Rosenfeld Susan. Encyclopedia of American Historical Documents

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for the Space of fifty like Miles, all alongst the said Coast

of Virginia and America, towards the East and Northeast,

or towards the North, as the Coast lyeth, and all the Islands

also within one hundred Miles directly over against the

same Sea Coast; And also all the Lands, Soils, Grounds,

Havens, Ports, Rivers, Woods, Mines, Minerals, Marshes,

Waters, Fishings, Commodities, and Hereditaments, what-

soever, from the same fifty Miles every way on the Sea

Coast, directly into the main Land, by the Space of one

hundred like English Miles; And shall and may inhabit and

remain there; and shall and may also build and fortify

within any the same for their better Safeguard, according

to their best Discretion, and the Discretion of the Council

of that Colony; And that none of our Subjects shall be per-

mitted, or suffered, to plant or inhabit behind, or on the

back of them, towards the main Land, without express

Licence of the Council of that Colony, in Writing there-

unto first had and obtained.

Provided always, and our Will and Pleases herein is,

that the Plantation and Habitation of such of the said

Colonies, as shall last plant themselves, as aforesaid, shall

not be made within one hundred like English Miles of the

other of them, that first began to make their Plantation, as

aforesaid.

And we do also ordain, establish, and agree, for Us,

our Heirs, and Successors, that each of the said Colonies

shall have a Council, which shall govern and order all Mat-

ters and Causes, which shall arise, grow, or happen, to or

within the same several Colonies, according to such Laws,

Ordinances, and Instructions, as shall be, in that behalf,

given and signed with Our Hand or Sign Manual, and pass

under the Privy Seal of our realm of England; Each of

which Councils shall consists of thirteen Persons, to be

ordained, made, and removed, from time to time, accord-

ing as shall be directed and comprised in the same instruc-

tions; And shall have a several Seal, for all Matters that

shall pass or concern the same several Councils; Each of

which Seals, shall have the King’s Arms engraven on the

one Side thereof, and his Portraiture on the other; And

that the Seal for the Council of the said first Colony shall

have engraven round about, on the one Side, these Words;

Sigillum Regis Magnae Britanniae, Franciae, & Hiberniae;

on the other Side this Inscription round about; Pro Con-

cilio primae Coloniae Virginiae. And the Seal for the

Council of the said second Colony shall also have

engraven, round about the one Side thereof, the aforesaid

Words; Sigillum Regis Magnae Britanniae, Franciae, &

Hiberniae; and on the other Side; Pro Concilio secundae

Coloniae Virginiae:

And that also there shall be a Council, established

here in England, which shall, in like Manner, consist of

thirteen Persons, to be, for that Purpose, appointed by Us,

our Heirs and Successors, which shall be called our Coun-

cil of Virginia; And shall, from time to time, have the supe-

rior Managing and Direction, only of and for all Matters

that shall or may concern the Government as well as of the

said several Colonies, as of and for any other Part or Place,

within the aforesaid Precincts of four and thirty and five

and forty Degrees above mentioned; Which Council shall,

in like manner, have a Seal, for Matters concerning the

Council or Colonies, with the like Arms and Portraiture, as

aforesaid, with this inscription, engraven round about on

the one Side; Sigillum Regis Magnae Britanniae, Franciae,

& Hiberniae; and round about on the other Side, Pro Con-

cilio suo Virginiae.

And moreover, we do Grant and agree, for Us, our

Heirs and Successors; that the said several Councils of and

for the said several Colonies, shall and lawfully may, by

Virtue hereof, from time to time, without any Interruption

of Us, our Heirs or Successors, give and take Order, to dig,

mine, and search for all Manner of Mines of Gold, Silver,

and Copper, as well within any part of their said several

Colonies, as for the said main Lands on the Backside of the

same Colonies; And to Have and enjoy the Gold, Silver,

and Copper, to be gotten thereof, to the Use and Behoof

of the same Colonies, and the Plantations thereof; Yielding

therefore to Us, our Heirs and Successors, the fifth Part

only of all the same Gold and Silver, and the fifteenth Part

of all the same Copper, so to be gotten or had, as is afore-

said, without any other Manner of Profit or Account, to be

given or yielded to Us, our Heirs, or Successors, for or in

Respect of the same:

And that they shall, or lawfully may, establish and

cause to be made a Coin, to pass current there between

the people of those several Colonies, for the more Ease of

Traffick and Bargaining between and amongst them and

the Natives there, of such Metal, and in such Manner and

Form, as the said several Councils there shall limit and

appoint.

