6pasoaauHH,
oco6eHuo
B
cpeage-
r rucoxoo6oporuux
ABnraTe.rsx,
onpeAeigHHylo poJ'rb
raKxe
trnpaeT [cnoJrbgoBaHlre
op-
faHB:x)Bair
lom
IBlixoEHs
aooayulrom 3apraa,
co3aaBaeMoro
Korr,cr_
pyKTinBHHr'H
Ooprarfl{
xaxEtbl
cropafinr
rI BnJrcKHoro
rpa(Ta.
pacnHrtaaHue
ronJrHBa
Ha Menbqafiufre
ranJrH nDonc-
xor,HT
nyreM
pacnaAa
cnpy[,
BureKaroqefi
ae xaxloro
con,rosoro
oraepcrHfl
4'opcyH.Ku
co
cKopocrrMK 6o,rlee
250-350
v/c.
O6pasyoulnficr
r[a re,r
ion,rnaa
(pnc.
140)
cocrou? 13
uenrpa,rb-
rfofi
qacr[ -
crpyn
\nH AApa /,
sr,ro.rapuefr
rpy6o
pacnuueuHue
q
a cTIt IlbI
ToIrJt ItBa l,I SHaqnTeJI
bHoe Ko-JI
HqecTBO
O?p
bnBa
eM
H
X EO3AyXOM
pacxo,4rxlrxct
nnrefi,
,r
o6oloqrul
Z
cocroquefi
H3
DacrrbrrerdHoro
xa
ueatqafiuue
qacrrlrln
mnJruBa.
CrepxHeaar
uacrl
eaxe.na
o6-
.raaaer 6oauuofi
gHeprxefi
H cxopoc?bto,
a no
Mepe
yaa,rbu,lla
r
ne-
pxeepHH
(ooonoqKe)
cKopocrb
Karrenb
na.[aer
(rpurano).
KpHBar6
noxa3blBaer pac[peaeneHne
Ton,r
8aa, ero
KoHrleHrDauub.
no cerreHnro
$axe.na.
.
Ha xa,{ocrso
cueceo6pa:orarlr
cyurecrBeu,Hoe
BJrrrrlflie
oKa3uBaer
_rfopua
rlaxe;ra,
xapaKrepn3yeMar
yrnou
KoHyca
p
h ero
r,rllrofi
L.
3rn
pasuepu
AoJrxHH
6urr
raxnui,
vro6u
eirel
s.nncu-
Barcr- B
Kauepy
cropan[r,
nporuinat
tro
natr6or6e
yAaneFHHx
06-
.'tacleB,
Ho
B To xe BpeMt
Ee
Aocfarat
cToHor [oplttHs
nJu.t
qtrtnrHA-
n{,
Puc.
140.
Cxeuarnecxoe
crpoeuue
0aKe,1a
pacrbl"IItBaHnt
"1+i'aar.i**l!!'|.n;:
pa
eo
ns6exauue
HenoJlHoro
cro-
panna
ronlnaa
K o6Pa3oBaHnq
Ha-
rap
a.
Vron
xonYca
recno
cBg3aH
c
A,'rnHoili
OaKeJla
E
ToHKocrblo
pac'
nH,rt-tgaHI.iq.
tIeM
Meflbqe
KanrI.I'
TeM
cKopee
oHh
TepEIOT
nocTynaTeJlb-
gvro
croDocrl
H
orrecHtIOTCg
K
nipr.r$epir
a,
o6PaaYl
6o;ree
tYnofi
yrir,r'xoHyca.
fIPu
arov anvua
$are"ra
coxPaulaercr.
-
Ha
Pasenrxe
Qaxe'na
I
Ton-
KOCTb
pacrIbl.Ill'IBaHUq
oKa3bIBaeT
B,'rfiflHlre
pga
tpaxropoe,
K
qficJly
KOTOpblx
orHocqTct
aaBJIeH[e
BnDbICKI-lBaHI.Iq,,[HaMeTp
conno-
nor'x
oroepctuft,
tpusnuecxue
caofi'
CTBA
TOII,'IhBA
I-,I
AP.
B
3Kcn,'ryaraq[,H
npH
'l'l3Hoce
upeqH3lloHHblx
SJIeMeHToB
H
oHu)Ke-
""n nron"oi"n
ronflH;Hofi
anflaparypbl
orMeqaercfl
naaeu'He
'[aBJIe-
HHt B[pbIcKHBaE[t'
rITo
BeAer
i
aueururenarc
cKopoc-rl.I--ncreqeHng
ron,ruBa
H3 conJloBblx
ot""p""ifr.
