Возницкий И.В. Судовые двигатели внутреннего сгорания (конструкция, теория эксплуатация)
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
3agtrcr]r,ocru
rosrpQnqHeura
or naLpaMerpoB
nosg,yxa uoxer
6urr
npe,4c?
aBJreHa
B
CJ'reayr,oueM
B[Ae:
Vo
"lo
I
'?d:7,
li
TTT'
t4e
Vd
u
7"
-
nolHufi
H pa6o,rnfi
o6teuu
qn,rnr4p6;
Ta
It
Tr
-
nIOTHOCTb
BO3AyXa
COOrSerCraeHno.B
ur.rnrlHApe
H
B
pe_
cHBepe;
T,
-
ko3oQrx$lHeHT
ocTaToqHhrx
ra3oB.
Bnpaanu oTHoueHne
Va/Vs \epi.s creneHb
cxarug
e.
Tar
rar
e:
:Y"/V",
ro
Va:eV".
B ro
xe
BpeMq
yr:
Vo-V":eV"-V":
:V"(e
-
1).
Toraa
Va
"V"
v.te-ll
r_
t
Bocno.D3osasurcb
ypaBHeuneM
1
:
#,
3aMeHxM
orHoue
HAe
"t
o/
^l
s
qepe3
coorBercrByrotrrne
napaMerpa p
u T:
pa
lo4
t"
_-FT,
n"
r"
r,
-i"-tri:
n
7.
'
Rr"
Iloc,ne
no.4crasoaxt
r
(13)
ror'ryqeHHbrx nupaxrennfi
Qopuyla
A,,rx
KogQQnuHeHTa
Ha noJrHeH,lrfl
nptrMer
c,'leryrcuuil
orouvareluuurl
nun:
e
PoT"
I
'?',:
E
-
I
p"
f; lTi
'
3ayeqaHrg
x
0opMyJe
(14):
Ars ABrrale-nei
6ea Haa,tysa
pc
fi l.
crelyer
3aMeur.rrb
ta napauerphr
oxpyxabqefi
cpeAbr
po
rr Io,
sHpa)KeHne
(14)
cocTaBJteHo,
lrcxoAt lt3
npelnonoxeHltt,
qTo
npl' xa[otHeHqq
Hcllonb3yelct
[oJIe3-
Hbrfi o6'beM
ul,mtlrpa V". noeroMy,
ecnn ueo6ioaruo qd
orHecrfi ro
iceuy
pa6o-
uevy o6relry
V
",
ro uaao
Bbtpaxeure (14) yMuoxurb
sa oruorueuue
V,/Vi:
:
(r-0.).
AxaJ[3
tDsfiTopoa,
Bnrsrcqnx
na
1r.
I4cxoAHoe Bbrpaxeltue
Anr
Ko3QOHulIeH-
Ta HanonHe
In
(13)
cocroqr
gs
c"'ieAylouux rpex
couroxlre.,reil:
Va
U..
1
7"'
l"-
"
t+r,
n e
pquti
co.aHoacrr
enb V
alv s
-
sra
nonpast{a,
onpe.qenroular Bo:rlroxnoc-tb
Itcnorb3o8aH{r
Arrfl
3apgAl(x
Bo3IyxoM
oobeMa
qulrrlpa
Vo. Hanovnru,
qro
npu
on_
peAeneHxr
tlH
l.tcrotrtT s3
qacro
ycnoBHoil
npe,(nocbrrKn
Bo3MoxHocrl HanorHeHuq
Bo3_
.qy{oM
nur[llb
pa6oqero
o6leMa
uHnxH,qpa
l/r
um
V".n,teict8HTenbHocrr
rl3-3a xopo-
uefi
opraHt3auuu
[pouecca
nlo,4yBloj
tl oqnclKri
lrjr
H.qpa or ocraroqFHx
rasoB
(.f,_ro)
Mor(Ho
3alorHrlrb
Bo3rvxou
l
,tacrb
o6r,€Ma
KaMcpb{
cxarnr (T.
e. o6aeM, 6nr3rni
x V,
*
V":
ya).
3ro
o6croqrerbcrao r yunuaaerci
oruouresueit Vo1Vr.
flpu
srou,
( l3)
(14)
rrocKoJrbKy
VJvs>l
r ecru
np{Bsrb
ValV36=
'1"
trTr:0,
1o
Koe(!'(brflIleHr
Ha'
nongenur
Moxel
ora3arbct
6orbure
eat-tttlubl.
Bropol
cot'tflowure'\b
Yoh"
tBrqerct
KpnrepleM
u3MeEeHltfl
!r'lorltocrq
SaPgaa
e
quJrr-rnape
no
cpaBlreEulo
c
nJlorHocTblo
Bo3ayxa
nepel
BnycKHblMl'l
op-faHaMu'
vueuiureue
'
nlorHocrli
Bo3ayxa,
xaK
yxe
oTMeqa'1ocb'
ooycnoBr'llBaercq
co'
IlporttB,,IeHreM,
oKa3bIBaeMblM
noroKy Bo3ayxa
BnycKHblM
TpaK'ToM,-a
ral(xe
Bo3_
nirnapurn"
a
p$ynbrare
noAorpeBa
Bo3ayxa
o
crel.!
u cMelll',Basufl--
c
roptql{Mll
ocraroqubrMlt
iasauu.
Orcloaa
tclo'
qro
Bce
oaKTopbr,
nprBo'[qute
K o(clJlyara_
un,l
*
yuern,retrut conpolllB,lelxt
u
noaorpeBa'
6ylyr orpluare'rtno--B-!-lltrr'
Ha
nE'
-
Ipbrud
contoxuri''to
l/(l+t,)
[oxa3blBaer
B,'IlltHBe
Ba
Is
KaqecrBa
oqlrcrKlt
qonnrupu
or
npoAyKroB
cropaxua.
Ornou.renue
l/(l+"V'):rl"
xaP-aKrepll3yer
npo-
ayBxy
untnH,&pa
t,l
no3roMy
no.nt
nint"nouunne
KflA
ipo'uysxfl-tleM
sblure Kfl'II
niro-nvsxu n.
u,rn neurure
KogOOuu{eHT
ocraroqlll{x
ra3oB
Yr'
TeM
6o'1bue
lE'
TeM
nbnn"",n"nbro"v"tcs
06beM ulnlunPa a"]s
3anorleHHt
ero
so3ayxoM'
3apr1
noa4yxa
B
ut,trrrHApe.
