Sievers Eduard. Grammar of Old English

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

TABLE

CONTENTS.

The

Numbers

refer

Sections.

INTRODUCTION

Alphabet

and

Pronunciation

PHONOLOGY.

PART I. THE

VOWELS.

In General

Quantity

West

Saxon

Vowels :

The

Vowels of the

Stressed

Syllables

Simple

Vowels

Diphthongs

II.

The

Vowels

of the Unstressed and

slightly

Stressed

Syllables,

1. Stem

Vowels

Words which

have lost

the

Primary

Stress,

2. Vowels of Derivative

and

Final

Syllables

The

Relation

the

Old

English

Vowel

System

to that

the

Cognate

Languages

A. The Germanic

and West Germanic

Vowel

System

The

Representatives

of the West Germanic

Vowels in

West

Saxon

The

Vowels

of the Stem

General

Survey

of the

Correspondences

Survey

the

Effects

produced upon

Stressed

Vowels

Adjoining

Sounds:

Influence of

Nasals,

65;

Influence

;

Palatal

Influence,

74;

The

Breakings,

77;

The

Umlauts, 85;

Hiatus

and

Contraction

110

Variations

Quantity

120

II.

The

Vowels

of Medial and Final

Syllables

126

Ablaut

127

Apocope

of Final Vowels

. 130

Further

Changes

of Final

Sounds

Consequence

Apocope

137

Syncope

Middle Vowels

143

TABLE

CONTENTS.

C. The

Chief

Dialectal

Variations,

150 : Influence of

156

;

In-

fluence

Preceding

Palatal,

157

;

Breakings,

158

;

Umlauts,

159;

Contractions,

166;

Quantity

168

PART II.

THE

CONSONANTS.

Survey

the Old

English

Consonants

169

A. Sonorous

Consonants

1. The Semi-vowels

171

;

175

2. The

Liquids

r, 178; 1,

183

8. The

Nasals

184

B. Non-Sonorous

Consonants:

Labials

188;

b, 190; f, 192; v,

194

Dentals

t, 195; d, 197; ff,

199;

203

3. Gutturals

and

Palatals

General,

206;

(k,

x),

207;

g, 211;

(x),

217

The

Old

English

Consonants in

General

Changes

when

Final

224

Gemination

226

The

Combinations

ft,

232

Grammatical

Change

233

INFLECTION.

PART I.

DECLENSION.

Declension

of Nouns

Vocalic

Strong

Declension

The

o-Declension

235

Simple

o-stems, 238;

jo-stems,

246;

wo-stems,

249

2. The

A-Declension

261

Simple A-stems,

252

;

jA-stems,

256

;

wA-stems,

259

The

i-Declension :

Masculines and

Neuters,

262;

Feminines

268

The

u-Dcclcnsion :

Masculines,

270;

Feminines,

274;

Neuters

275

Weak

Declension

(n-stems)

276

Minor

Declensions

Irregular

Consonant

Stems

281

2. Stems

-r

. .

285

Stems in

-nd

286

Stems

os,

-es

(

288

TABLE OF

CONTENTS.

XIX

Declension

Adjectives

291

Strong Adjectives

292

Pure

o-stems

293

jo-stems

297

wo-stems

300

i-stems

302

5. u-stems

303

The Weak

Declension

304

C. Declension of

Participles

306

D. The

Comparison

Adjectives

307

Appendix:

Formation of Adverbs

315

Comparison

of Adverbs

322

Numerals

Cardinals

324

Ordinals

328

3. Other

Numerals

329

Pronouns

1. Personal

Pronouns without

Distinction of

Gender

. .

332

Reflexive Pronouns

333

Pronouns of

the

Third

Person

334

Possessives

335

Demonstratives

337

6. Relatives

340

Interrogatives

341

Indefinites

343

PART

II.

CONJUGATION.

General

360

I. Personal

Endings

General

352

II.

Strong

Verbs :

A. The

Conjugation

of the

Strong

Verbs :

Paradigms

. .

367

1. Present 368

Preterit 376

3. Past

Participle

378

Tense-formation

of the

Strong

Verbs:

1. Ablaut

Verbs, 379;

Class

I., 382;

Class

II., 384;

Class

III.,

386;

Class

IV.,

390;

Class

V.,

391

;

Class

VI. . 392

Reduplicating

Verbs

393

HI.

Weak

Verbs

1. First Weak

Conjugation:

Original

Short Stems 400

TABLE OF

CONTENTS.

Original

Long

Stems

and

Polysyllables

....