And we do likewise, for Us, our Heirs, and Successors,

by these Presents, give full Power and Authority to the said

Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers, Richard Hackluit,

Edward-Maria Wingfield, Thomas Hanham, Ralegh

Gilbert, William Parker, and George Popham, and to every

of them, and to the said several Companies, Plantations,

and Colonies, that they, and every of them, shall and may,

at all and every time and times hereafter, have, take, and

lead in the said Voyage, and for and towards the said sev-

eral Plantations, and Colonies, and to travel thitherward,

and to abide and inhabit there, in every the said Colonies

and Plantations, such and so many of our Subjects, as shall

willingly accompany them or any of them, in the said Voy-

ages and Plantations; With sufficient Shipping, and Furni-

ture of Armour, Weapons, Ordinance, Powder, Victual,

and all other things, necessary for the said Plantations, and

for their Use and Defence there: Provided always, that

42 ERA 1: Three Worlds Meet

none of the said Persons be such, as shall hereafter be spe-

cially restrained by Us, our Heirs, or Successors.

Moreover, we do, by these Presents, for Us, our Heirs,

and Successors Give and grant License unto the said Sir

Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers, Richard Hackluit,

Edward-Maria Wingfield, Thomas Hanham, Ralegh

Gilbert, William Parker, and George Popham, and to every

of the said Colonies, that they, and every of them, shall and

may, from time to time, and at all times forever hereafter,

for their several Defences, encounter, expulse, repel, and

resist, as well by Sea as by Land, by all Ways and Means

whatsoever, all and every such Person and Persons, as

without the special License of the said several Colonies

and Plantations, shall attempt to inhabit within the said

several Precincts and Limits of the said several Colonies

and Plantations, or any of them, or that shall enterprise or

attempt, at any time hereafter, the Hurt, Detriment, or

Annoyance, of the said several Colonies or Plantations:

Giving and granting, by these Presents, unto the said

Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers, Richard Hackluit,

Edward-Maria Wingfield, and their Associates of the said

first Colony, and unto the said Thomas Hankam, Ralegh

Gilbert, William Parker, and George Popham, and their

Associates of the said second Colony, and to every of them,

from time to time, and at all times for ever hereafter,

Power and Authority to take and surprise, by all Ways and

Means whatsoever, all and every Person and Persons, with

their Ships, Vessels, Goods and other Furniture, which

shall be found trafficking, into any Harbour of Harbours,

Creek or Creeks, or Place, within the Limits or Precincts

of the said several Colonies and Plantations, not being of

the same Colony, until such time, as they, being of any

Realms, or Dominions under our Obedience, shall pay, or

agree to pay, to the Hands of the Treasurer of that Colony,

within whose Limits and Precincts they shall so traffick,

two and a half upon every Hundred, of any thing, so by

them trafficked, bought, or sold; And being Strangers, and

not Subjects under our Obeysance, until they shall pay five

upon every Hundred, of such Wares and Merchandise, as

they shall traffick, buy, or sell, within the Precincts of the

said several Colonies, wherein they shall so traffick, buy, or

sell, as aforesaid; Which Sums of Money, or Benefit, as

aforesaid, for and during the Space of one and twenty

Years, next ensuing the Date hereof, shall be wholly

employed to the Use, Benefit, and Behoof of the said sev-

eral Plantations, where such Traffick shall be made; And

after the said one and twenty Years ended, the same shall

be taken to the Use of Us, our Heirs, and Successors, by

such Officers and Ministers as by Us, our Heirs, and Suc-

cessors, shall be thereunto assigned or appointed.