3xaa
xolQQrnueur
llaflo"'IH€Hltfl
r1xr
""rpyi"o
onp"a"r".o
Maccy
3apfiAa
oo:ayxa
G':Gv"nn
B cBoo
oqepeab,
Gv,
:
tr'"Yu,
mraa
A':V"1"'t".
(15)
Orco4a
c,re4yer,
qro
3apta
Bo3Ayxa
B uHJ'ILHApe
G"
ii1:llTg
e noqvoil
3aBucl'{vocrll
or
n,r'lorHocrll
Bo3'[yxa
Y"
(tr"lfl
'[Bfirare'lelI
f "r'"ro-ay*
Vrl
n
xoorpsuuNeHra
HalorHeHllq
Is'
Ha
Kax'ublii
I.l3
xoropblx,
-g
ceoio
oqepeab'
cyuecrBeHHoe
Br[qHHe
oKa3blBaIor
aaB-
lesu!
po
Ir
reMleparypa
?0
arMocQepHofo
BO3Ayxa'
ero
B'raxHocrh
"
teunepatypa-
sa6oprxoli
goAH
7a''
Oaxropir,
i.irucnnfte
Ha
3apcA
Bo3Ayxa'
Paccuorplu
napaMerpbl
fi
BbIqCH[M
ItX
B"IXflHI'I€
HO
Crg'
!,aoaeuue
p0 n3Meliqercq
B
orHocllre'rbHo
He6orrbu-llx
lpeaeJlax'
r{ no3roMy
ero
BflHqHI'Ie
Ha'4n,
't"
H
Os
HeBenl,lKo'
B
o6qeu
c'ryuae
cHu)r(eHHe
p0
,
a
BMecre
c
HI.IM
I.l cHl.lxeHfie
p,:
pon.
-
A4
Bbl3blBaer
rponopllHoHanbHoe
yMeHbuIeHI'te
t,
:
;t
KorQtluuneHr
HanorHeHI'Is
Mensercfl
B
MeHbuefi
crefleHn;
o6bflcHserctl
9TO
reM'
qro
oAHOBpeMeH-
Ho c
p0 co(pauaercs
pa I't orHo[IeHI{e
po/po
r4Jtrr
po/p",
Bxonflwee
B Bblpax(eHHe
,lI.JItr
't?r,
lsMeHqercq
HeMHoro'
Teuneparypa
orpyxarculeil
cpe4H
?q
fi3MeHtercfl
B
3Haqr.IreJbHblx
npeae-rax,
L
rlo3roMy
ee
BJ'IJlflHIte
nu-]r"
"
I^"-.-9lnF"
;il;;;;;;;;;;ool,*tno
"
ABrrarenri
6es
Ha.ravaa'
flosHue'ue
'r
o'
*!*
,lpuu"ro,
cBt3aH'oe
c
nepexoAoM
cyAlla
ll3
ceBepHblx-unpor
B
I{})I{Hble'
BbI3blBaer
npOnopU"t'Ha'nbHOe
coKpalUeHI'le
IIJ'IOTHOCT}I
BO3Ay-
xa
T0.
h
3Haqnre.ltso
ueuluree
H3MeHeHI{e
1"
B
noc'reAleI'a
c'ryuae'
KaK
I.I
paHee,
cKa3bIBaercq
otHooLTeJIbHo
se6o;tluoe
u3MsHenrre
or-
;;;;ffi;ii"'.
B 'reno*
3apnA
Bo3Ayxa
G"
coxpauraercr
H 3ro
nps-
sornt
rli6o
K
naAeHlrlo
Moulnocrt'I
u
qacrorbl
BpauleHlla
aBurarerq'
ru6o
r
pocry ero
ren,rogofi
Hanptxe+nHocril'
Aexriarerill
c HaAAyBoM'
xar<
npa'nu'ro,
"t"9:
1l:::::l""rbnbl
K
"roi&ur"to
lo, nocxo.n'lry
qH
H
Ye
'3aBHcfiT
or
reMnepary-pbl
Bo3Ayxa
"ano"paa*"*noo
nepea
'rrr.r,rIHsa'paun
?"
B
cBoro
oq€peab'
Harl{ql{e
v-as"'.;e,rel
c
Haaayuool
xo,lto4u'ton"*u
uos4y*a
no3BoJtqer
npll
,t6
noBbrueHr.rH
Is 3HzqeHHe
I-
ynep-
xHBaTb
Ha
aocTaroqHo
Hl.l3KoM
vpoBHe.
- '
T e
rr.t
n e
p
a r
y
p
a sa6opr-
Hofi soasr
1u."
npt nepexoae
CyAHa
B
l,oxHble lU
POTbI
CYluecT'
BeHHO nOBbI[JaerCfl,
H 3m
BHOCI.IT
ofpaHHqeHHe
B BO3MOXHOCTb
nOA-
lepxanuR
T"
Ha seo6xoauuol,t
ypoane. HanounHM,
qro
B Bo3Ayxo-
oxJraarrTeJrgx
B
KaqecTBe oxJ'la)Kaa-
toueii
cpe,u,br
Ircflonb3yercl
3a-
6oprHan
soaa, Ir
a,rt
xoJloaflJlb-
.
HHKoB
c
AocraroqHo
passuroi floBepxHocrblo
MaJrbHo
AocTnx[Moe
3HaqeHHe
TeMrlepaTypbl
Ayxa,
K,
r,",,:r"."+(10+15).
T a6rrua
5
Bnarocoaepxagre
Bo3ayxa
d
Bnarocox€PxaHt€,
%,
trpt
e,
rPa.r
10
20
30
40
lo,*r lo,ooo
lo,oot
lo,ot0
0,0r2,0,013
lo,o19lo,02?10,025
10.0341
0,034
|
0.045
0,008
0,015
0,028
0,050
B,naxsocrl
Bo3Ayxa
xapaKTepl.r3yercff
Berlrqtnoft
orHo-
cure,rrgofr
BJ'IaxHocTl.l
Q,
flpeacTaBrqIoqefi
co6oii
orHolteHlte
IIJlor-
HOCTr.l
BOAfiHOfO
[apa BO BJIaXHOM
BO3AyXe K
MaKClMa'lbHo
Bo3MOX-
uoii
n.noruocrH
napa
npH
aaHHbIx
,4aBr''IeHuflx
H TeMneparype
cMecll:
^:
In
1n"u*.