403

Irregular

Verbs

407

Conjugation

409

2. Second Weak

Conjugation

411

3. Third

Weak

Conjugation

415

IV.

Minor

Groups

1. Preteritire

Presents

417

2. Verbs

-ml,

426

;

The

Substantive

Verb,

427

;

wlllan,

428;

d6n,

429;

g&n

430

APPENDIX

Page

243

BlBLIOGBAPHT

247

INDEX

"251

LIST

ABBREVIATIONS.

Beitr Paul und Braune's

Beitrage

(see

Preface).

Cod.

Dipl

Codex

Diplomaticus

(see

Appendix, p.

243).

Cura

Past Cura Pastoralis

(see

Appendix, p. 245).

Epinal

Glossary

(see

Appendix, p.

244).

EWS

Early

West Saxon.

Germ

Germanic.

Goth

Gothic.

Kent

Kentish.

Gl.,

Kent. Gl

Kentish Glosses

(see

Appendix,

244).

LOE

Late Old

English.

LWS

Late West Saxon.

Old

English

Anglo

Saxon).

OHG

Old

High

German.

Old

Norse

(= Icelandic).

Old

Saxon.

Merc

Mercian.

North

Northumbrian.

Psalter

(Vespasian

see

App., p. 244).

R.,

Rusbw

Rushworth Gloss

(see

Appendix, p.

243).

Kit

Durham

Ritual

(see Appendix, p. 243).

indicates a

word

form

not

actually

found,

but

of which

the

existence

inferred.

USTTKODUCTIOK

Old

English

we mean

the

language

of the

Germanic

inhabitants

England,

from their

earliest

settlement in that

country

till

about

the middle

or end

the

twelfth

century.

From

this

time

on the

language

differs from

that of

the

older

period

the

gradual

decay

of inflectional

forms,

and the

introduction

French elements.

NOTE. The

OE.

writers

uniformly

call their

own

language Englisc

;

the

Latin authors

employ,

for the most

part,

the term

lingua

saxonica. The

names

Ongulseaxan,

Lat.

Anglosaxones,

etc.,

were

originally

employed

only

in a

political

sense

;

the

proposed

nomenclature

for the

various

periods

English

and the able defence

of the term Old

English

Sweet's

History

English

Sounds,

first

edition,

pp.

157-161.

Old

English

forms

a branch

the so-called

West

Germanic, i.e.,

of the

unitary language

from

which,

later

times,

proceeded

Old

English,

Frisian,

Old

Saxon,

Frankish,

and

Upper

German.

It is most

nearly

Frisian,

but is

likewise

closely

akin to Old Saxon.

Cf. the editor's

Phonological

Investigation

Old

Eng-

lish,

Boston,

1888.

the earliest

OE.

manuscripts

the

existence

various dialects

plainly

discernible. The chief

these are the

Northumbrian,

the

north

;

the

Midland,

Mercian,

the

interior;

the Wefet

Saxon,

the

west and

south;

and

the

Kentish,

in the south-east.

NOTE. Northumbrian

and Mercian

together

forir the

Anglian group.

The

main

representative

of the

Saxon dialects is West

Saxon,

and

the

Jutic,

Kentish.

For an

account of

the most

important

monuments

of the OE.

language,

see

Appendix, p.

243.

INTRODUCTION.

The

chief

characteristics

WS. are

the

represen-

tation

of Germ.

tfe

(57

ff.

;

150.

;

the accurate

discrimination,

ea and

(150.

;

the

early

loss

the

sound

(27)

;

and the

displacement

of the

ending

-u, -o,

of the

pres.

ind. 1st

sing.,

-e

(356)

EWS.

the

umlaut of

ea,

eo is

ie,

passing

later

into

(41;

150.2).

Northumbrian

has a

tendency

drop

final

(186),

and to convert

we into

woe,

and

weo into

(156).

The inflections

were

unsettled

early

period

;

especially

noticeable

is the

frequent

formation of the

pres.

ind. 3d

sing,

and of the

whole

plur.

-s instead

of <5F

(358).

The

oldest

criterion of

Kentish is

the

vocalization of

into

(214.

;

recent

is the substitution

for

(154).

Alphabet

and

Pronunciation.

The

OE.

alphabet

is the

Latin

alphabet

modi-

fied

by English

scribes. The

letters

and s

are

most

unlike the

usual forms.

Besides the Latin

letters,

there

were

}>,

and a

character

for

the

two

latter

being

borrowed

from the Runic

alphabet.

English

editions

of OE.

texts

have often been

printed

with

type

made

in imitation of

the

manuscript

charac-

ters.

present,

however,

the Roman letters

are

uni-

versally preferred,

with

the addition of

the characters

o" and b.

