Rowell R.M. (ed.) Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites
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HANDBOOK OF
WOOD CHEMISTRY
AND WOOD
COMPOSITES
© 2005 by CRC Press
HANDBOOK OF
WOOD CHEMISTRY
AND WOOD
COMPOSITES
Edited by
Roger M. Rowell
Boca Raton London New York Singapore
A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the
Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.
© 2005 by CRC Press
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Library of Congress Card Number 2004057915
Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites / edited by Roger M. Rowell.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-1588-3 (alk. paper)
1. Wood—Chemistry—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Engineered wood—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
I. Rowell, Roger M.
TS932.H36
620.1'2—dc22 2004057915
1588_C00.fm Page iv Thursday, December 2, 2004 3:32 PM
© 2005 by CRC Press
For a teacher,
Success is not measured in the number of students
that conform to your way of thinking,
It is measured in the number of students in which
you have confirmed the excitement of the learning process.
Roger Rowell
1588_C00.fm Page v Thursday, December 2, 2004 3:32 PM
© 2005 by CRC Press
Preface
Wood has played a major role throughout human history. The earliest humans used wood to make
shelters, cook food, construct tools, and make weapons. There are human marks on a climbing
pole that were made over 300,000 years ago. We have found wood in the Egyptian pyramids,
Chinese temples and tombs, and ancient ships, attesting to the use of wood by past societies.
Collectively, society learned very early the great advantages of using a resource that was widely
distributed, multifunctional, strong, easy to work, aesthetic, sustainable, and renewable. Wood has
been used by people for centuries as a building material; we have accepted its limitations, such as
instability toward moisture and degradation due to microorganisms, termites, fire, and ultraviolet
radiation, in use. We must accept that wood was designed by nature to perform in a wet environment
and that nature is programmed to recycle wood to carbon dioxide and water using the chemistries
of biological decay and thermal, ultraviolet, and moisture degradations. By accepting these limi-
tations, however, we also limit our expectations of performance, which, ultimately, limits our ability
to accept new concepts for improved materials.
As we start the twenty-first century, we are concerned about issues dealing with the environment,
sustainability, recycling, energy, sequestering carbon, and the depletion of our natural resources by
a growing world population. In many ways, we are rediscovering wood as a material. We will not,
however, be able to realize the full potential of the role that wood and wood products can play in
our “modern society” as materials and chemical feed stock until we fully understand their chemistry
and material properties. That understanding holds the keys to effective utilization. Wood will not
reach its highest use potential until we fully describe it, understand the mechanisms that control
its performance properties, and, finally, become able to manipulate those properties to elicit the
performance we seek.
The purpose of this book is to present the latest concepts in wood chemistry and wood
composites as understood by the various authors who have written the chapters. I thank them for
their time and effort in the preparation of this book. The book is an update of an earlier book of
this editor, Chemistry of Solid Wood, Advances in Chemistry Series No. 207, American Chemical
Society, Washington, D.C., 1984, which is long out of print.
Roger M. Rowell
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© 2005 by CRC Press
About the Editor
Roger M. Rowell is a project leader and research chemist at the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, in Madison, Wisconsin. He is also a professor in the
Departments of Forest Ecology and Management and Biological Systems Engineering at the Engi-
neering Center for Plasma Research at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and in the Department
of Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University, Gothenburg, Sweden. He has worked on projects
for the United Nations and with many universities, institutes, and companies around the world on
bio-based composites. He has taught courses in wood chemistry in several countries and has presented
many lectures at international and national scientific meetings. His research specialties are in the
areas of carbohydrate chemistry, chemical modification of lignocellulosics for property enhancement,
water quality, and sustainable materials. He has been a visiting scholar in Japan, Sweden, the United
Kingdom, New Zealand, and China. He is a fellow of the International Academy of Wood Science
and the American Chemical Society’s Division of Cellulose, Paper, and Textiles.
He received his BS degree in chemistry and mathematics from Southwestern College in
Winfield, Kansas, his MS in biochemistry from Purdue University in West Lafayette, Indiana, and
his PhD in biochemistry from Purdue University. He has edited 9 books and has over 300 publi-
cations and 22 patents.
