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Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɢɡ HLH 36 (1985) Nr. 1 und 7

ȅǲǶǵǶǴǰǿǭǹǲǰǭ ǷǶǲǨǯǨǺǭǳǰ

ǹǶǪǸǭǴǭǵǵȃǽ ǲǶǺǭǳȄǵȃǽ ǻǹǺǨǵǶǪǶǲ

Ƚɸɧɬɟɪ ȼɚɝɧɟɪ

Viessmann Werke

Allendorf / Eder

ȅǲǶǵǶǴǰǿǭǹǲǰǭ ǷǶǲǨǯǨǺǭǳǰ

ǹǶǪǸǭǴǭǵǵȃǽ ǲǶǺǭǳȄǵȃǽ ǻǹǺǨǵǶǪǶǲ

ɇɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɩɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɪɟ-

ɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɦɢ ɢ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɦɢ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɚɦɢ – ɑɚɫɬɶ I

Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨ-

ɞɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɦɢ,

ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ

ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ

ɬɟɦ ɫɚɦɵɦ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶ-

ɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɧɢɯ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ

ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɡ-

ɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɭ-

ɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɡɚ-

ɞɚɱɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ.

ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɧɢɡ-

ɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ-

ɧɵɦ ɤɨɬɥɚɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɛɨɥɶ-

ɲɢɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦ-

ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɤɨɬɥɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶ-

ɧɨɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ-

ɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ.

ɋ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɵ VDI 2067 ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ

ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɢɫ-

ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ.

Ɉɧɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶ-

ɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦ-

ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ

ɤɨɬɥɚɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɬɥɨɚɝ-

ɪɟɝɚɬɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɬɥɚɦ ɫ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵ-

ɦɢ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɚɦɢ. ȼ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ,

ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ

ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɜɜɟɞɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɞɟɢ ɞɢ-

ɪɟɤɬɢɜɵ VDI 2067.

______________________________________

Ƚɸɧɬɟɪ ȼɚɝɧɟɪ

1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨ-

ɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɢ-

ɜɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ

Ɋɚɫɱɺɬɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚ VDI 2067, ɥɢ-

ɫɬɤɢ 1, 2 ɢ 4, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɫɬɚ-

ɬɶɟ ɜ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ.

1.1. Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ (Q

)

ɝɞɟ

– ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɟ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ DIN 4701,

ɤȼɬ;

– ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ, ɱ/ɝɨɞ;

VHZ

– ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɡɚ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ,

ɱ/ɝɨɞ;

VHS

– ɜɪɟɦɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɭɠɞɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɬɨɦ,

ɱ/ɝɨɞ;

f – ɨɛɨɛɳɚɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɢɡ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɨɱ-

ɧɵɯ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ;

– ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ;

– ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɫɟɡɨɧ,

ɞ/ɝɨɞ;

– ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɧɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɥɟɬɨ, ɞ/ɝɨɞ;

– ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɡɞɚɧɢɢ,

ɋ;

– ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɡɚ

ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ,

ɋ;

– ɫɪɟɞɧɟɫɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɡɚ

ɥɟɬɨ,

ɋ;

a min

– ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ

ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ,

ɋ.

ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɝɪɭɛɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɦɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɟɦɶɸ

ɦɨɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ b

ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ-

ɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ:

ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɫ:b

ɪɭɱɧɵɦ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɟɦ: 2100 ɱ/ɝɨɞ

ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɦɢ: 1700 ɱ/ɝɨɞ

ɩɨɝɨɞɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɵɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ (WS) 1700 ɱ/ɝɨɞ

WS + ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɢ 1550 ɱ/ɝɨɞ.

1.2. Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɧɭɠɞɵ Ƚȼɋ (Q

WEA

)

ɉɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɭ

ɬɨɱɤɭ ɜɨɞɨɪɚɡɛɨɪɚ (Q

Wna

)

ɝɞɟ

– ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɹ ɧɚ 1 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ, ɤɝ/ɱǜɫɭɬ;

– ɱɢɫɥɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɝɨɪɹɱɭɸ ɜɨɞɭ;

– ɭɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɵ (1,163 Wh/kg ǜ K);

– ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ 50

ɋ);

– ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ,

ɋ;

– ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɧɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ Ƚȼɋ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɧɸɸ

ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ 50 ɤɝ/ɱ ǜ ɫɭɬ ɩɪɢ ɟɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 50

ɋ. Ɇɟɧɶɲɢɣ

ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦ ɝɢɝɢɟɧɵ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɵɱ-

ɤɚɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɰɚ.

1.2.2. Ɍɟɩɥɨɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɫɟɬɟɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Ƚȼɋ ɢ ɤ.ɩ.ɞ. ɪɚɫ-

ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɧɟɦɟɰɤɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɨɛ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɪɟ-

ɞɟɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɫ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɟɣ ɜ ɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ (ɨɤɨ-

ɥɨ 8 ɱɚɫɨɜ) ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɟɠɟ-

ɞɧɟɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ (b

) ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚ-

ɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɬɪɭɛ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ,

ɜ ɧɨɱɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɤɪɭ-

ɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɭɬɪɨɦ ɟɟ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɶ.

ɋɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ

ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.

ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ

ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ (Z

+ Z

) ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɩ-

ɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɭ ɨɬ ɬɪɭɛ ɜ ɩɨɞɜɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ.

Ɍɟɩɥɨɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɠɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɛ, ɩɪɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɫɬɟɧɚɯ,

ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ ɢɞɭɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɟ

ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ. ȼ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɫɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɫ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨ-

ɫɬɟɣ ɬɪɭɛ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ.

Ɉɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɦ:

ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɥɟɬɨɦ:

ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɥɟɬɨɦ:

ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɜ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ:

ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ:

ɝɞɟ:

– ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɪɚɡ ɡɚ ɞɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ (ɩɪɢɦɟɦ n

=1);

W – ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ, ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɨɣ ɜɨ-

ɞɨɣ, ȼɬ ǜ K;

W’– ɬɨ ɠɟ, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɨɞɜɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨ-

ɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ȼɬ ǜ K;

i –

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ,

ɋ;

– ɱɢɫɥɨ ɥɟɬɧɢɯ ɞɧɟɣ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ;

– ɱɢɫɥɨ ɞɧɟɣ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ (Z

+ Z

);

– ɱɢɫɥɨ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɡɚ ɞɟɧɶ;

Ʉ’ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ, ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɣ ɤ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɬɪɭɛɵ,

ȼɬ/ɦǜK;

Ʉ’’ – ɬɨ ɠɟ, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɨɞɜɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨ-

ɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ȼɬ/ɦǜK;

L – ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɬɪɭɛ, ɦ;

L’ – ɬɨ ɠɟ, ɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ, ɩɪɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɩɨɞɜɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨ-

ɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ, ɦ.

Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɤ.ɩ.ɞ. ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ:

1.2.3. Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɤ.ɩ.ɞ. ɟɦɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ

ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ. ɑɬɨɛɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɟɩɥɨ-

ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɩɪɢ 50

ɋ, ɧɭɠɧɨ ɥɢɲɶ ɡɧɚɬɶ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɬɟɦ-

ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɭɩɚɞɟɬ ɨɬ 55

ɋɞɨ

ɋ.

Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɹɬ

– ɜɨɞɨɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɤɝ;

– ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ;

ǻt

(-)

– ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ, ɱ.

Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ:

Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ Ƚȼɋ:

Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɤ.ɩ.ɞ. ɟɦɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ:

(ɛɟɡ ɬɟɩɥɨɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɝɨɞɨɜɵɦ ɤɨɷɮ-

ɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ).

1.3. ȼɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɤɨɬɥɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ Ƚȼɋ ɡɚ

ɝɨɞ

ɢ Q

Wna

– ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɟ ɬɟɩɥɨ. Ƚɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɜɵɪɚ-

ɛɨɬɤɚ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɤɨɬɥɨɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɬɟɥɹ.

ɝɞɟ - ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɤ.ɩ.ɞ. ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɪɚɫ-

ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. (ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ

ɨɛ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɢ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɩɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ,

ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ

ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ 0,97 – 0,98.)

1.4. Ɋɟɠɢɦɧɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ

ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɡɦɟ-

ɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ DIN 4702 ɢ VDI 2067

1.4.1. ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɫ ɭɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ (q

)

ɉɪɢ ɫɠɢɝɚɧɢɢ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɚɠɢ ɢ ɋɈ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɫ

ɭɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ Ɂɢɝɟɪɬɚ:

ɝɞɟ:

– ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɭɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɺɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-

ɫɬɢ;

– ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɨɣ;

ɋɈ

– ɡɚɦɟɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɋɈ

ɜ ɭɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ;

f – ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ.

Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ f ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ:

ɀɢɞɤɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ f=0,59

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ (ɝɨɪɟɥɤɚ ɫ ɧɚɞɞɭɜɨɦ) f=0,46

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ (ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɚɹ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɚ

)f=0,42

Ƚɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɝɚɡ (ɝɨɪɟɥɤɚ ɫ ɧɚɞɞɭɜɨɦ) f=0,38

Ƚɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɝɚɡ (ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɚɹ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɚ)f=0,35

ɋɠɢɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɝɚɡ f=0,50

1.4.2. ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɫ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ (q

)

Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɟɩ-

ɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɤɰɢɢ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ

ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ.

Ʉɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɷɬɭ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɹ

ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɬɟɧɞɟ. ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɫ

ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɡɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ % ɨɬ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɩɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɦɢ-

ɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ.

) ɡɚɦɟɪɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ

1.4.3. Ʉ.ɩ.ɞ. ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ (Ș

)

Ʉ.ɩ.ɞ. ɤɨɬɥɚ ɷɬɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɨɬɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɤ

ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɩɤɢ. Ɋɚɡɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɟɢɦɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɧɚɯɨ-

ɞɢɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɫ ɭɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ.