Occasionally,

too,

the

OE. 5

employed

represent

NOTE

Abbreviations

are not

very

common

Old

English

manu-

scripts. They

are

usually

denoted

or ~.

over vowels

signifies

e.g.

fro

frQm

;

over

consonants

er,

as in

aeft, fsestn,

aefter,

fiestern,

ofer.

the

other

hand,

denotes

or,

f, fe, befan,

etc.

for,

fore,

beforan

but

ffofi,

hvvon stand for

ffonne,

hwonne.

ALPHABET

AND

PRONUNCIATION.

with crossed vertical

signifies

J^aet.

The

following

have been

borrowed

from

Latin :

for

Qiid, and,

and

;

and a crossed 1

for

or.

NOTE

Before

the introduction of the

Latin

alphabet,

the

English

already

possessed

Runic

letters.

The

alphabet

is an extension

the

old

German

Runic

alphabet

twenty-four

letters

(L.

F. A.

Wimmer,

Runeskriftens

oprindelse og udvikling

Norden,

Copenhagen, 1874).

The few

Runic

remains

may

found in

Stephens^

The Old Northern

Runic

Monuments,

Copenhagen,

1866,

I. 361

ff.,

and in

Sweet,

Oldest

English

Texts,

pp.

124-130. The

most

important

of these are

the

inscriptions

the

Ruthwell Cross

Northumberland,

Bewcastle

Cross

Cumberland,

and

the Clermont

casket.

The

data

for

determining

the

pronunciation

these letters

furnished

the

traditional

pronunci-

ation of

Latin

as it obtained

England

from about

the seventh

century

; besides,

not

improbable

that

Celtic

influences must

taken

into

account. In

doubtful

cases we are

obliged

to resort to

variation

the

orthography,

and

especially

phonetic

changes

and

grammatical

phenomena

in Old

English

itself,

as a

means of

determining

the

pronunciation.

Moreover,

the latter cannot

have been

the

same

at all

times,

and

in all localities.

the

following

chapters

phonology

the

precise pronunciation

the individual

letters

will

indicated,

whenever this can

done with

any approach

certainty.

PHONOLOGY.

PART

I. -THE

VOWELS.

General.

6. The

Old

English

vowels

are denoted

the six

simple

characters

a, e,

i, o, u,

the

ligature

se,

and

the

digraphs

oe,

(ia),

eo,

io,

and

(seldom

au, ai,

ei,

oi,

ui),

and

the

oldest

WS. texts

eu,

(64;

159.

4),

the

latter,

with the

exception

oe, oi,

and

ui,

arid

occasion-

ally

(27.

note),

having

the value

diphthongs.

NOTE 1. The

Mss. often

write se> as

ae,

or even as

;

so,

too,

the

printed

oe is

always

represented

oe.

The distinctions

in both

cases

are

merely graphical,

and have

nothing

to do with

the

pronunciation.

For

ei,

which

mostly

restricted to

foreign

words,

the

later Mss.

have

g(c)>

as m

scegff,

Sweg(e)n,

for

sceiff,

Swein.

The occurrence of

the

diphthong

au is

very infrequent

;

it is found in

foreign

words

cawl,

cole,

laurtreow,

laurel,

clauster,

cloister

;

and

perhaps

lit,

aught,

iiaiiht,

naught,

saul, soul,

for

and

beside

a(w)uht,

na(w)uht

(344

ff.),

sa(\v)ul

(174.

3).

The

diphthongs

al, oi,

may

be re-

garded

as Northumbrian

graphic

variants for

ae, oe,

and

respectively

thus,

cnaiht,

fralgna (155.

3);

Colored

for

Coenrfed,

Oisc

for

(Esc

;

suinnig

for

synnlg,

sinful.

NOTE

2. Old

English

has

diphthongs, except

those

already

men-

tioned.

Every

other

vowel

combination

(including

most

cases

ei)

must

analyzed

into

its

two

component

vowels: aidlian

a-idlian,

aurnen

a-urnen,

beirnan

be-irnan,

geywed

ge-ywed,

geunnan

ge-unnan, etc.;

iu is

generally ju

(74;

157).

With

respect

the

position

of the

articulating

organs,

are

guttural

vowels,

while

se, e,

i, oe,

are

palatals.

The

diphthongs

uniformly begin

with

ital

sound.

palatal

sound.

THE

VOWELS.

NOTE.

Of the

palatal

vowels,

the

following belong

to the earliest

prehistoric

stage

Old

English

viz.,

West Germ, a

(49)

;

West Germ.