And we do further, by these Presents, for Us, our

Heirs, and Successors, Give and grant unto the said Sir

Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers, Richard Hackluit, and

Edward- Maria Wingfield, and to their Associates of the

said first Colony and Plantation, and to the said Thomas

Hanham, Ralegh Gilbert, William Parker, and George

Popham, and their Associates of the said second Colony

and Plantation, that they, and every of them, by their

Deputies, Ministers, and Factors, may transport the

Goods, Chattels, Armour, Munition, and Furniture, need-

ful to be used by them, for their said Apparel, Food,

Defence, or otherwise in Respect of the said Plantations,

out of our Realms of England and Ireland, and all other or

Dominions, from time to time, for and during the Time of

seven Years, next ensuing the Date hereof, for the better

Relief of the said several Colonies and Plantations, without

any Customs, Subsidy, or other Duty, unto Us, our Heirs,

or Successors, to be yielded or payed for the same.

Also we do, for Us, our Heirs, and Successors,

Declare, by these Presents, that all and every the Persons

being our Subjects, which shall dwell and inhabit within

every or any of the said several Colonies and Plantations,

and every of their children, which shall happen to be born

within any of the Limits and Precincts of the said several

Colonies and Plantations, shall have and enjoy all Liber-

ties, Franchises, and Immunities, within any of our other

Dominions, to all Intents and Purposes, as if they had been

abiding and born, within this our Realm of England, or any

other of our said Dominions.

Moreover, our gracious Will and Pleasure is, and we

do, by these Presents, for Us, our Heirs, and Successors,

declare and set forth, that if any Person or Persons, which

shall be of any of the said Colonies and Plantations, or any

other which shall traffick to the said Colonies and Planta-

tions, or any of them, shall, at any time or times hereafter,

transport any Wares, Merchandises, or Commodities, out

of any of our Dominions, with a Pretence to land, sell, or

otherwise dispose of the same, within any the Limits and

Precincts of any of the said Colonies and Plantations, and

yet nevertheless, being at Sea, or after he hath landed the

same within any of the said Colonies and Plantations, shall

carry the same into any other Foreign Country, with a Pur-

pose there to sell or dispose of the same, without the

Licence of Us, our Heirs, and Successors, in that Behalf

first had and obtained; That then, all the Goods and Chat-

tels of such Person or Persons, so offending and transport-

ing, together with the said Ship or Vessel, wherein such

Transportation was made, shall be forfeited to Us, our

Heirs, and Successors.

Provided always, and our Will and Pleasure is, and we

do hereby declare to all Christian Kings, Princes, and

States, that if any Person or Persons which shall hereafter

be of any of the said several Colonies and Plantations, or

any other, by his, their, or any of their Licence and

Appointment, shall, at any Time or Times hereafter, rob or

spoil, by Sea or Land, or do any Act of unjust and unlaw-

The Legal and Religious Basis for European Settlement in the New World 43

ful Hostility to any the Subjects of Us, our Heirs, or Suc-

cessors, or any the Subjects of any King, Prince, Ruler,

Governor, or State, being then in League or Amitie with

Us, our Heirs, or Successors, and that upon such Injury, or

upon just Complaint of such Prince, Ruler, Governor, or

State, or their Subjects, We, our Heirs, or Successors, shall

make open Proclamation, within any of the Ports of our

Realm of England, commodious for that purpose, That the

said Person or Persons, having committed any such Rob-

bery, or Spoil, shall within the term to be limited by such

Proclamations, make full Restitution or Satisfaction of all

such Injuries done, so as the said Princes, or others so

complaining, may hold themselves fully satisfied and con-

tented; And, that if the said Person or Persons, having

committed such Robbery or Spoil, shall not make, or cause

to be made Satisfaction accordingly, within such Time so to

be limited, That then it shall be lawful to Us, our Heirs,

and Successors, to put the said Person or Persons, having

committed such Robbery or Spoil, and their Procurers,

Abettors, and Comforters, out of our Allegiance and Pro-

tection; And that it shall be lawful and free, for all Princes,

and others to pursue with hostility the said offenders, and

every of them, and their and every of their Procurers,

Aiders, abettors, and comforters, in that behalf.