1.4.4. ɇɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɥɚ (P

)

Ɉɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɬɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɬɥɨɦ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ

ɝɞɟ:

– ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɤɝ, ɥ, ɦ

/ɱ;

– ɧɢɡɲɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɤȼɬ ǜ ɱ/ɤɝ, ɥ, ɦ

1.4.5. ɇɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɩɤɢ (Ɋ

ɢɥɢ Ɋ

)

ɢɥɢ

1.4.6. Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ (ȼ)

1.4.7 ɑɢɫɥɨ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡ-

ɤɟ (b

)

ɗɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɜ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ

ɩɪɢ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ (Q

1.4.8. ɑɢɫɥɨ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɨɩɤɢ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ (b

)

ɝɞɟ:

– ɝɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɤɝ, ɥ, ɦ

/ɝɨɞ.

ɇɢ ɜ ɤɨɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɩɭɬɚɬɶ (b

) c ɱɢɫɥɨɦ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ

ɬɨɩɤɢ (b

), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɱɟɬɱɢɤ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ

ɱɟɪɟɡ ɝɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɬɥɚ.

1.4.9. Ɍɟɩɥɨɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ

ɱɢɫɥɨ q

ɤɨɬɥɚ

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɢɫ-

ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨ-

ɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɛɟɡ Ƚȼɋ ɨɤɨɥɨ 1750 ɱ/ɝɨɞ, ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚ-

ɧɨɜɨɤ ɫ Ƚȼɋ ɨɤɨɥɨ 2000 ɱ/ɝɨɞ. (Ʉɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ

ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɷɬɚ ɰɢɮɪɚ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ,

ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɪɢ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɛɵɥ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ

ɡɚɩɚɫ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɨɛ ɷɧɟɪɝɨɫɛɟɪɟ-

ɠɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɟɬɫɹ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɟɱɶ ɧɟ ɢɞɟɬ ɨ

ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɚɯ.)

Ɂɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɝɨɞ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸ-

ɳɢɯ ɤɪɭɝɥɵɣ ɝɨɞ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ b ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 8760

ɱ/ɝɨɞ. ȼ ɱɚɫɵ (b – b

) ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨ-

ɞɢɦɵɟ ɥɢɲɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɬɥɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭ-

ɪɵ.

ɗɬɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɨɦ q

ɤɨɬɥɚ. ɑɢɫɥɨ q

, ɬɚɤɠɟ

ɞɥɹ ɭɠɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨ-

ɫɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɤɨɬɟɥ, ɭɠɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨ-

ɱɟɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ 75

ɋ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɫɟɱɶ ɨɬ

ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ Ƚȼɋ. ȼ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɨɥɨ 48 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɤɨɬɟɥ,

ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɢ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɨ-

ɫɬɚɬɚ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɟɦ-

ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (B

) ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ

ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ (n

) ɢɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ (n

ɢɥɢ

ɑɢɫɥɨ q

ɤɨɬɥɚ ɡɚɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ DIN 4702 ɩɪɢ ɬɹɝɟ ɜ

ɞɵɦɨɜɨɣ ɬɪɭɛɟ (ɝɨɪɟɥɤɚ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ) ɪɚɜɧɨɣ 0,05 ɦɛɚɪ,

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ 75

ɋ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ, ɝɞɟ

ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɨɩɵɬ, 20

ɋ. ɂɡɦɟɪɹɟɦɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɧɚ

ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɲɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɹɝɟ

(ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɶ ɬɹɝɢ), ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɡɚ-

ɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɯ (ɧɭɠɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɝɪɚɜɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ

ɬɨɪɦɨɡ) ɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɬɟɩɥɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɞɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧ-

ɧɵɟ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɵ.

ȿɫɥɢ ɜɵɛɪɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɨɧɨ

ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ

ɜɵɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ.

Ɍɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɜɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɧɟ-

ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ

ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦɢ ɜ ɤɨɬɥɟ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɨɧɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɟ-

ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ q

ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ

ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ, ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ – ɜ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ

ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧ-

ɧɵɯ ɤ ɤɨɬɥɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ

ɜɨɞɵ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ (ɪɚɡɞɟɥ

1.2.3) ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɤ.ɩ.ɞ.

ȿɫɥɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɹ

ɫ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ, ɬɨ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɹ

ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (b –

), ɯɨɬɹ ɨɧɢ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɝɨɞ. Ɋɟ-

ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɵ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɵɦɢ.

1.4.10. ɋɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ

ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ (Ș

)

Ɋɚɛɨɬɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ

ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ.

Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɧɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ (b – b

) ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ

ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɤ.ɩ.ɞ. ɪɚ-

ɜɟɧ:

ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ:

ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 1 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ

ɤɨɬɥɨɜ, ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ DIN 4702 ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-

ɬɭɪɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ 80 °ɋ

Ɋɢɫ. 1. ɗɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɢ

ɠɢɞɤɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɬɥɚ (ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ: ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ 1984)

ɚ – ɩɪɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ

ɛ – ɩɪɢ 1-ɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɩɪɢ 0,6 •P

ɜ – ɝɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ

ɝ – ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɥɚ (ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ)

1.4.11. Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (ȼ

)

– ɬɟɩɥɨɬɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɤȼɬ • ɱɚɫ/ɤɝ; ɥ; ɦ

1.4.12. Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣ-

ɫɬɜɢɹ (Ș

)

1.4.13. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɱɚɫɨɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɜ ɫɭɳɟ-

ɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ

ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫ-

ɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ

ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (ȼɚ). Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (ȼ) ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ q

ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ.

ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ:

1.4.14. ɉɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ

ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ

ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɬɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɨɢɦɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬ-

ɜɭɟɬ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɫɟɪɢɣ ɢɡɦɟɪɟ-

ɧɢɣ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɫɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ

ɧɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨ-

ɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ q

ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ 30 – 100

%. ɉɪɢ ɝɪɭɛɨɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ

ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚ

ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ

ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɨɬɪɟɡɤɚɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ. Ɍɟɦ-

ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɨɧɢɠɚ-

ɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ, ɞɚɠɟ ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟ-

ɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɦɟɪɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ.

ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ

ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɧɚɢɜɵɫɲɟɣ ɩɨ-

ɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. ɋɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬ-

ɥɨɜ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɹɜ-

ɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ q

, ɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɩɨ-

ɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ

ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɹ.

ɉɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ

ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ

ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɟɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ

ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɜɟɥɢ-

ɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɛɨɸɞɧɨ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ, ɩɨ

ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɞɥɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɥɚ-

ɞɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ.

2. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ

ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ DIN 2067 ɞɟɣ-

ɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ, ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɬ-

ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɯɧɸɸ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɚɛɨ-

ɬɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɨɬ 75 ɞɨ 80 °ɋ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɫ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɞɥɹ

ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɫ

ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɣ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɦɧɨɝɨɤɨ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɬɨ-

ɞɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ.

2.1. ɗɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ

ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ

ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜ

ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɚ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɱɟɦɭ

ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬɫɹ.

2.1.1. ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɝɚɡɵ (q

)

ɉɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧ-

ɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ

ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ. ɉɪɚɤ-

ɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɨɬ 12 ɞɨ 14 Ʉ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ

ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɵɟ 10 %, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɣ

ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. (ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɋɈ

). Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɧ-

ɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ Parɨmat-Duplex ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɹ-

ɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ

ɨɬ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɨɬɥɚ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɞɢɚ-

ɝɪɚɦɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ. ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɨɬ-

ɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɝɚɡɵ (q

) ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟ-

ɧɢɸ (16) ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɨɬɯɨ-

ɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ (˷

) ɢ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɋɈ

2.1.2. ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ (q

)

ɉɪɢ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ (ɜ

ɤȼɬ) ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ. ɇɨ ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɬɟ-

ɩɟɪɶ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ (ɜ %) ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɤ

ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ, ɬɨ

ɨɧɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɧɨɦɢ-

ɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ.

ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤȼɬ (ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ):

2.1.3. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢ-

ɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ (Ș

)

Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (B

) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨ ɭɪ.

(21).

2.1.4. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ q

ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ (q

)

Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ q

, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɭɜɟ-

ɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ P

: P

, ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɱɟɝɨ ɹɜ-

ɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ.

2.2. ɗɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟ-

ɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ

2.2.1. ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɝɚɡɵ (q’

)

Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ ɧɚ 60 70 %

ɨɬ ɬɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ

ɤɨɬɥɚ. Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ

ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɦɟɟɬ

ɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɫ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɪɚɡɪɟɠɟ-

ɧɢɟɦ.

ȿɫɥɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɯɨ-

ɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ a (ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɟ 60 – 70 % ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ a,

ɪɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɨɬ 0,6 ɞɨ 0,7), ɬɨ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɝɚɡɵ:

2.2.2. ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ

ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧ-

ɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɟɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɚ-

ɛɨɱɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ. ɗɬɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ

ɪɢɫ. 2.

Ɋɢɫ. 2. Ɋɚɛɨɱɢɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ

ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ

ȼ ɤɨɬɥɚɯ ɫ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɫɬɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹ-

ɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ

ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ

ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɭɜɟ-

ɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɟɦ-

ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ

ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɞɜɭɯɫɥɨɣɧɨɣ ɪɟɛɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ

ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ Vitola-b, ɧɚɩɪɨ-

ɬɢɜ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.

ɂɧɟɪɰɢɨɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ

ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɵ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ

ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ 10 – 17 ɦɢɧɭɬ (ɪɢɫ.3).