He is married to his wonderful wife, Judith (who has spent many hours helping with this book),
and his family includes three grown sons, their wives, and eight grandchildren.
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© 2005 by CRC Press
List of Contributors
Lars Bergland
Royal Institute of Technology
Department of Aeronautical
and Vehicle Engineering
Stockholm, Sweden
Von L. Byrd
USDA, Forest Service
Forest Products Laboratory
Madison, WI
Daniel F. Caulfield
USDA, Forest Service
Forest Products Laboratory
Madison, WI
Craig Clemons
USDA, Forest Service
Forest Products Laboratory
Madison, WI
L. Emilio Cruz-Barba
Center for Plasma Aided Manufacturing
University of Wisconsin
Madison, WI
Ferencz S. Denes
Department of Biological Systems Engineering
and Center for Plasma Aided Manufacturing
University of Wisconsin
Madison, WI
W. Dale Ellis
USDA, Forest Service
Forest Products Laboratory
Madison, WI
Charles R. Frihart
USDA, Forest Service
Forest Products Laboratory
Madison, WI
James S. Han
USDA, Forest Service
Forest Products Laboratory
Madison, WI
Rebecca E. Ibach
USDA, Forest Service
Forest Products Laboratory
Madison, WI
Rodney E. Jacobson
AJ Engineering
Madison, WI
Susan L. LeVan-Green
USDA, Forest Service
Forest Products Laboratory
Madison, WI
Sorin Manolache
Center for Plasma Aided Manufacturing
University of Wisconsin
Madison, WI
Regis B. Miller
USDA, Forest Service
Forest Products Laboratory
Madison, WI
Roger Pettersen
USDA, Forest Service
Forest Products Laboratory
Madison, WI
Christopher D. Risbrudt
USDA, Forest Service
Forest Products Laboratory
Madison, WI
Jeffrey S. Rowell
Department of Forest Ecology
and Management
University of Wisconsin
Madison, WI
Roger M. Rowell
USDA, Forest Service
Forest Products Laboratory
Department of Biological Systems Engineering
University of Wisconsin
Madison, WI
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© 2005 by CRC Press
Mandla A. Tshabalala
USDA, Forest Service
Forest Products Laboratory
Madison, WI
Alex C. Wiedenhoeft
USDA, Forest Service
Forest Products Laboratory
Madison, WI
R. Sam Williams
USDA, Forest Service
Forest Products Laboratory
Madison, WI
Jerrold E. Winandy
USDA, Forest Service
Forest Products Laboratory
Department of Bio-Based Products
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, MN
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© 2005 by CRC Press
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Wood and Society
Christopher D. Risbrudt
PART I Structure and Chemistry
Chapter 2 Structure and Function of Wood
Alex C. Wiedenhoeft and Regis B. Miller
Chapter 3 Cell Wall Chemistry
Roger M. Rowell, Roger Pettersen, James S. Han, Jeffrey S. Rowell,
and Mandla A. Tshabalala
PART II Properties
Chapter 4 Moisture Properties
Roger M. Rowell
Chapter 5 Biological Properties
Rebecca E. Ibach
Chapter 6 Thermal Properties
Roger M. Rowell and Susan L. LeVan-Green
Chapter 7 Weathering of Wood
R. Sam Williams
Chapter 8 Surface Characterization
Mandla A. Tshabalala
PART III Wood Composites
Chapter 9 Wood Adhesion and Adhesives
Charles R. Frihart
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© 2005 by CRC Press
Chapter 10 Wood Composites
Lars Bergland and Roger M. Rowell
Chapter 11 Chemistry of Wood Strength
Jerrold E. Winandy and Roger M. Rowell
Chapter 12 Fiber Webs
Roger M. Rowell, James S. Han, and Von L. Byrd
Chapter 13 Wood Thermoplastic Composites
Daniel F. Caulfield, Craig Clemons, Rodney E. Jacobson,
and Roger M. Rowell
PART IV Property Improvements
Chapter 14 Chemical Modification of Wood
Roger M. Rowell
Chapter 15 Lumen Modifications
Rebecca E. Ibach and W. Dale Ellis
Chapter 16 Plasma Treatment of Wood
Ferencz S. Denes, L. Emilio Cruz-Barba, and Sorin Manolache
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© 2005 by CRC Press