And finally, we do for Us, our Heirs, and Successors,

Grant and agree, to and with the said Sir Thomas Gates,

Sir George Somers, Richard Hackluit, Edward-Maria

Wingfield, and all others of the said first colony, that We,

our Heirs, and Successors, upon Petition in that Behalf to

be made, shall, by Letters Patent under the Great Seal of

England, Give and Grant, unto such Persons, their Heirs

and Assigns, as the Council of that Colony, or the most part

of them, shall, for that Purpose, nominate and assign all

the Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments, which shall be

within the Precincts limited for that Colony, as is aforesaid,

To be holden of Us, our Heirs, and Successors, as of our

Manor at East-Greenwich, in the County of Kent, in free

and common Soccage only, and not in Capite:

And do in like Manner, Grant and Agree, for Us, our

Heirs, and Successors, to and with the said Thomas Han-

ham, Ralegh Gilbert, William Parker, and George Popham,

and all others of the said second Colony, That We, our

Heirs, and Successors, upon Petition in that Behalf to be

made, shall, by Letters-Patent, under the Great Seal of

England, Give and Grant, unto such Persons, their Heirs,

and Assigns, as the Council of that Colony, or the most Part

of them, shall for that Purpose nominate and assign, all the

Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments, which shall be

within the Precincts limited for that Colony, as is aforesaid.

To be holden of Us, our Heirs, and Successors, as of our

Manor of East-Greenwich, in the County of Kent, in free

and common Soccage only, and not in Capite:

All which Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments, so

to be passed by the said several Letters- Patent, shall be

sufficient Assurance from the said Patentees, so dis-

tributed and divided amongst the Undertakers for the

Plantation of the said several Colonies, and such as shall

make their Plantations in either of the said several

Colonies, in such Manner and Form, and for such Estates,

as shall be ordered and set down by the Council of the said

Colony, or the most part of them, respectively, within

which the same Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments

shall lye or be; Although express Mention of the true yearly

Value or Certainty of the Premisses, or any of them, or of

any other Gifts or Grants, by Us or any of our Progenitors

or Predecessors, to the aforesaid Sir Thomas Gates, Knt.

Sir George Somers, Knt. Richard Hackluit, Edward-Maria

Wingfield, Thomas Hanham, Ralegh Gilbert, William

Parker, and George Popham, or any of them, heretofore

made, in these Presents, is not made; Or any Statute, Act,

Ordinance, or Provision, Proclamation, or Restraint, to the

contrary hereof had, made, ordained, or any other Thing,

Cause, or Matter whatsoever, in any wise notwithstanding.

In Witness whereof, we have caused these our Letters to

be made Patents; Witness Ourself at Westminster, the

tenth Day of April, in the fourth Year of our Reign of En-

gland, France, and Ireland, and of Scotland the nine and

thirtieth.

Lukin Per breve de privato Sigillo.

Source:

Documents Illustrative of American History, 1606–1863, with

introductions and references by Howard W. Preston. New

York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1886.

Virginia Company of London, Instructions

for the Virginia Colony, 1606

In the early 17th century, after the failure of colonization

efforts by Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh, England

turned away from granting liberal land patents to individuals.

Joint-stock companies, the forerunners of modern corpora-

tions, were now employed to settle and turn a profit in En-

gland’s new lands. One of the first of these was the Virginia

Company of London, chartered by King James I in 1606. The

Instructions below, written by earlier colonists (Richard Hak-

luyt, the younger, is thought to be one of the authors), were

meant to serve as a guide for the new colonists. They were

also meant to ensure that the colonists pursued the company’s

two main objectives: trade and profit. Colonists were

instructed to look for a northwest passage to the spice-rich East

and to obtain gold, silver, and other precious metals, such as

44 ERA 1: Three Worlds Meet

copper, from either the native inhabitants or through their own

explorations.

________________________

_______________________

As we doubt not but you will have especial care to observe

the ordinances set down by the King’s Majesty and deliv-

ered unto you under the Privy Seal; so for your better

directions upon your first landing we have thought good to

recommend unto your care these instructions and articles

following.

When it shall please God to send you on the coast of

Virginia, you shall do your best endeavour to find out a safe

port in the entrance of some navigable river, making

choice of such a one as runneth farthest into the land, and

if you happen to discover divers portable rivers, and

amongst them any one that hath two main branches, if the

difference be not great, make choice of that which ben-

deth most toward the North-West for that way you shall

soonest find the other sea.

When you have made choice of the river on which you

mean to settle, be not hasty in landing your victuals and

munitions; but first let Captain Newport discover how far

that river may be found navigable, that you make election

of the strongest, most wholesome and fertile place; for if

you make many removes, besides the loss of time, you shall

greatly spoil your victuals and your caske, and with great

pain transport it in small boats.