6
pe.y,u"u""
yMeib[aercq
r"'Iy6'lt-
Ha
npoHlrKHoBeH
q
BepuliHbl
Qaxe.na,
ero
AnnHa
coKpau'aerct'
pac-
nbrJrrrBaHIre
craHoBttrcf,
0t""""-
oanopoa"uu
x
6o'lee
rpy6uu'
flpll
ul"oi" "onrouox
orBepcrnfi
yBeJluqnBaerct
ttx
auaMerp'
rlro
raKxe
conpoBoxaaercn
cHItXeHIreM
TOHKOCJII
H OAHOpOAH-OCTI'I
pa cnbIJIIiBa
-
"r"'.
gapo
Qaxe.na
yn.nornaercn,
6o,rlure
BpeMeHu
rpeoyerctr
Ha
pacnag cipyri,
yMenbulaercs
yroJl KoHyca'
qro,
B
cBolo
oqepeAr"
npea-
onpeaerrser
yMeHbueHue
conporrln,neilr
cpeabl
npill[KHoBeHl.Ilo Oa-
xe.na.
.IL.nnHa
QaKena
pacr€r n'ponopulrona;rlno
/Ad",
rae Ad"
-
nprpaueHlle
alrar,'rerpa
meepc"ur
ion'ra'
Bosuuxaet
BepoqrHoqrb
nbniaantiq
rorIJI[Ba
Ha
,[HHuIe
nopurHt
H
creHKH uarl.IHApa'
qro
co-
npoBoxaaercf
ero
HenoJIHblM
CroiaH'neM,
lrureu^q{puxaqlel:
uarapo-
obpasosauns
H
onacHocrblo
MecrHblx
repMnqecKllx
nepefpy3ox
Me-
triru-
at"*o*.
3rru
o6uosrprcq
xecrKue
rpe6onalnn-
K
BeJIITqI'IHe
IOnycKa
Ha
yBeJII{qeHI{e
-IIsaMerDa
co[IJloBblx
oTBepcrHH
OT
ero
Ho-
MHHarbHoro
3HaqenI.Iq.
, ru
rpe6oean'un
6o'nrulnucroa
Qupru
ora
Be,lnqnua
He
Aorxna
npeeuurair
150/e.
,[,.nr
utrpoxo
ucno,nlsyeuux
B cyaoBblx al.I3entx
rtxeJlblx
torIJIl]B
xapaxrepnu
BblcoKne
3HaqeHlrfl
Bq3KOCTU'
nJlolHocra
E
CIIJI
noBepx'
noirnoro
HartxeHtq,
c
yBeJII.IqeHHeM
Koropblx
pacrer
aJIHHa
cIIJIou'
HOft
qa,cTl.l
crpyn,
pacTeT
AlraMerp
KaneJIb'
-Bo3pacTaer
xl{Bat
c ra
crpyl r.r
yae.nri,irlsaercs
Arlina
Saie.la.
r{ro6u
"9:T1:
-erllx
fiBrle-
nr-rfi
" o6ecne.tlttl'
KaqecrBenHoe
pacnbIJIl-IBaHHe
ronJMBa'
peKoMeFAy'
ercfl
TqxeJrble
ronJlHBa
noaorpeBarb ao
reMnepalyp'
npH
Koropblx
Itx
uriiJto
He
rrpeBbruaer
l2-i
3
ccr
(2-2'5"By) '
-(n"apt
ciopannr,
flo
xoHcrpymroHoMy
HcfloJIHeH
Io-
npHMeHq'
eMJe--s
AcuratdJrtx
ria
lepbr
florPa3aenf,PT
Ha
flepdsdelleH&bte'
no-
nA
p
Nd
e rrenfl.ue
u
P
a30
e rle
H,Hbte'
230
$!{]
_Helasae-neHHHe
kaMepbr
cropaHr.rr
AB{rare,tei:
d
-
S,Txetcrep
!r Batfl
BM3
c
nprnoroqrlo-t(.trEaBxol
npo.qylKor;
6_MAH;
6
_
3ynbrfep
Kanepot nepae)e./terrfloeo
runa
npHMeHArn
B
cvaoBblx
Maroo6o_
porHbrx
r.i
s 6o,'rluefi
vacru
cpe4neo6opolHtrx geuiare,rel
(plrc.
l+t
u
142).