B
gaeucl.tN{ocrn
or txHporbl
n,'laBaHt-rq
I.{ TeMlleparypbI
oKpyxa-
rcuero
Bo3ayxa B,laxHocTb
rloc,leaHefo
MoxeT
MeHtTbcq
B
aoBoJIbHO
rxllpoKl.Ix
lpeAeJlax, I.l
3To cKa3blBaeTcfi
Ha
I.i3MeHeHrII{
MaOCbI 3apqaa
eo3ayxa
G,. flocxo.rsxy
snaxHHil
Bo3ayx
coaepxlrr
s ce6e
BoaflHofi
nap, To
Macca 3aps/la B
[Hn[HApe
yMeHbuaeTcfl Ha
KoJIlrqecrBo
co-
.4epxaulerocr
B Bo3Ayxe
napa.
llpn 3roM
Menqlorct
xax roaQQnqH-
eHT
HanOJlHeHHtl rlH'
TaK
It IIIOTHOCTb BO3AyXa
ls.
B,rliqHr.re
B,'raxHocrl.r
Ha Maccy
3apgaa
MoxHo
ycraHoBllrb Ha oc-
HoBaHr!Ir c"'reayrcueii
tpopt'ly,ru:
,,
t
u":ysl"T"
t+lJld'
oxraxaeHliq
MuHn'
oxlaxaaeMoro
Bo3
(16)
rae
Ts
H
'r?H
-
nnorHocrt'
n
roa$<pHqueHr
HarorHeHhq
<cyxoro) Bo3ayxa;
n
d:
+
-
Bnarccojr,epxaHr.re,
npeAcraBnsrouee
co6ofi
orHou:eune
Maccbr
BoasHofo
napa
on
I( Macce
3apflaa cyxofo
Bo3ayxa
OB
(ra6,r.
5).
flocxo.nrry
npll nepexoae
cyaHa
B loxHble
ufiporbl
noBbIIrIeHIle
B,'ra)KHOCTr.r
BO3AyXa CO[pOBOXAaeTCfi
pOCTOM
ero TeMneparypbl
n
TeM[eparypbl
3a6oprHofr
Boabl, m
cyMMapHoe
B,'IHq[rNe
nepeqncteH'
Hbrx
(DaxropoB
Ha 3aptA Bo3Ayxa
B
u
JIl,lHApax
aBufareJlf,
oKa3bIBa-
eTct,
KaK
IrpaBI.IJIO,
3Haq,tTeJIbHr'IM.
2t7
i
lr.
i
3ro nporaaRortfl B
yBeJrHqerH[Ir
reM[eparyphl BbInyc(HLIx
ra3oB,
noBbrllleHElt TeMrreparyp
aera"'refi
q
nrrHAp,onopuHeBofi rpyflrr6l, a B
O{AeIbHbIX
CIyqatX
-
B OHI.IXOHTIiII MOUIHOCIIi
rH
TJaCTOTbI
BpallleHnq
ABurareJrfl.
flpn arou
oco6e.sso
qlmcrBnreJrbnbr
AB'I.IrareJrI.r
6es Ha.q,-
ayBa.
BtL6op
pecruna
ox,raJ$detun
eosdyxa
e Fo3AyxooxJraA,r.rreJre
He-
rrocpeAcrBeuHo cBs3aH c
BJra)Knocrbto.
C
oAsofi
cropoHbr,
6oree r.ny-
6oxoe ox,naxAegue
Bo3ayxa cnoco6creyer
cHH)r(eHIno
efo reMnepary-
pu
?u
n
coorBercrByrouleMy
yB€JI,ttqeHHro
ero nJloTHocrtt
!r1
o 3,HAuLtr,
r.I
yBeJItqeHI.Ilo
MaccL,r sapx4a G,. OauonpeueHno
yMeHr,rrenl.re
TeMneparypbr
nocryrramrlero B
qnJruHAp
aoslyxa 6raronpurrno
cKa3F,lBaercfl
Ha cHrxeHr.rI-{
reMnepaTyp
B
nepfio.4 npoAyBKn
ropqq[x noBepxflocrefi BTy,'rKn
ufinuHApa,
roJroBK fioprllHrr It
KpbrrxKIr.
C
xpynofi
cropoHbr, nplr ox,{a)KAeHlli
Bo3Ayxa B xoJIoaHJrr,HKKe
BO3MO)I{'HbI I{OHAeHCatUq BO.('HOIO
napa U nonaAaHlie I(OHAefiCara
BMeCTe
,C
BO3AyXOM
B IInJ,IHAp,
qm
MO)KeT BbI3BaTb l|HTe{ICUBtrylo
Koppo3r.ro, oco6esno npu
pa6ore
Ha cepHxcrbrx rorrJrKBax.
floarouy
B
3IiCn"'IyaTaqHX
BaXHO TeMrlepaTypy BO3AyXa 3a
XOJ'IOAHJII'rIIHI{OM
noAAepllq.IBarb
AocramqTro
Hll3Kott,
Ho He HHxe TeMnepaTyPbI KoH-
AeHcaqnE
BoAfiHoro
napa.
,{,rn
Bo3.4yxa c muocute,tsttoii
BJ'IaxHo-
crbro
e:900/0
u rer,aneparypoii
25-30"C reMleparypa KoHIeHcaIlHn
npr.r
AaBnenr.ru
cxarr,rq B Ha rerareJle
p":1,5+1,9
xrc/cu2
(0,15+
+0,19 MfIa)
,'rexllit B npeAerax 30-39'C
(303-312
K).
$
35. nPOqECC CXATht
B
sa4avy
np.oqecca
cxarrrrl
BXoAI.IT
noBr,IrIeHIle
aaBJreHrllt
J.I
ToM-
fleparyptr
3apqAa
ao
sflaqenlli,
Itoropble o6ocnequan 6bI
,HaAexHoe
caMoBocIItaMeHeHHe
BnpbIcKHBaeMoro
B KoH(e cxaTI.It TonJ'II.iBa
H
nocJre!,ylou{ee
em
gQQeKTHBHoe
cropaH,He.
Cxarne
sapn4a Harl{Haerc{
no oKoHqaH
II
npoqecca
HanoJIrHeHrt
lr npolrcxoAnr
npr.r
ABulreHfitr
rloplltHr or
HMT
x
BMT;
o6beMbl I${-
r'rr.tH.rlpa H 3aKnnqeHHoro
B HeM 3apqaa Bo3ayxa HeIIpepblEHo
yMeHb-
llralolcfi,
rH
no3TOMy
AaBIeHue
H reMnepaTypa B'o3,4yxa
yB€JlHqI'IBalor-
cg. CBfl3b
MexAy
aaBneuueu
I
o6reuou
uoxer 6utt
nPeAcraBJIeHa
rpaQruecxn
-
B BriAe
rplnofi, noctpoeHHoft
B xoop4'ntatax
p-V,
(pnc.