But if you choose your place so far up as a bark of fifty

tuns will float, then you may lay all your provisions ashore

with ease, and the better receive the trade of all the coun-

tries about you in the land; and such a place you may

perchance find a hundred miles from the river’s mouth,

and the further up the better. For if you sit down near

the entrance, except it be in some island that is strong by

nature, an enemy that may approach you on even ground,

may easily pull you out; and if he be driven to seek you

a hundred miles [in] the land in boats, you shall from

both sides of the river where it is narrowest, so beat them

with your muskets as they shall never be able to prevail

against you.

And to the end that you be not surprised as the

French were in Florida by Melindus, and the Spaniard in

the same place by the French, you shall do well to make

this double provision. First, erect a little stoure at the

mouth of the river that may lodge some ten men; with

whom you shall leave a light boat, that when any fleet shall

be in sight, they may come with speed to give you warn-

ing. Secondly, you must in no case suffer any of the native

people of the country to inhabit between you and the sea

coast; for you cannot carry yourselves so towards them,

but they will grow discontented with your habitation, and

be ready to guide and assist any nation that shall come to

invade you; and if you neglect this, you neglect your

safety.

When you have discovered as far up the river as you

mean to plant yourselves, and landed your victuals and

munitions; to the end that every man may know his charge,

you shall do well to divide your six score men into three

parts; whereof one party of them you may appoint to forti-

fie and build, of which your first work must be your store-

house for victuals; the other you may imploy in preparing

your ground and sowing your corn and roots; the other ten

of these forty you must leave as centinel at the haven1s

mouth. The other forty you may imploy for two months in

discovery of the river above you, and on the country about

you; which charge Captain Newport and Captain Gosnold

may undertake of these forty discoverers. When they do

espie any high lands or hills, Captain Gosnold may take

twenty of the company to cross over the lands, and carry-

ing a half dozen pickaxes to try if they can find any miner-

als. The other twenty may go on by river, and pitch up

boughs upon the bank’s side, by which the other boats shall

follow them by the same turnings. You may also take with

them a wherry, such as is used here in the Thames; by

which you may send back to the President for supply of

munition or any other want, that you may not be driven to

return for every small defect.

You must observe if you can, whether the river on

which you plant doth spring out of mountains or out of

lakes. If it be out of any lake, the passage to the other sea

will be more easy, and [it] is like enough, that out of the

same lake you shall find some spring which run[s] the con-

trary way towards the East India Sea; for the great and

famous rivers of Volga, Tan[a]is and Dwina have three

heads near joynd; and yet the one falleth into the Caspian

Sea, the other into the Euxine Sea, and the third into the

Paelonian Sea. In all your passages you must have great

care not to offend the naturals [natives], if you can eschew

it; and imploy some few of your company to trade with

them for corn and all other . . . victuals if you have any; and

this you must do before that they perceive you mean to

plant among them; for not being sure how your own seed

corn will prosper the first year, to avoid the danger of

famine, use and endeavour to store yourselves of the coun-

try corn.

Your discoverers that pass over land with hired guides,

must look well to them that they slip not from them: and

for more assurance, let them take a compass with them,

and write down how far they go upon every point of the

compass; for that country having no way nor path, if that

your guides run from you in the great woods or desert, you

shall hardly ever find a passage back.

And how weary soever your soldiers be, let them

never trust the country people with the carriage of their

The Legal and Religious Basis for European Settlement in the New World 45

weapons; for if they run from you with your shott, which

they only fear, they will easily kill them all with their

arrows. And whensoever any of yours shoots before them,

be sure they may be chosen out of your best marksmen; for

if they see your learners miss what they aim at, they will

think the weapon not so terrible, and thereby will be bould

to assault you.

Above all things, do not advertize the killing of any of

your men, that the country people may know it; if they per-

ceive that they are but common men, and that with the loss

of many of theirs they diminish any part of yours, they will

make many adventures upon you. If the country be popu-

lous, you shall do well also, not to let them see or know of

your sick men, if you have any; which may also encourage

them to many enterprizes.