B
erax_
xamepax
Bce
[pocrpaHcrBo
c:<arrl,
flpeacraBJrfier
cooor
€ar.rHrJH
oobeM,,
-ofp_aH[qeuuuri
4nurqeu
rroptuHfl,
ipHrux,u
l.t
creuKa
Mrl
q[n]ig,4pa.
Heo6xo4lr
ru
oe
Ka
qecrBo
crrreieo6p
aaoiaHna
.qo-
crrrraelcl
3a
cqer
corJraconaHln
xouQurypa4nr
xauelu
cnoparrtuff
c
oopMofi
fi
pacnpeaerr€uneM
$axeaor
r<ii,rnsi,
""ioi"ul,r"
".
or-
9:q:lrld
pacnbrnurenr
eopcy,nKn.
Bnxpenoe
ABuxecr,ue
Bo3Ayxa,
co_
3aaBaeMoe
B nep[oa
ta:oo6lleHa,
K
I{oHr{y
c)Karln
HeBenuKo
u
B
KaMepax
3Tofo
rufia
[rpaer
BTopocrerlenHoe
3HaqoH,ae.
I(arrreprr
ne_
pa3Ae,reHHoro
rMrra
xapaKTeprr3ylorcq
Ipocrorofi
xolcTpyxrnonom
rrclroJ'rHeHlt
l.t
sblcoxori
3KoHoM
r..trI
Hocrbro.
flpocrora
rconQr.rrypaqHx
KaMepbI
rrogBo,rter
o6ecneqngatb
-
OTHOCIITeJIbHO
HX3KHe
TeIIJIOBr,Ie
fianprxeHHq
B ee cTeHKax,
Orueqas
HelocrarKll
KaMeD
Iepa3aeJreHHoro
rnna
(norurueu_
HHe
3HaqeHnr
c,
yxyAureHne
cue_
ceoopa3oBaHlit
IIpH
cH}lxe l{tl
qa_
crorbl
BpaqeHr{r
H
Ip.),
creAyer
raKxe
uMeTb
B
Br.r,qy,
qTo
B HepaS-
,teneHHblx
KaMepax
IIpu
BcnbllllKe
TolJIgBa,
coflpoBoxAaeMoft
oHailn-
TE,lbHbIM
NOBbIIIIEHIIEM
IABJIEHH'B
rro,locTr.t,
HenocpeAcTBeHHO
3aMbI_
xaeuoti
noBepxHocrblo
AHr{qa
I|OplxHr,
MaKcnMaJrbHoe
aaBJreHue
cropaHrrfi
IIepeAaercr
nocneaHeMy.
B pesy.nrrare
qero
KpaBolrnIrHo.
uaryHHbrfr
MexaHI]gM
ABHrarenfl
noilBepraercr
uosgeficrourc
nuco-
nrrr
u
6ucrpo
HapacrarorqHx
Ha-
rpy3ox'
qro
ooycroBrnBaer
BiJ_co-
puc,
142.
Hepa:4ereaaar
rauepa
KHfi
ypoBeHb
MexaHnqecKofi
Ha-
;fir;;
#;-":i;i:u;".r,
231-
flbcxeHHoctl,|
sieMeHroB
qfi'
risaponopusesofi
rPYnnH'
oco6euHo
o
QoPcuPoeaunux
HaJUIVBOM
aBItraTeJltx'
I lo-
gTOMy pqa
Qnpu
npu
cosaa-
/
nuu
cpeaneo6oporuux
-QoP-
CltDOBAHHbIX
ABfifATCJIEtl
B
nDeaKaMeDoi:
I'-
nP"*"*.Pu,
2
-
conroi
t
^
noirc*e
peurerufi,
KoroPHe
Z
nogao,ns.nu
6u
cut.tsnrr
YPo'
BeHb
I'lx
MexaHllqecKofi
Ha-
.r
nptxeHHOCrH,
06parHnIct
K
'
nbedxanePxona
c
eteoo
Pa'
30aaflun,
KanePu, PasdeneHHoeo
rlna' KauePu
cropanltt
c
npeAKaM€paMH'
oTtlocsuHe-
ci
x
ruc.llY
Pa3reneHHH
x
KaMep,
paHee
lllHpoKo
nptr-
MeHtJIt'l
B
TpaHcnopTHblx
IB
TaTeJIsX
nptt
peueHBI'I
3aAaq
nPucnoco6reHHq
I-lx
K
pa6ore ua
rtxe,'lblx
ron'ltr-
Bax.
flpn
nPe4xavePsoM
cMe'
;,,
i,
".
ceo6pa3oBanl{[
(pac.