138), H
MareMar[qecKlr
-
ypaBHeHI{eM
llonlrrponHoro npoqecca
pvn'
:
consI.
Ec,nu
npHrmr,
qro
B npouecce cx(arrt
rentoooM€H Mexay
sapq'
AoM
H
cTeHKaM!
IIIir'IlI'HApa
oTcy'IErByeT' To
npo[ecc
AOnx(eH
no.4q
-
uffTbcfl
3aKoHy aAHa6arnoro
cxarltq
pyh:const
n
gern.lHHa
xoHeq-
Horo
AaBJIeHflt
rofAa
onpeAeJ'It.trcfl To,IKofi c'.
B
aefrclrure.nrnocrn
cr(arlle
nporeKaer no 6o.nee cnoxHoMy
3a'
KoHy,
B
KoropoM rJraBHyro
ponb
llrpaer HenpepblBtto MeHtlollll-lftct
ren.noo6uen. HMeuHo
gr[M
onpeaentercfl
HelocroqHcrBo
noKa3are-
JrF CTeneHg
nr
B
ypaBHeHun KpHBoft cxarlit
(nasuaaeuoro
noxasa-
reneM norurponbl
(cxarrt)
Ir
tirenqtou1t-rficq xaPaxTep
cauofi xpneoft.
9la
t
I
I
I
(
I
(
i
l
B nava.rluufi
nepno4
npotc-
xoa[T
noaolpeB
cxt.tMaeMofo
3a-
ptaa
oT cTeHoK
rlurluHApa, [oc-
fioJlbKy
flx
cpe,4Hqr
TeMneparypa
iY'-*^t
BHrle
reMneparypbr
sapr4a.
B
cBg3H C
AOIO,lHtTeJlbHbrM
no.ao-
t
rpeBoM
Bo3ayxa
ero
aaB!'reHr{e
pac-
Ter 6brcrpo,
KpnBar
npoqecca
cxarus
rrAer rpyve
a,qna6arr,r, no-
9TOMy H noKa3aTe.lrb
CTeneHfi
Ha
ee HaqaJbHoM
yqacTKe
Bbrule llo-
Ka3are"rr
aAxaoarbl,c
(cM. pric.
,, 138-yvacrox
/). flo uepe
pas-
BHrfiq
upouecca TeMnepaTypa
Bos-
ayxa
BcJre.u,cTBHe
ero c)KarHfl r.r
no,{ofDeBa
oT cTeHoK noBbtuJaeTct.
Passocrt reMneparyp
rrexay Bo3-
ayxoM
I.I
cTeHKaMr.r
yMeHbrIJaeTcg,
coKpatuaercr H Tenroo6MeH Mex-
ay
HI,IMLI.
KpUnal
Cranonrrcg 6o,ree
nolorofr,
noKa3aTerb
tzl nocTe-
IeHHO yMenblrraeTcfl,
I-I B MoMeHT
BbtpaBHHBaHIit
TeMnepaTyP,
xor4a ren.noo6tueH rrpeKpaqaeTct, nr
craHoB[Tct
paBHblM
rloKa3are-
.nro
arua6aru r
(rroqra
rc).
,{a,nr,ueiiruee
cxarue
(yvacror
11) conposoxaaelcr
pocroM
,{aB-
reHHq H TeMneparypbr 3a,pflIa Bo3Ayxa,
Ir, nocKo,'IbKy
reMnepaTypa
creHoK ocraetct
IlpaKTHqec-KIt 6es nsueHeuun,
pa3Hocrb
reMnepar]?
MexAy Bo3AyxoM
r.I
sreHKaM,tr
yBe,'r
q,maercs.
3ro
np,Ireoanr
x noRn-
reHuto rennoooMeHa, HanpaNreHlre
Koropofo oflpeaer'Isercq
renepb
m4auefi
ren,ra m Bo3ayxa B creHKH.
Taruu
o6pa:ou,
amrpar
Qasa
npoqeoca cxarHr
(:a
roqKofi
,c) xa,paKrepl{3yercr
norepefi
renna H
no9ToMy
pocT
,l,aBreHllq
Ii TeMneparypbr
Bo3ayxa
3aMea,'Iflerct,
KBl.l-
Bal
npo{ecca
craHoBlTct
no,roxe,
B
cBt3n
c 3Tt
M
npollcxoartr
Aa,'rb-
gefiulee
yMeHbulogle
nr.
y?eqKa
3a,pt,{a
qepe3
He["'IorgocrTq
u[nI.IHA-
pa,
rJraBHbrM
odpa3oM
qep€3
[opuneBrie Konbrra,
Taxxe cfloco6crtsy-
eT
CHH)KeHHTO
n1. IIpH Srolr
yTeqr(a
B
6o'rluefr Mepe
rlpotBrteTcf, B
KoHIle flpo[ecca,
Kof.qa
Aa,B!'IeHr.re
B
q]..rJ
lHApe BbIuIe,
B cn,ry us,'roxeuuoro
aeficreute,'ruuuil
npoqocc cxafl.tr
cyulecr-
BeHHo orrrrjqaercq or aAI.Ia6arHoro,
xoropui 6sr,r npnHtr 3a ocHoBy
npu
paccMorrpeHr.rr{
[aeanl]Hbrx
ur.rxroa.
floeroMy
H
AaBJreHue
I$Hqa
aeiicrsnreJrHoro
npo[ecca cxamr
(rovxa
c)
oKa3r,rBaercfi
nur{e
.4aB,'leH,Hf
xoHua a.q.ta6arHoro
npouec(a
(rouxa
c').
Ha,rH.{[e lepeMegHoro noKa3areJrt
no"'rr.rrporbr cxarrifi
3arpyAHq-
er 3aaaqy
pacqera.
floarouy
np,[HrITo rroJrb3oBarr,cr
ero cpeaHHM
sJra-
qeHueM
3a Becb nDo[ecc.