Ɋɢɫ. 3. Ɋɚɡɪɟɡ ɠɢɞɤɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-

ɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɢ

ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ

ɩɪɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬ ɜɪɟ-

ɦɟɧɧɨɣ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨɝɨɞɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ. ɉɪɢ

ɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɹɬɫɹ

ɤɨɪɨɱɟ ɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-

ɬɭɪɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɨ-

ɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ.. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ

ɦɚɫɫɵ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɱɚɫ-

ɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦ-

ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ (˷

A(-)

) ɜɵɲɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ

ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɨɬɥɚ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɡ-

ɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ˷

A(-)

Vitola-B ˷

–

)

§ 30 Ʉ

Vitola-UN ˷

A (

–

)

§ 25 Ʉ

Parom.-Turbomat-Duplex ˷

–

)

§ 10 Ʉ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɩɟɪɢɨ-

ɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ

ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɪɚɜɧɵ:

Ɂɞɟɫɶ:

– ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ (ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɪɭɠ-

ɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ

ɢ ɨɬ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɟɝɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɢɡ ɪɢɫ. 5 –

˷’

- ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɜ °ɋ

2.2.3. ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ

ɤɨɬɥɚ (q’

)

ɍɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬ-

ɜɢɢ ɫ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɨɣ:

Ɂɞɟɫɶ:

– ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɜ °ɋ (20 °ɋ)

n – ɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ (ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ n § 1,3)

- ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɜ °ɋ

(ɞɥɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɛɵɥɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɚ

ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ 75 °ɋ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-

ɬɭɪɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ 60 °ɋ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ˷

= 67,5

°ɋ).

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧ-

ɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɭ-

ɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨ-

ɞɹɳɢɯ ɜɨɞɭ (ɫɭɯɢɯ) ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɨɫɬɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ

ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ, ɟɫɥɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɭɪ. (29) (ɫɪɚɜɧɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥ 2.4.14).

ɉɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ:

Ɂɞɟɫɶ:

–ɞɨɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɨɬɟ-

ɪɹɯ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ %/100 (ɦɚɥɵɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ: ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ 0,5 ɞɨ 0,6; ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ

0,7 ɞɨ 0,8).

2.2.4. Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢ-

ɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ

ɚ) Ʉɨɬɟɥ ɫ ɝɥɚɞɤɨɫɬɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹ-

ɦɢ

ɉɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧ-

ɧɨ, 1-ɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɜɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɜɟ-

ɥɢɱɢɧɵ q

ɢ ˷

2.2.5. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ q

ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ

Ɋɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ

ɩɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ.

(n § 1,3)

ɉɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɝɨ-

ɪɟɥɤɢ q

ɜɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ q

2.3. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟ-

ɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ

ȼɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨ-

ɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɤɨɬ-

ɥɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ q

ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɦ-

ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɨɬɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɢɡ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ

ɯɨɞɚ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ.

Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɯɨɞ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɦɨɝ ɛɵ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɚɫ-

ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɦɭ ɯɨɞɭ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (DIN

4710). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɩɨɤɚ-

ɡɚɥɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɪɚɫɱɟ-

ɬɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɩɪɨɱɢɦ, ɪɚɫɱɟɬɵ ɞɚɥɢ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨ ɭɜɟɥɢ-

ɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ 60 % ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɟɩ-

ɥɚ. ɉɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧ ɫɤɚɱɨɤ ɜ

ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɨɬ 0 ɞɨ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ,

13 % ɩɪɢ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɢɠɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟ-

ɧɢɹ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ

ɧɢɠɟ + 16 °ɋ.

ɉɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ, ɫ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ

ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɣ ɩɨɝɨɞɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɜɵɢɝɪɵɲ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜɧɭɬ-

ɪɢ ɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɪɹ-

ɦɨɦɭ ɢ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɦɭ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɸ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬɞɚɱɟ ɬɟɩɥɚ

ɥɸɞɶɦɢ, ɦɚɲɢɧɚɦɢ, ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɢ-

ɛɨɪɚɦɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɜɵɢɝɪɵɲ ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵ-

ɪɨɜɧɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɦɭ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɭ ɟɳɟ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟ-

ɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɬ 15 ɞɨ 16 °ɋ, ɢ, ɫɚɦɨ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɪɚɡɭ-

ɦɟɟɬɫɹ, ɨɧ ɧɟ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɞɪɭɝ ɞɨ ɧɭɥɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟ-

ɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɢɠɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ

ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ, ɢ ɧɟ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɸɸ ɨɱɟ-

ɪɟɞɶ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ DIN 2067 ɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɢɟ

ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɫ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢ-

ɟɧɬɚɦɢ.

ɂɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ, ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɧɨ, ɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨ ɢ ɫ ɭɥɭɱ-

ɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɶɸ ɫ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɣ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɹɞ ɢɡɦɟɪɟ-

ɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. 4.

ɇɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɝɨɞ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧ ɧɚ 14 ɪɚɜɧɵɯ ɩɨ

ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ

ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɡɹɬɵ ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ 625

ɱɚɫɨɜ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ 10 ɯ 625 ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɟɧɧɨ 260 ɞɧɹɦ

ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ (Z

ɢ Z

), ɢ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥ ɛɵ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɜ

ɎɊȽ. Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɯɨɞ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ (ɫ ɩɨɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɡɛɢɜ-

ɤɨɣ) ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ (ĳ

) ɜɨɬ-

ɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɚɹɫɹ ɤ

ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɥɭɱɚɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ

ɛɵɬɶ ɜɡɹɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ. ɨɬ 5

ɞɨ 7.

ɗɬɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɫ ɦɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɨɛ-

ɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɨ-

ɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ

ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ.