143)
Ant
pacnPeaeneHun
ronnnBa-^no
3aptay
uoiai*u
"anoroeyrorcr
noroxu'
cosaa'lqnecq
np'o
flepereKa',u
qaciir
sapsaa
It3 utnnrApa
B
npeafiaMePy
"o
"p","-1
,l-o4.L.:xarllt
u
3
npeaxaMepbl
B
ultnBH,u,p
Bo
.BpeMr
-xola
'pacuupe,Hr.rs'
Heo6-
ioan'uun
nefenaa
aaBJleHxt
B
3Tor
nepuoA aocrgraerct
3a cqer
croDaHrs
rlacTr.r
ronnnuu
-
o
npeAiaMepe,
o6leu
-
roropofi
i."Siirrii"t
is*goob
V"'
noc'neaynuee
ncreqeHue,npoAyKroB
aropr"n"
BMecre
c
HecropeBuuM
ro[JIt'IBOM
B
HaanoPuHeBoe
nDocTpaHcTtso
wnuHApa
Bbl3blBaer
B
HeM
nHTeBCIIBHyto
ryp6yflu3a-
ii"#'
5il;i;;
i*--
odi.
n tu
"u'"t
xopouree
n€pe
Me'rBa
H I{e
.IITIHBa
t,:
.
i
i..
j'
i
ii.
I
i
ii
lt
it
li
li
',
ti
-
[t,
l:i.'
'It
BO3AyXa.
[ff.i,
"p
o"'
" "e
B
K aH
arl a x
Pt"-1'9-"1.1
"-^t]::T*:"
; i }:H:;
.'i-"t";;";1il,"&;;"d;';;a;"i"t"*o'1qqqul:::...1.'16^"i::
;;;;;;;d".'b*oenoBuue*ielll*y3""*""',T"piXl-Jp#;
lii;T"'d!ffi ffi;;;;;;"p_4":T,1.:.:".1'tT*;:":"*x
;;i;#";'ufi"6il;unrnno-ruarvniuft
*"13L1,:.T^ nq1A' "H".:
noilrsx'
B
orJHqHe
or
KaMeP
nepa3'
cnreJlbuo
6,naronPumnux
Yc'
;:;ffi
ft
;;;;;;.;a*;'p'''"1i!-f:"i:."-"..::13",9"'S1::liX
l;;6;";;';;;*-
&m
n"'n*ri"-
-""9t-L11"-lp:.i*:Y"i:"';;;T.:ll1
l$atil;;;;;;''6"'r""o"1y.11,1r'-:.:T:-g:i6l31x"#Xi.X"l::
;;:#;;';
*r"**u
gacnuanra'nnr
ronnrBa
It cKopocrHoro
pe-
xnMa,{gnraTerf.
E"Fr:;;;;;i;rc,teceo6pqt',o,aau'-lll1*,^:""""*:iJi",?"#
" "i
;#6;;;ilu
i
4
a'
ch op*r
u-
aTlll111.l''- i:T"t.11":3:
":
;frd;;,
'.il;;entn,
'ot"onuino"
Ha
nporeccbr
BocnrlaMeueHlit
n
Pnc.
143.
Pa3ae"leuHat
l(aMepa
ctopas!lt
c
n2
Pnc.
34. Buxperar
xaMepa cropaBsr:
Pttc,
145'
- -Ilo-ryp-a3tre.leHHat
(aMepa
j:f,",i,T"'
,
*
Oopcvsxr;
3
-
Dcrstxn;
cropauue
L[Hll/lll
cropalrl!f,,
r
o6teu
flpocrpaHcrBa KaMepbt,
B cH,ly
obl€rpoxoAHocrtr
tI MaJIbtx
pa3MepoB
UIrJIfi
HJIpOB crpoto,'IltMHrl'lpoBaHbL
O6qee
npocrpancrBo
cxarr.rs
(V")
ae,nnrcg
Ha
ABe
qacrH:
ocHoB-
Hyro,
pacfionoxeHHyr,o
B
HaanopulHeBoM
npocTPaHcTBe,
I{
AonoJIHI{'
renbHyro
-
BuxpeByro
(50-80%
Vs), coe4nuexHue
Mexay
co6ofi
rauarbM
oruocnierluo 6oaluoro ce'reuna
(pnc.
144).