Onurnue snaveuuq
cpeaHero noKa3arer'tf, norlrponbt cxarrrx /tr
Arr aBHfarere6:
P c. 138. npoqecc
cxart{q B
pacqcr_
HOM Il K,lC
1,32-l,38
r,38-1,42
Ma,roo6opornux
c
ox,raxaaeMbrMrr noprsHrMt
Bucoxoo6oporuux
c [eornaxAaeMbrMu
nopurnrul,
2t0
i
i
Ilapauerpu
3apflaa
Bo3ayxa
B Konue
cxaruc'
Hcno,'Il3yq
ypaB-
HeHfis noJrHTDOIIbl
Cxartrfi
py''
:const
n 3nafl
napaMerpbl
Haqa'la
cxamr
(a
rirvre
a),
Herpy.ll,Ho
oIrpeaenl'lrb
aaB,'IeHI'Ie
B KoHIre
c)Ka-
r'ls
(B
ro,lKe
r):
,v \41
P,vi'
:
P,vi'
"
P,: P,lv1)
'
'so
V
"l
V
":
e
[peAcTalBrqeT
co6oil
AeilcrntrenbHylo
creneHl
cxaTI.It'
TOfAa
po-- poen'
(17)
(e
veru'pexraxrublx
AB[rareJIrx
AeiicrBlrrerbHas
Il
yc,roBHal crerle-
HIl
cxaTl.tfl
PaBHtI:
t:er.
Teltneparypa
KoHua
cr{arls
onpeaerq€'Irq
I.'13
ypaBHeHrq
cocro-
tH.uq. vcTaHaBrHBaloulelo
cBg3b
Mot(ay
napaMeTpaMt.I
B HaqaJIe
cxa-
mn
p"V
':6^plo
t.t
g
xoxqe cxarut
p,V":
G.RI..
PasaerHs
sro-
poe ypaBHeHHe
Ha nepBoe
t-t
peullB
orHocureJlbno
7",
uueeu
7-"-r
P"V"
:
'
"v"4'
3aueHnu
P"/p"
qepes
noryqenHoe
Bblue
orHo[IeHre
o6teuoa,
TOTIA
I.t!'ru
^ ^ n,-l
(18
)
Tarulr
o6pasou,
AaBJIeHlre
pc
H reMneparypa
I"
sasucqt
or Ha-
qa,,rbHbrx
sHaqeutii
AaBJreHI,Iq
pd
u reMneparypu
7o,
-gelnqusu
cte-
neH
cxarlt
n noKa3arerr'
no"'ll'lrponbl
c)KSTllf
r?1. upeaH[e
3Haqe-
Hr{r
pc
rexar
B
npe.4e-nax
y aelrari.reii,
xrc/cv2
(ltfla)
Eel
Ha.r.ryaa
Q-1!
(Q'5^
1,5)
c nadiut"
40-65^(4-6'
5)
C euiioiotn
HauyBoM
(or,qenbflble
,lBnrarer!)
100
(10)
K
uuc,tg
o cHoaHb[x
SKcn'nAarq4uotrHblx
qaKTopos,
oKa3blBalou]lx
Br' ]flHlre
Ha
napaMerpr,l
pc
t4 7., o'tBocsrcs:
qacrora
BpaueHxq
ll
Harpy3Ka
ABIIfaTeJIt'
B
CBoIo
oqepeAl'
OnpeAentnufie
peXHM eIO
pa6mu;
pexuu oxJla)KAeH[fi
qliilHHApa;
ero
rexHlqecKoe
cocroq'Hl{e'
-
C
yoennveuuoM
qacrorbl
BpaIqeHI.Ifi
yMeHbllagrct
BpeMfi
TerlJIo-
o6uena
cxuuaeMoro
Bo3ayxa
co
creHKaMI{
l-!H/'I'l.rHA'pa,
npouecc
npl-t-
6rtxaercfi
x aAua6aruoltv
I{ n1
p:lcr€T.
C
ytueulurenueu
n
Ha6'np-
Aaercfi
o6parHoe
tBJIeHI.Ie:
[orepH TenJIa
or cxlrMaeMoro
3apnaa
pac-
TyT,
noKa3aTe,qb
nl
yMeHbuaeTcfl
H
npouecc
npu6.nuxaercR
K ll3OTep-
MI{qecKoMV.
B trore
cuuxaprcq aaBreHue
KoHqa c)Karlit
pc
n reM-
22n
'
i
ii
ll
neparypa
7"
[cr'r.
nnpaxeHm
(17)
'u
(
18)
],
um
Moxer npuBecrrl
K
HapyueHllto
caMoBoclIJIaMeHeHIr9
TOIIJIItBa.
-e
yueururenueu Harpysl<rtr
ABIlrareJIr,
xoropaq, xar
6yaer n
aa.rll-
ueiiueu
loragaso,
xapaKTepu3yercfi
Berfi
'lIIHoii
cpeAHero
rl.lHAlKarop-
Hoto
AaBIeHI.Iq
pt
cH[xaeTct TeMnepaTypa
CTeHoK
qIUILHApa
H
no-
?TOMy
yBenltqnBaIoTcE IIoTepH Ten,'Ia oT
cxllMaeMoro
Bo3Ayxa
B cTeH-
Kl,l, nOKa3aTe,'Ib
,?l
yMeHbUaeTCt.
PeNuu
ox.naNaeHHs
tl.Hrr{HApa
xapaKTepI.'l3yerct
reuneparypoft
Boabr,
upr(yJr[pyloueii
n sapy6aureuHor,t
npocrpaHcrBe.
flplt
cHHxe-
HUH TeMIIepaTypI'l
BOAt'l HecIO,IbKo
nOHI,lXaeTCg
TeMlepaTypa
CTSHKH
ql.Ir'IHHApa,
nOTepH
TeIL'Ia B
CToHKII
yBeJ'IIltll.iBalOTCt U
n1,
p"
U
T"
yMeHbuanrcq.
floarouy,
qro6H
Ns6exarl
6ollutxx
rlorepr'
Terlna B
cr€HK[
I.l B OXJIaX(Aa]O
lyro
CLpeAy,
a raKxe
B
clrry
pqAa
I]HbIx
nPIl-
rlnH,
peKoMeH,nyercfl
aoaaepx[BaTb
TeMnepaTypy
BoAbl no
'Bo3Mox-
Hocr^
6o,ree
sstcoxoi
(?""r:338+348
K).
Oco6exxo
3Halifi Te,'lbHo
flpoqB,'Itercq
BrlrqHre
Hu3Kono
ren,'IoBoro
cocroqHHs
IllrJInHApoB
Ma,'loi
qacrorbl
BpauIeHI.'Ig
Ha IIoKa3areJIb
nt
H
napaMeTpbl
3apqAa
B
KOHUe CXaTfiq
npn
nyCKe XOJIO,IHOrO
ABII-
rate,rq.