ɛ) Ʉɨɬɟɥ ɫ ɪɟɛɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɛɪɢɫɬɨɣ ɬɟ-

ɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɝɨ-

ɪɟɥɤɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ

Ɋɢɫ.4.Ƚɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɯɨɞ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɤɨɬɥɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ (P

)

2.3.1. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɚɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢ-

ɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (˷’

)

Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɦ, ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɬɟɦ-

ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.

ɉɪɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ:

Ɂɞɟɫɶ:

– ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ

ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ %:/100, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɪɢɫ.4.

’

- ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦ ɩɟ-

ɪɢɨɞɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ °ɋ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɩɨ ɪɢɫ.ɨɬ 5 ɞɨ 7.

– ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜ ɱɚɫɚɯ.

ȿɫɥɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɛɟɡ

ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɹ, ɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ

(˷’

) ɪɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞ-

ɧɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ

(˷’

); ɟɫɥɢ ɫɜɟɪɯ-

ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟ-

ɥɟɦ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɥɢ-

ɱɢɧɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ

ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟ-

ɦɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ. Ȼɵɥɨ ɛɵ

ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɶ (ɫɫɨɨɬ-

ɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɥɟɪɨɦ) ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɥ-

ɫɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɧɚɝɪɟɜ ɩɨɥɚ, ɢ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɩɨ-

ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɤ ɤɨɬɥɭ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛɵ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɚɬɶ ɨɬɨɩɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɭɪ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ (75/65 °ɋ).

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢ-

ɦɭɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɤɨɬɥɚ. ȿɫɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-

ɬɭɪɚ 40, 50 ɢɥɢ 60 °ɋ, ɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɨɥɠ-

ɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɨɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨ-

ɪɵɯ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ (ɪɢɫ. 5 – 7).ɡɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɤ ɤɨɬɥɭ ɩɨɞɤɥɸ-

ɱɟɧɨ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɬɨ ɜ

ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚ-

ɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɹ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɵɜɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ

ɫɤɨɥɶɡɹɳɟɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟ-

ɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɹ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɹ ɛɭ-

ɞɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ

(˷’

), ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ

ɨɬ 65 ɞɨ 75 °ɋ.

ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɫ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ

ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ

ɪɚɜɧɚ:

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɜ °ɋ

Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ (°ɋ) 90/70 75/60 55/47

˷’

KȘ

˷’

KȘ

˷’

KȘ

1. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɝɨ-

ɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ

1. ɋɜɟɪɯɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-

ɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɛɟɡ ɨɝɪɚ-

ɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ

45 55 40 46 33 38

ɇɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩ. ɤɨɬɟɥ

2. ɫɨɝɪ.ɬɟɦɩɟɪ. 40 °ɋ 49 56 40 46 33 38

3. ɫɨɝɪ. 50 °ɋ

54 58 51 52 50 50

4. ɫɨɝɪ.ɬɟɦɩɟɪ. 60 °ɋ 61 63 60 60 60 60

II ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɫ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜ-

ɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ

1. ɋɜɟɪɯɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-

ɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɛɟɡ ɨɝɪɚ-

ɧɢɱɢɬɟɥɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ

48 56 44 49 39 41

ɇɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪ. ɤɨɬɟɥ

2. ɫɨɝɪ. ɬɟɦɩɟɪ. 40 °ɋ 51 57 47 50 45 45

3. ɫɨɝɪ. ɬɟɦɩɟɪ. 50 °ɋ 55 59 52 54 51 52

4. ɫɨɝɪ. ɬɟɦɩɟɪ. 60 °ɋ 61 64 61 61 61 61

ɗɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɞɹ-

ɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ: 90/70 °ɋ

(ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ) ɇ 821.5

Ɋɢɫ. 5. ɗɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫ-

ɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ: 90/70

°ɋ (ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ)

ɇ 821.6

Ɋɢɫ. 6. ɗɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫ-

ɬɟɦɵ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ

ɋɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɛɵɱ-

ɧɵɯ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ. Ɍɟɩɥɨɨɛɦɟɧ-

ɧɵɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɵ ɫ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɦ

ɨɤɨɥɨ 35 %, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ

ɬɟɩɥɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ 27 %.

ɇ 821.7

Ɋɢɫ. 7. ɇɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɬɨ-

ɩɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ: 55/47

°ɋ

aKH

– ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ

ɱɚɫɚɯ/ɝɨɞ

aKW

– ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ

ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɜ ɱɚɫɚɯ/ɝɨɞ

Ɉɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ˷’’

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɌɚɛɥ.