Kauat
4
wa-
flpaBneH
no racare.nrnofi
K KaMepe /, Nuepuefi
uapoo6pa3nyro
Qop'
My.
Bo3ayx, nepereraroq[fi B
nepfioa xoAa cxarns
H3
uHnHHApa
B
xauepy,
npuo6peTaeT B
Hefi 6"raroAapa
npr.IHqToMy HaK.lIoHy
KaHar'Ia
fiHTeHcuBHoe BpalqareJrbnoe
(ouxpeooe)
aBHxeHhe,
cnoco6crayo-
utee 6ucrporrly
r nonHouy
nepeMeutlBanltn
efo
c BIIpbIcKHBaeMblM
lepes
o6uvuo
oaHoaHpqaryto
Qopcygxy
2 e
xauepy ro[JIHBoM.
E.naroaaps
cropa[tnn
aagaellue
a
KaMepe Bo3pacraer,
r 3a cqer
o6pa3oBaBr[erocs
nepellaAa Lp:
pB.
r--
p,\
npoAyKTH
HenoJlHofo
cno'
parlltf,,
lr€cropeBuee ToIIJIHBo
'H
BO3AyX
yCTpeMnsIOTCfl
B
lll.IJItlHAp.
HeoxraxAaeuas scraoxa 3
H3 xapocroftRoft
craJlu
Hrpaer
porbrert'
noBoro aRKyxynfmpa, BoctlPHlrlrMapuleno
Terlno npfi
cnopaHI.IH
Il
oraaFulem
ero
SaptAy
Bo3ayxa
B
nPoqecce
cxarnt
np8
ero nepere'
Kas
v ts
u[n[HApa
B
Kauepy.
B
pesyaurale reuneparyPa
Bo3,u,yxa
B KaMepe noBbluaefct
Ir 3I0 co3AaeT
npeAnocHnKu
jlnt
nyquefo
npOTefaHI.I9 IIpOlleCCOB HCnapeHt|q
II
BOCIIJ!aMgHeHHq
TO[,'IUBa' OCO'
6enuo npn MaJrHx
Harpy3Kax
u
oSoporax.
Heaocrarxou drxpexaueplHoro
cMeceo6pa3oBaH,uc
qBrqgrct
no-
BHUIeFHHft
paCXOA
mIIJIHBa,
O6lrOnreUnfi
KaJtHrtueM
IIoTepb
renta
B
creHKlr
ns-ga
6onruofi msoc[TeJlbnoft
noBepxn@Tu oxJIaxAeH'Ilt
t
rnapaBnuqecKHx
rloTepb,
BoSHrrxaloqux
npu
n€peTeKail{tlH
ra3oB
,tt3
exxperofi
KaMepH r.l
o6paruo.
B
comge'rcrBnrr c
panee yno
tnyrofi rpaAaqnefi
nPenKaMopbl
Il
BnxpeBbre
KaMepbr oT'HocETct
K
(naccy
paSAeteHflHx KaMep
cropa'
H
I.lt,
Tnnnquuv
nptiMepoM notgpaadeaennwx
Kd ep cropanlrq tBrt-
ercr
pasMeuleunaq
B nopuHe xauepa IIHI.IAH,
npeAcraBJleH'Hat
Ha
pllc.
145, B Kqropoft
ocyuecrBnterEtl
o6teMHo'nreHo'IHoe
cMeceo6-
pa3oBaHue.
?33
l''
5
38.
Oh3h'{ECKhE
OCHOBU
EOCnnAMEHEHht
A
CIOPAHUA
TONNhBA
O6pasonaHne
ropnqeft cMec[
Il BocnJraMeH€Hlle.
06pa3oBan[e
ropn'reft
cMecu
He oFpauuwiBaerct
qucro
MexaHuqecKxM
pacflpeae-
ren[e]r
ron,nusa
B
o6'beMe
3aKJMrIeHHoro
B
(aMepe
3apqaa
Bo3,qyxa'
EnaroAapr
KoHTaKTy
Kane!'Ib
pacnblJleHHoro rorL,I[Ba
c
roptqlMBo3-
avxou
ipolrcxoanr
rx narpen
u
lcnapeHl{e'
hsteHouguoctl
3rl'x
nboueccoa
3aBrcl{T
or
pa3Mepots
Kanenb'
cKopocr[
Itx.&BI'DKeHrHq
or-
Hbofireruuo
Bo3Ayxa,
or reMneparyPbl
I.I
AaBreHfit
nocJleruelo
rI
or
ougl.Iqecxnx
cBofrcrB
TontI.IBa
-
Qpaxqnol'noro
cocraBa'
TenJIo-
eux6crn x
cxpurofi
TenJIorbI
{rcnapelrxr
O6pasyouuecq
naphl
yAaJlfiIorcfl c
noBepxnocrl{
KaneJIb
n cMe-
uxBardTci
c
Bo3.[yxoM.
flpn
elorrl
oMecb
,napH
TonnfiBa
-
Bo3ayx
BecbMa
Heoanopo,qHa
no cBo€My
cocraBy.