6o,'rluat
orAaqa
ltnr'Ia
m c)KnMaeMono
3aptAa
rB
croHKlr'
o6yc;roe,neuuar
firllsKofr
x reMrleparyrpofi
u OorburrM
BpeMeHeM
Ten-
J'r006MeHa
(r',ra.noe
n), n'pn6r,nxaer
npouecc cxa-r[trr
K I.I3oreP,MI]qecKo-
uy
(cpeanee
3H
ar{eHue
noxa3ar€,'I
fl
a
:
1,20
+
1,25)
.
-
B
-nrore,
ec,rr{
TexHLrIecKoe
cocrotHlle
qI.iJII.{HAponopIxHeBo[
rpyn-
[bI
rHeyAOBJIeTBOpIrTe,'IbHo Ii
BeJIEKTI
yTeqlnti
3aptAa
BO3AyXa'
AaBJ'Ie'
Hl,Ie
I] TeMIIepaTypa
3aptAa
rB
'XOHIle
cxa]]nt
qaCTO-
OKa3bIBanTcs
He-
AOCTaTOIIHbIM,I{
AJlfi
ca MOBOCn,'IaMeHeHHs
mnr'IHBa.
llBI.rfaTeJIb
paCx-py-
q[rBaerct
Ha
Bo3ayxe,
a
na
pa6ory
Ha ronJlI{Be
ne
nepexoanr.
9ro-
6u
yee,nuvllm
xaaexuocrr
nycxa,
Heo6xo,nllMo
nosblcltts
p"
u
?"'
3toro
uoxHo
aocrllrHyrb
,'IIl60
yBe,rHtleHHeM
'creneHI.I
cxarl.Ifl'
qro
B
3KcnJyarauHH
tleoc-YllecrBllMo,,'1116(]
yMeHbrxeHHeM
_norepl]
TeIIJIa or
cxrrraeMoro
3apt{,la
B cresxn.
floc,reauee
Moxer
6urs
g,octlruyro,
ecJrH
yaeJrflqfiTb nlcxoByto
qacrory
BpaueHtlq
(pacKpyquBarb
aBllfa-
Ter'rb
Ha
Bo3Ayxe
ao
6oaee
BHcoKon
qacrorH
BpauleHflffl
fi
noBhlcl.lrb
ren!'roBoe
cocmqHl.Ie
aBntaTe"'lt
nyT€M
npeaBaplrre"'IbHors
nponpeBa
-
Hrrr
qfiJrtHApoB
roptuefr
no,u,ofi, Ha[paBrteMoli
B noJ'Iocrb
oxJlaxae-
Hr,tfi l.t3 Haxo,qtnlnxcR
a
pa6crre
A;Hfarereii
IIJIII I.I3 cnellllla,'IbHo
npe-
AycMOrperHHofo
rloAolpeBaTe,'It-
""
C
yly,aureHrena iex,HliqecK,oro
cocrotlrlrfi
ql"rru4ponopulnerofi
rpynnbl,
c H3HocoM
BTy,'rKIr
pa6ouero
uxJ'IIIHApa,
floplrlHeBblx
KoJIeu'
KeroB
roplrlHq,
cl
IxeHI.IeM
rL'IOTHOCTI]
KJlanaHoB
ra3opacnpeaeJlefi
I-lt
yBeJ{rrHBaroTcq noTepl.r 3aptAa
fi3
ulrr[HApa,
qm
ooycJIoBJIEBaeT
cHH)KeHrre
h
u
raael-i'.we
Pc
Tc.
Ctenens
cxarnc
oqeunBalor
HcxoAt
H3 cJIeayIoIqHX
npeAnocblroK:
cx{arr.re
3apfAa
,{o.rIxtto
6urr raKrM,
qro6r,I
napaMerpbl
Bo3Ayxa
B MOMeHT
BrIpblCKa
ron,rfisa
o6ecneqlJll'I
ero HaAexHoe
caMoBocrIJIa-
MeHeHqe.,U,,'ri
srom
ueo6xonlr'uo,
.rro6u
reunepar:ypa
B
uIlJII.tHApe
B
(oHue
cxarlls
6r,I;Ia
ue Hr.rxe
750-800
K.
Ilocxo"rrxy
Han6o,'Ib[lre
rorepr{
Te[Jra
or cxltMaeMoro
3aLpfiaa
I.IMe]or
Mecro
apu nycKe
aBx.I-
TATET'I,
TO MIIHHMATbHO
AONYCT}IMOE
3HAI{CHI'C
CTEIEHI] CXATIIS
,(OJI-
xHo
6grb raruu, uro6u flpl-I
nycKe rapaHrHpoBanocr,
Aocrr.rxeHHe
?":750
. 800
I(. 3r:o
yc.nonze
Bbraep)KlrBaercfl
npz
ell0,5-ill;
yBerI,IqeHHe
o
6.naronp
nrtuo
cKa3
brBaerct
Ha
noBbrI.lIeH:t.Ir.I TeDMo-
ArHaMr{q@Koro
KflA
u,tl,ra.
Pocr
KflA
na'u6o.nee
3rraqrireJreH
Ao
€:13+14,
r
la.nr,Heiirueu
oH 3aMeaJrfierct,
rt-r
noaroMy
yBer,urrEHu€
6 oBepx 14
Hepaq[onaJrhHo.
O4uaxo
n
nucoxoo6oporHux
ABr]rare,rrfix
c MaJ'IblMr]
pa3MspaMLH
IIHJIIiHApa n oTHOoIITenr'rHO
6O,'rb[lEMH nmepq-
MH TenJra B
creHKH,
oco6esuo B,[,Bt-Ifarerfix
c
pasaenelrHbrMl
KaMe-
paMlt
cfopanlrt,
A,rq
o6ecneqeHfrr nycKa r.i HaAe>r,Hofi
ycmfruuoocrn
pa6oru
na Hll3r(rix
qacrorax
Bpau1eHlq r.r lrpE Mar{eBp[poBagu.ri
npH-
xoAlrrcfl npr.rHr.rMarl
e
:
l5+ l8;
nptMblM cJreIcTB eM
yBeJrHqeHHr
cTeneHI.I cxaTr,Ig
qBIrIeTct
He
To.lIbro
pocr
reMrreparypbr KoH[a
c)Kantq I", ro n
]tserurreutre
AaB-
JIeHI.{t KOHIIa C)XaTUs.
pc.