2.3.2. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɟ

ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ q

ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ (b

– b

), ɢ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ

ɤɨɬɟɥ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥ ɬɟɩɥɨ ɧɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɣ, ɧɢ

ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɫɤɨɦɨɟ

ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɨɬ ɬɟɦ-

ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɫɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɫ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ

ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɟɣ-

ɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɜ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ 2.2.1. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ

ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚ-

ɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɟɣ

ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɬ 60 ɞɨ 70

°ɋ. Ɉɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɡɚ-

ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 50 °ɋ. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ,

ɡɚɝɪɭɡɨɱɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɬɚɣɦɟɪɭ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɪɚ-

ɛɨɬɚɬɶ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɬ 4 ɞɨ 5 ɦɢɧɭɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ

ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɨɧɢɡɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɬ 5 ɞɨ 8 Ʉ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ

ɱɟɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɚ ɨɬɞɚɱɚ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɜ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ

ɤɨɧɬɭɪ. ȿɫɥɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɬɨ ɬɟɦɩɟ-

ɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ-

ɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɭɪɚ. ɂɦɟɸɳɟɟ-

ɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜ ɫɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜ ɤɨɬɥɟ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ

ɬɟɩɥɚ ɨɬɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɣ ɜ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ,

ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬ ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɣ ɬɚɦ ɜɨ

ɜɪɟɦɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɹ. ȼ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɬɚɤɚɹ

ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɢɡɨɥɹ-

ɰɢɢ ɢ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɭ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧ-

ɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɨɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɹ

ɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ.

ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ,

ɟɫɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ q

ɢ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ.

ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɤɨɬɥɚ:

– ɦɚɫɫɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɜ ɤɝ

– ɦɚɫɫɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɜ ɤɝ

– ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɟɩɥɨ (ɫɬɚɥɶ ɢɥɢ ɱɭɝɭɧ) ɜȼɬ•ɱɚɫ/ɤɝ Ʉ

= 0,14 ȼɬ•ɱɚɫ/ɤɝ Ʉ)

– ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɟɩɥɨ ɜɨɞɵ (c

= 1,163 ȼɬ•ɱɚɫ/ɤɝ Ʉ)

ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɤɨɬɥɚ

(˷

̞ (-)

ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ (z)

ɪɚɜɧɨ

ɟ – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɗɟɣɥɟɪɚ (ɟ§ 2,718)

ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɞɥɹ ɫɜɟɪɯɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɬɥɚ:

Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ M

= 180 ɤɝ

Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɜɨɞɵ M

= 70 ɤɝ

ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ q’

ɩɪɢ 60 °ɋ q’

B 60

= 0,009

ɇɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ Ɋ

= 24 200 ȼɬ

Ɍɟɩɥɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤ.ɩ.ɞ.. Ș

= 0,93

= 70,0 • 1,163 + 180,0 • 0,14 = 106,6 ȼɬ•ɱɚɫ/Ʉ

ɉɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɡɚ z = 12 ɱɚɫɨɜ:

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ 8

– 12 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɣɬɢ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɹ, ɬɨ

ɜ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯ-

ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭ-

ɪɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ 50 ɞɨ 55 °ɋ. ɏɨɬɹ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ

ɛɵ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɢ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ-

ɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɞɨ ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɚɡ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ.

ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɥɚɫɶ ɛɵ ɧɚ

ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɵɟ 5 – 7 °ɋ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ-

ɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬ-

ɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɬɟɪɹɦɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶ

ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ. ȼ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɲɢɪɨɬɚɯ ɱɢɫɬɨ

ɥɟɬɧɢɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɟɞɤɨ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ.

Ɉɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ˷’

kȘ

ɢ ˷’

ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 1.

[H 821]

ȅǲǶǵǶǴǰǿǭǹǲǰǭ ǷǶǲǨǯǨǺǭǳǰ

ǹǶǪǸǭǴǭǵǵȃǽ ǲǶǺǭǳȄǵȃǽ ǻǹǺǨǵǶǪǶǲ

ɇɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫ ɩɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɪɟ-

ɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɦɢ ɢ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɦɢ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɚɦɢ – ɑɚɫɬɶ II

Ɋɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɵ

ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɦɢ, ɧɚ-

ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɤɨ-

ɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦ ɫɚ-

ɦɵɦ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɧɢɯ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɟ

ɷɧɟɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶ-

ɧɨɟ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɹɜ-

ɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ

ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪɚɦɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ

ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɤ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɧɢɡɤɨ-

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɤɨɬɥɚɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɯ

ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɢ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɤɨɬɥɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶ-

ɧɨɟ ɭɥɭɱɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚ-

ɬɟɥɟɣ.

ɋ ɜɵɯɨɞɨɦ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɵ VDI 2067 ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɢ-

ɝɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟ-

ɬɨɜ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ

ɨɛɵɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ. Ɉɧɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟ

ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɤ

ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɢ ɫɜɟɪɯɧɢɡ-

ɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɤɨɬɥɚɦ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɢ

ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɬɥɨɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɬɥɚɦ ɫ ɞɜɭɯ-

ɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɦɢ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɚɦɢ. ȼ ɱɚɫɬɢ 2 ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɪɚ-

ɛɨɬɵ (ɱɚɫɬɶ 1 ɜ HLH 1/85) ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ

ɚɜɬɨɪɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɷɬɨɣ ɪɚɫɱɺɬ-

ɧɨɣ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ.

