Сарычева Л.И. Физика фундаментальных взаимодействий
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10 × 10
”
“
1 × 1
10
14
∼ 30
5 · 10
56
10
4
−2
−1
> 10
7
10
0
10
11
10
2
10
5
> 10
5
dN/dE = a
0
/E
γ
γ = 2.8 10
5
10
5
÷ 10
6
γ
E > 10
6
E > 10
10
γ ∼ 2.8
E = 10
6
”
“ ∼ 10
10
”
“ > 10
11
γ
E
th
= k
m
π
m
p
2ε
≈ 10
19
ε = 10
−3
T ≈ 2.7
◦
K
M
X
Z
Z
F
Z
F
×10
−6
−2 −1 −1
−1
10
1
10
6
Differential flux (m
2
sr s MeV/nucleon)
−1
Kinetic energy (MeV/nucleon)
H
He
C
Fe
10
5
10
6
10
4
10
3
10
2
10 10
7
10
−5
10
−6
10
−7
10
−8
10
−9
10
−4
10
−3
10
−2
0.1
10
1
10
5
I
N
(E, 0) ≈ 1.8E
−γ
−2 −1 −1
−1
, γ = 2.7.
> 1
15 10 5 3 2 1 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
Atmospheric depth [g cm
–2
]
Vertical flux [m
–2
s
–1
sr
–1
]
Altitude (km)
µ
+
+ µ
−
π
+
+ π
−
e
+
+ e
−
p + n
ν
µ
+ ν
µ
_
E > 1
E
µ
> 1
X
−2
I
N
(E, X) ≈
I
N
(E, 0)e
−X/Λ
,
Λ
E
π
< ǫ
π
ǫ
π
=
115
Λ ≈ 120
−2
I
π
(E
π
, X) ≈
Z
N,π
Λ
N
I
N
(E
π
, 0)e
−X/Λ
XE
π
ǫ
π
.
t = Λ ≈ 120
−2
Z
N,π
Z
N,π
≈ 0.079
ǫ
π
π
+
π
−
µ
+
µ
−
ν
µ
, ¯ν
µ
π
0
e
+
, e
−
”
“
”
“