I lOCJe,{Hee
)Ke OnpeAer.rqeT r..r BeIHrIr.rHy MaK-
cnMaJlbHor,o
AaBJIeHrri
r\EKJra
pz.floarouy
npn 6o.nlurtx
s B
rlrrlrH,(-
pe
co3Aa
rorca
BbrcoKr.Ie
AaB
JreH u fl
,
o6yc.'r
oBJrfi
Ba
oull-te Bo3HtIKHoBeHne
B
AeraJrfix
I{fIf, a x,punourxrrHoM MexaHn3Me
n ts
gJIeMeHTax
KoHcr-
pyl<qli,ll
oc'roBa 3H aq[Ts]rr,Hbrx M
exaHJrqecKrrx
H a
rpy3ol(,
Oco6eHHo Be-
JrI.IKa onacHotrb MexaHl.IqecKoii neperpy3KH np,u
HaAAyBe,
nooKoJrbxy
tser'r[qilnHa
pc
npqMo nponopq[oHaJ'rbH
a
pa
[cM.
BhrpaxeHr.re
(17)],
a
nocJreAHee
HenocpeacrBeHHo 3aB[car or
aaBJleur.rr
HaAaysa
pn.
flo-
aroMy,
qro6br
36ex{arb BbrcoKrrx MexaHnqecKux Hafpy3oK B
aBllrare-
JI'X C Ha,4,AyBOM,
yMeHb
anT e.
rrpeAe!'roM
oHH)t(eHUT tBJrteTcfi
e"""
:
10,5-:- I l.
Ilpnee4,eHHue coo6paxeurx,
a
raKxe rrpeAcratsnenHble
o[HT,Hbre
AaHHbre
fiBr'rflrorcq ocHosofr
qln
mu5opa cTengHr.I cnarllq
E
rrpn npo-
eKTI.IpOBaHIILI.I
ABxraT€neIi:
C nalayoov .
11-13
6e3
Ha,[,{yBa Maroo6oporHbrx .
13-14
Cpelueo6opornorx . 14-15
BircoxooSoooruorx . 15-18
flpnueulreauao K
aByxraKTHblM .&BllrarerflM
pa3Jruqaror
aBe
cre-
neHI.{
c)KaTfis
-
ycnoBHyro
fi
IencTBItTe.lbHylo.
Vc,rognaf,,
riJrn
reoMerpt-tqecKaq,
creneHr,
cxa-
r
w
s. e':V
llV"
npeAcraB,Il{er
co6oii muourexre
norHoro
o6a€Ma
r.trHJrrxrupa V'o
x
o6rerr.ry
KaMepbr cxarnfl
V"
(c,u.
prc.
128 u
129).
O4uaxo a
AByxraxrHoM ABIrrareJIe
cxartle
Bo3ayuJHoro 3apflaa
Ha-
rlgHaercr
ue
c
HIMT [oprrxnr, a no3Anee, noc!'re
3aKpblTxr nopr[HeM
u.lIn sac;lonrofr
BbrxJlonnbrx
oxon;
r
e
fr
c r a
r.r r
e.ll
b H a
q
cre n e H b
ctraruq
npeac'raBJrqer co6ofi orHorueHHe no!'re3Ho
.hcnoJrb3yeMoto
o6a€Ma
quruuApa
V*
(ct'1. p,uc.
127)
x o6T errly rauepu cxarux V",
T. e,
vd
--v
v,:v:-v:.
B uerupexraxtublx
aBlfarertx
pa3Hx[efi
Mexay
e
lr
e'
npone-
6peraor n nprunnuarcr e: e'.
HafiAeu,
qeMy
paBHo
ornoueHr{e V"/Vi. llocuotrr;uy
V":V'"-V\.
ro,
npoLI3BeAq
3aMeHy
Ir
o6o3HaqrB
V:/V::+",
no,['qI.IM
Vs V'
-v'
V; V5
Beanqnxa (l-rp") npe4crar,rser
co6oii
llo
paBKy
na notepruttuft
Ha ta3oo6Meu
xoa nopnHq, H ee
cneayer
BBoAHTI' B BblpaxeHtfl
pt-
aa
napaMerpoB
aBl.rrareJrr
(n",
pr)
npn
oflpeAe,'reHnn
'HX
s,Haqenlrr,
oTHeceFHoro K IIoJrHoMy xoay
rroprxHr.
S
36. TEPMOAhHA,\thqECKtlE OCHOBbI
nPO4ECCA
croPAHht
Kornqecrso
BogAyxa. B
Aefrcrgrre,lsHoM
rlrrKJte
aBtrarerq
renr'ro-
ra K
pa6oqeMy
reJry floABo,[,xrcs B
pe3yr'rbrare
cfopaHl.Ifi
BnpHcKtt-
BaeMolo B
ul.IJInHAp
u
pacnhrnuBaeMoro
B
HeM
TorutriBa. B
xaqecrge
oKECrIITerq Hcrronr,syercr
rr(HcJropoa
npe,(Ba,pr.rTe'IHlo c>Karono n no-
groMy
Hafperoro Bo3ayxa. B xo4e
peaxqnfi
ox[cJreHkr Bbraerflerct
6o,runoe Kor[rrecTBo Ten,{OTbr a o6paSyrcrlnecl npoAyxTbr cropau[t
(COr,
HrO,
SOz u
ap.)
HarpeBalorcs
ao
Bblcoxnx reltneparyp. 04-
HOBpeMeHHO
C
pOCTOM
TeMrreparypbr noBbrrrraercs
aaBJreHae
ra3oB.
O,qHo ng ocHotsHr,rx rpe6oeaxuil, [peAtrrB.rrrreMbrx K opfaHn3aqnu
[poueoca
cr'opanr.{fi, coclorrr I lou, uro6n
aocrnt+tyrb
noJl'Hoto
cfo-
panr,rrl
Bcero nocrynnB[Iero B rII.rnHHAp roflJrriBa.
.{,rR
aroro npex4e
ocero rpe6yercl o6ecnequtl
rorrJII.IBo
geo6xoaruuu
a,'rg
ocyuecrBJre-
,Huf,
peaKr.tI-Iii
oKr.rcJreH r KoJrr.lqecrBoM Bo3Ayxa.
Hcno,rrsyeusle
B
aBnrare.rqx
HeQurrue ronJHBa cocrorr 13
cJre-
Ayor{ttx
xuMr.rqecKnx
sr'reMenroB: C=84+880/o; Hxll+140h;
S
:
0,05+3,5%, O=0,005-3%.
Fr.nn
Maocogbre
.qorg
uepeqncJeHHblr 3,[eMeHToB o6olgaqNrr, co-
oTBe'ItcTBVtOtUItM[ [!M CtMBOJIaMrr.