______________________________________

Ƚɸɧɬɟɪ ȼɚɝɧɟɪ, Ⱥɥɥɟɧɞɨɪɮ

2.4. Ʉɨɬɟɥ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɟɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɝɨ-

ɪɟɥɤɨɣ

ɇɚ ɪɢɫ. 8 ɢ 9 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɠɢɞ-

ɤɨɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ.

ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɨɣ ɨ ɨɬɨɩɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɯ

Heiz.Anl.VO ɤɨɬɥɵ ɫ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɲɟ 120 ɤȼɬ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ

ɢɦɟɬɶ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɟ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ, ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɨɛɳɚɹ

ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ

ɤɨɬɥɨɜ. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɨɛɭ-

ɫɥɨɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ

ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ. ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɫɨ-

ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɟ. ɂ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ,

ɟɫɥɢ ɩɟɪɜɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɟɥɶ-

ɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɭɫɤɚ, ɬɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚɯ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɬɶ

ɨɞɧɨɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ.

Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɣ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɬɥɨɜ ɪɟɚɥɢ-

ɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɫɪɟɞ-

ɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɭɫ-

ɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚ 5 – 8 Ʉ ɜɵɲɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ

ɪɟɝɭɥɹɬɨɪɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɢɡ-

ɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɬɥɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɨɝɨɞɨɡɚ-

ɜɢɫɢɦɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɤɚɫɤɚɞɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɭɫɬɪɨɣ-

ɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟ-

ɧɢ.

2.4.1. ɞɨɥɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɟɣ ɝɨɪɟɥɤɢ ɜ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɬɟɩɥɚ

Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɢɫ.

4 (ɱɚɫɬɶ 1 ɜ HLH 1/85, ɫɬɪ. 13). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹ-

ɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ

ɬɟɩɥɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ DIN 4701. ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ Ⱥ-ȼ-ɋ, ɨɛɪɚ-

ɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɢɚɝɪɚɦɦɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɤɪɢɜɨɣ ɢ ɥɢɧɢɹɦɢ ɤɨɨɪ-

ɞɢɧɚɬ, ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɝɨɞɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɬɟɩ-

ɥɚ. ȿɫɥɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɝɨ-

ɪɟɥɤɢ P

= 0,5 P

, ɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɬɟ-

ɩɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ Ⱥ-D-E. ȼɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ

ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ D-F ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ (ɫɨ-

ɩɥɨ). ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɥɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚ-

ɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɡ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ D-B-F

ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬɭ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ

ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɥɚ (P

ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ 2-ɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟ-

ɧɢ ɪɚɜɧɚ:

aD2

= Q

• f

(ɱɚɫɨɜ/ɝɨɞ)

ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɞɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ 2-ɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɢ ɤɨɬɟɥ ɪɚ-

ɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɫ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɫ ɧɨ-

ɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɜɧɚ:

= b

aD2

• P

(ɤȼɬ • ɱɚɫ/ɝɨɞ)

ɉɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɫ 1-ɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶɸ, ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫ ɩɨɧɢ-

ɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ (P

) ɪɚɜɧɚ:

= Q

- Q

(ɤȼɬ • ɱɚɫ/ɝɨɞ)

Ɉɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɞɨɥɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɬɟɩɥɚ ɫ ɧɨɦɢ-

ɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ (f

) ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶɸ (f

)

ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ. 2 ɢ

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 1. ɋɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɤɨɬɥɚ ɜ °ɋ

(Ɉɬɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɹ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɵ 1 ɜɱɚɫɬɢ 1. ȼ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɛɵɥɚ

ɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɚ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ ɜɜɨɞɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥ ɪɚɫ-

ɲɢɪɟɧ ɞɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ 6800 ɱɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɝɨɞ).

Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ 90/70 75/60 55/47

˷ K

min

˷’

KȘ

˷’

KȘ

˷’

KȘ

1. ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɛɟɡ

ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɨ-

ɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ

1. ɋɜɟɪɯɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦ-

ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ

20,0 42,0 51,5 37,0 44,5 30,5 35,0

2.ɇɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪ.

ɤɨɬɟɥ

40,0 46,5 52,5 43,0 47,0 40,5 41,0

3. Ʉɨɬɟɥ 50,0 52,5 56,0 51,0 52,0 50,0 50,0

4. ɇɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪ.

ɤɨɬɟɥ, ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ

55,0 - - - - 55,0 55,0

II ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ ɫ

ɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ

ɝɨɪɹɱɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ

1. ɋɜɟɪɯɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦ-

ɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɬɟɥ

20,0 43,5 53,5 40,0 47,0 35,0 39,0

2. ɇɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪ.

ɤɨɬɟɥ

40,0 47,0 54,0 43,0 49,0 42,5 44,0

3. Ʉɨɬɟɥ 50,0 52,0 57,5 50,5 53,5 50,0 52,0

4. ɇɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪ.

ɤɨɬɟɥ, ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚ

55,0 - - - - 56,0 56,6

aKH

= 1700 ɱɚɫɨɜ/ɝɨɞ;b

aKW

= 200 ɱɚɫɨɜ/ɝɨɞ