I'Icnapeuuo
noABepralortfl
npu*aa
u"ano
i
ru6oa"e
MeJtI{86
i(alrnu,
HaxoA{lluect
'Ha
nepnQepnll
rpixe;ro'n
ronnuBa,
e4ecr
6naro4apl
recnoMy
KoHTaKTy
c
Bo3ayxoM
lt
nannqnp
Hanperblx
nooepxuocrefi
cTeRoK
cyqecTBytot
u
uan6olee
6naronpnflrHble
ycJloBuf,
Anfi
o6pa3oBaHlrr
mpovefi
cMec
HeoAHo'
porHocibro cMec[
o6]RoHtercq
ror
Qaxr,
qro
BocIIJIaMoHeHLe
npo-
'llcxoAnr
He
o1goBpeMelrHo
Bo
BceM o6lelre
xauepu
cropaHlrt'
a
JruIIrb
B oTAe,IIt'HbIX
ee
3O4IaX,
fAe
MecTHbI€ 3HaqeH[fl
Ko9QQI,IU
eHTa
rs6brrxa
Bo3ayxa,
xapalcreplr3ylox.lero
cocraB
cr,recn,
6lnaxlr
x eg'n-
nuue.
Hvenno
np raKoM
cocraae
x'IlMHqecKI'Ie
peaKllllu ol(tlc.llen]lfl
coll,poBoxAatorcfl
Hau6onbulIM
Te[JIoBbIAe,'IeHIt€M.
flp.oqecctr
o6paaonatrnr
roproueft
cuecll'
BKnFqalouue
pacnaa
crov
r,onr't.rsa
Ha
(anJTu,
o6pasoaaune
Qaxela,
ero
npoHllKHoBeHlle
e
iiy6l
sapn4a
Bo3Ayxa,
flponpeB
KaneJIr" trx
[clapeHl.Ie
t cMe[lll-
eaHr.Ie
napoB
c
Bo3ayxoM,
a TaKXe
IIpoqeccbl
xltMljqecKot
noAroroBKl.l
cvocu
x
iocn'rartleHennlo,
o6ycJloBJle
IHbIe
nporeKaH[€M
npeAn"IaMeH-
H6rx
peaKutfi, oonpoBoxaaroullxcs
cra6uM
noBbIIrIeHI.IeM
aaB"'IeH[q
u
o6pa3oBaHl.reM
xoJloAHolo
TIJIaMeHII'
3aHHMaIor
orlpeaeJleHHoe
Bpe-
Ms.
SiTor
[poMexyroK
BpeM€Hx'
ofct{HTblBaeMblii
or
MoMeHTa
}IaqaJIa
nocTyllneHl.lg
TOnJII.IBa
E
UI,JIxHAp
.4o
MoMeHTa
HaqaJla
oblcrporo
[o-
sbIUJe,H'Irq AaBJIeIInt
B
UnnII'HApe
ABfitaTeIfl
BCIeACTBI.Ie
yxe
3Haq[-
I
l
F
ir
I
i
i
1
,l
TerbHoro BbIAeJIeHHt
TeIIJIOIbI
npu-
H9TO Ha3bIBaTb
nepltoaoM
3a'
aep
xKIr
Boc n JI a
M e H e H H t,
r.r Jr
r{
nepuo.EoM
ITHLyK-
(I'H.
Ha npuae,u,euHofi
Ha
Plc.
146
paseepnyrofi
I.IHAHKaropHoit
-.4fi
ar-
paMMe
STOT
neplto,Il
ooo3Ha-
qeH
{p3aa.
flponcxoarulHe
B
rlepfioa
3a-
aepxKH
BocnraMeHeHfiq
xI.IMItqe-
cK e
peaKuli
cocTotT
B
HenoJIHoM
oKr{cJIeHI.IH
yrneBoaopoaoB
ToIIJIHBa
Puc,
146.
@aeu
nPo[ecca
croPauue
N