(57. 2)

;

West Germ, e

(53)

;

and

the initial

components

the

diphthongs

ea, eo,

io. On

the other

hand,

the fol-

lowing

arose

in a somewhat later

prehistoric period

OE.,

and

are

due

the

palatalization

originally guttural

vowel

i-umlaut :

viz.,

as i-umlaut

of a

(90)

;

i-umlaut of

before

nasals

(89.

2),

and

of o

(93.

;

as i-umlaut of

(94)

;

besides

oe,

(27),

and stable

y, $ (32

ff.).

These

two

groups may properly

designated

the terms

primary

palatal

vowels

and

secondary palatal

vowels

respectively.

The

following occupy

an intermediate

position,

so far

they

are

umlauts,

not of

guttural

vowels,

but of the

primary palatals

viz.,

umlaut of ae

(89.

;

ie,

unstable

i, i; y

as umlaut of

ea, eo, io;

and

as umlaut of

ea, eo,

(97 ff.).

Quantity.

8. All these

vowels,

together

with

the

diphthongs,

have

both

short

and

long

quantity.

Length

some-

times

indicated,

especially

the more

ancient manu-

scripts,

and as

rule

monosyllables, by

gemination

of the

simple

vowel

sign

(yy

probably

never

being

found),

aa,

breer,

in,

doom,

huus. The

ligatures

and

diphthongs,

the

other

hand,

are never

geminated.

At a later

period,

length

is indicated

an acute

accent

over

the vowel

sign

combination,

ji,

brr,

mfii,

d6m,

hris,

mys,

sjfe,

deflFel or

o^ffel,

ac or

edc,

tr^owe

tredwe,

etc.,

though

best

it is

only

em-

ployed

sporadically,

and

subject

fixed rule.

NOTE

English

editors

and

grammarians

retain the

acute accent

sign

length

;

Germany

the circumflex is

generally

used over

simple

vowel

signs,

a, brer,

mm,

<lom,

bus, mys,

etc. Short

and

long

ae and

oe were

formerly

discriminated as a

and

ae,

and oe

;

these

are now

written ae

and

ae,

and

oe,

as in

the case

of the

simple

vowel

signs.

The

lack of

uniformity

is most

conspicuous

the

diphthongs,

English

scholars

formerly

denoting

the

long

diphthongs

an acute

accent over the

second

element,

ea,

e6,

16,

e.g.,

beam, be6n,

hieran,

contradistinction

wearp, weorpan,

wierpff.

This was likewise

PHONOLOGY.

the

practice

of Grimm

and

his

successors.

Latterly,

there lias

been

attempt

introduce the

circumflex in this

place

also,

and

write

either

ea, eo,

ie,

e&,

eO,

ie.

Neither

to be

recommended,

since

this means

there

may

result confusion between

diphthongs

and

the

dissyllabic

groups

-a

e-&,

etc.

the

present

work

shall,

conformity

with the latest

and

best

English

usage,

employ

the

acute

accent

only,

and

place

it over the

first,

instead of

the

second,

element

long diphthongs,

retaining

the

circumflex for the first

element of

dissyllabic

groups.

NOTE 2. For the

designation

secondary lengthening by

see

120.

The

originally

long

vowels

certain derivative

and

final

syllables

do not

retain their

length

OE.

;

every

vowel

of a derivative

final

syllable

must,

therefore,

regarded

as short.

NOTE. Earlier writers

on the

subject,

deference

to the

authority

of Jacob

Grimm,

have

wrongly

designated

the

-e

of the instr.

sing,

long.

Some

grammarians

present

attribute

length

the

ending

-ere,

bocere

(248),

and the

-i-

the

Second Weak

Conjugation

(411

ft).

WEST

SAXON VOWELS.

The

Vowels

the Stressed

Syllables.

SIMPLE

VOWELS.

10.

Short a

comparatively

rare.

less

regularly

wanting

before

nasals

(65 ff.),

and

it is like-

wise avoided

in all

closed

syllables.

Exceptions

are

rare:

habban,

nabban

(415 ff.);

crabba,mar6; hnappian

(rarely

luiaeppian),

nap;

lappa

(more

rarely

Iseppa),

lap;

appla,

plur.

seppel,

apple;

ftaccian,

stroke;

mattuc,

mattock;

gaffetung,

scoffing

; assa,

ass;

asse(n),

she-ass

;

cassuc,

liassuc,

sedge

;

asce, axe,

ashes

; flasce,

flaxe,

flask

;

masce,

niaxe,

mesh

;

wascan, vvaxaii,