10 TeO
|erwle
CftU neO6 XOd
U-t;tOe rcO-
,tuqecre,; aos|gxa,
xr.,uo,rl/xr,
l,rR
no,rior'o cropaHHfi I rr
lon;tuga
(le)
rae
^+
-o6a€Mnoe
(MonbHoe)
coaepxaHfle
02
B Bo3ayxe;
tt -zl
o
: -
'{ficJro
KHnorpaMM. MoJIefi Or, coaepxaurr.rxca
HenocpeacrBen-
HO
B
CAMOM TOIIJIIIBt.
Teopernveor,n ueo6xo4auoe Ko,r,BqocrBo Bo3ayxa
I
rr
ron.nllsa
Gn:p,
Ls:28,97 Ls,
rae
p":28,97
-
MoneKynqpHafi
.Macca
Bo3Ayxa.
. I tc H s o\
t--.1---t-__-t.
0,21
\t2'
4
'32
32)
Arfl
cfopaHEq
(20)
E
B
gneene
o6pasoranue
ropn'lefr
.cMecu
ronJlllBo-Bo-3ayx'
B
or-
n "ur"
?r
KaP6loi
a lop'Hblx
AsliareJefi
,
lpotcxoAlir
He[oop
eacrleHHo
""ytpn
unn""api,
n
ato
BHocHr
onpeaeJleHHble
TpyaHocrl{
B
opraHfi-
aaunp
xaqec"geHHoro
flepeMetll
lBaHfifi
nocTyflabulero
B
]-UtJLIrrIAp
TOn!'rr.IBa
c
Haxoat[ll.lMcfl
B
HeM
BO3AyXOM.
HyxHo
raxxe
ytllrTblBarr,,
uro
cueceobpasoBaH''I€
B
'u'lr3e"rrx
npo-
uaxoa",
"
yc,ronunx
crecHeHnofi
(aMepbl
cxarhfi
I-l
B
leqeHlre
oqoHb
nop**oao
olpeexa
npeuenu,
cocrasrrlouero
B
3aBIicuMOcM
or 6Lrcr-
ooxoAHocrt.t
ABlltareJltl
corble
tlJlIl
THctqrlble 4o'lIu
cexyu4sr'
floaro-
i,,;,
;;6;
B'an3erlsx Aocrtlrllyrb
rlo
Bo3Mo)I'iHocrIl
roJHono
cropaH[q
r.jir""u,
teo6xoln,r'ro
Han[qne
ofllpeae"'IeHuoto
H36HTxa-
Bo3Ayxa'
ir-o:;reari";t
ycra H aBrlBaerc
q
?Kcnep
l{Mefl
Ta'rbHblM
nyreM
ts
npo{ecce
i*ii"o"rt
bnurgofi
KollcrpyKllrlt[
aBIIfare"Iq
I.t
3a'4aercq
B
BII'ue
xoadsuuuenra
u:6urxa
Bo3AYxa
tr'
'*-fr6r-rost!$n{ne:nrou
ue6HrKa
Bo3ayxa
noHu
aer-
c
n iiioutenue'
db
cr
uure
ttnoeo
rco'tuqe
cre a
-aosd
g
xa'
saKJxnqe
HHo?o
e tlu,ruHdpe
K
flatrarA
npo,4",,o
czopavun,
G^"
rc ieoperuuecxu
xeo6'
xodunony
d,xn
ceopdtrufl
g* *,,
'oniuaa,
no)aaaenozo
e
qu'tundp
sa
-iaui
,auir.
floc,teaHqq
e6,!I.IqnHa
uoum
saxuesogal:ae
lluK'trosoi
no'
daqu
ton.nuga.
"-
"nil;;;;t
Gq,
Kr, rp€acraBJlrer
co6ofi
reoperllqecKlr
Heooxoar{-
uoe
xo;lnqecino
Bo3Ayxa
A,'Ir
cropaHnq
I xr
ron'runa'
To
npoll3BeAe-
;;;
g;C; 6yaer
onpeAe,rrtr
reopernvecxn
Heo6xoanr'roe.-xorlrqecrBo
"oiar:iu'anir
cropaHur
gq,
Kr,
TonJ'l'nBa'
Toraa,
Hcxoaq
r 3
onpeaeJle-
HIIfl,
o:
o"^.
(21)
*-
8,,60
flo
onurHslu aaHHblM,
roaQQr.runeHr
lt36blrKa
Bo3'll'yxa
o Ha
Ho'
M[FaJrbHoM
pe)KHMe
HaxoAllacfi
B
npeaeJlax
AJIfl
ABI{faTene[:
opt
.tE
B
pr
CL
lIi
H
l.l
ll
c
,
r
€
t
Manoo6o@rHbrx
Cpe,[He-
_H
Bbtcofioo6oporHblx
|,8-2,2
|,7-2
BepxHr.re
npeAeJ'lbl
o
xapaKrepHbl
a.'lq
ABfilaleJe,ii
-.c .xaAAyBoM'
Bucoxoo6opm,nue
anllfarenl{
pa6otarct
c MeHb[ll.IMH-
o'
qro
o6lrc-
n"tta"
"oai"oo"ocrb'o
npfi
Marlblx
pa3MePax
unJ'[H4q1
-ooec''eq]'lrb
6on"a o
uu"onn.puylo
cMecb'
Or4e'nlri-ue
-
Qopcl.lpoBaHnble
Bblcoltoooo-
o6t"o.'aur.ut"ii
pa6oT
aror
c o:1,3+l'4'
I43
Bupaxenul
(21) cneiyer,.qlo
Be'llqlrna
c' llpu
onpe'4enenHoM
^cocraBe
ro_
nn""u.
u "i"qo;it"liuo,
u
co:16"t
onpeAenqercs
Benltqx{oi
-3aptAa
Bo3ayxa
B
-";;;;;"
c;,
-.
u
r(o-,tr'{ecrBoM
noaasnoro
3a uxrn
ronn
-Ba
8r4'
Kf'
-
-
- -g-J"oro
on"peal,
G":7.1't.,
Kt'
a Bernqrula
qnoloBofi
[oaaq{
rortnrrBa
g'\-
f
n'ho'1"1"
(n)
rae
/n,
fl ta
-II,[oIqa.[b
H axrmHblfl
xor
lnyflxepa
ronJlraHoro
Hacoca
Bblcoxoro
,[aarreHrt;
1r
-
ILII0THOCTb
1oflnl'iBa;
1i
-
xoe,!$mlenr
noaaqn
ronrlsonoto
Hacoca'
n4