You must take especial care that you choose a seat for

habitation that shall not be over burthened with woods

near your town; for all the men you have, shall not he able

to cleanse twenty acres a year; besides that it may serve for

a covert for your enemies round about.

Neither must you plant in a low or moist place,

because it will prove unhealthfull. You shall judge of the

good air by the people; for some part of that coast where

the lands are low, have their people blear eyed, and with

swollen bellies and legs; but if the naturals he strong and

clean made, it is a true sign of a wholesome soil.

You must take order to draw up the pinnace that is left

with you, under the fort: and take her sails and anchors

ashore, all but a small kedge to ride by; least some ill-

dispositioned persons slip away with her.

You must take care that your marriners that go for

wages, do not mar your trade; for those that mind not to

inhabite, for a little gain will debase the estimation of

exchange, and hinder the trade for ever after; and there-

fore you shall not admit or suffer any person whatsoever,

other than such as shall be appointed by the President and

Counsel there, to buy any merchandizes or other things

whatsoever.

It were necessary that all your carpenters and other

such like workmen about building do first build your store-

house and those other rooms of publick and necessary use

before any house be set up for any private person: and

though the workman may belong to any private persons yet

let them all work together first for the company and then

for private men.

And seeing order is at the same price with confusion,

it shall be adviseably done to set your houses even and by

a line, that your street may have a good breadth, and be

carried square about your market place and every street’s

end opening into it; that from thence, with a few field

pieces, you may command every street throughout; which

market place you may also fortify if you think it needfull.

You shall do well to send a perfect relation by Cap-

taine Newport of all that is done, what height you are

seated, how far into the land, what commodities you find,

what soil, woods and their several kinds, and so of all other

things else to advertise particularly; and to suffer no man

to return but by pasport from the President and Counsel,

nor to write any letter of anything that may discourage

others.

Lastly and chiefly the way to prosper and achieve good

success is to make yourselves all of one mind for the good

of your country and your own, and to serve and fear God

the Giver of all Goodness, for every plantation which our

Heavenly Father hath not planted shall be rooted out.

Source:

University of Kansas. Available on-line. URL: www.ku.edu/

carrie/docs/texts/virginia_instructions.html. Accessed Octo-

ber 2003.

Second Charter of Virginia, 1609

Second charter instituted by King James I on May 23, 1609,

concerning the Virginia Company, now settled in Jamestown.

Affairs of the Virginia Company were very badly managed in

the first three years of its existence. This charter made funda-

mental changes in the first charter by once again splitting up

the London and Plymouth Companies. In addition, the many

royal councils of the first charter were replaced by one com-

pany council. Most importantly, control of the colony was put

in the hands of the treasurer and his council, to be known as

the

“

Treasurer and Company of Adventurers and Planters of

the City of London for the first Colony in Virginia.”

King James I endowed a third charter on March 12, 1612,

giving the Virginia Company jurisdiction of the island of

Bermuda and any other islands situated in the ocean border-

ing the coast of Virginia. This third charter also provided the

company with a more democratic government, giving them a

higher degree of independence. This included the council

meeting once a week for better order and government, as well

as allowing a group of at least five members of the council,

always including the treasurer or his deputy, to be considered

a sufficient court for handling all matters within the colony.

Bermuda was subsequently sold, and this charter was made

null when Virginia became a royal colony in 1624.

________________________

_______________________

James, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland,

France, and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c. To all, to

whom these Presents shall come, Greeting. Whereas, at

the humble Suit and Request of sundry our loving and

well-disposed Subjects, intending to deduce a Colony, and

46 ERA 1: Three Worlds Meet

to make Habitation and Plantation of sundry our People in

that Part of America commonly called Virginia, and other

Parts and Territories in America, either appertaining unto

Us, or which are not actually possessed of any Christian

Prince of People, within certain Bounds and Regions, We

have formerly, by our Letters patents, bearing Date the

tenth Day of April, in the fourth Year of our Reign of En-

gland, France, and Ireland, and of Scotland the nine and

thirtieth, Granted to Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers,

and others, for the more speedy Accomplishment of the

said Plantation and Habitation, that they should divide

themselves into two Colonies (the one consisting of divers

Knights, Gentlemen, Merchants, and others, or our City of

London, called the First Colony; And the other consisting

of divers Knights, Gentlemen, and others, of our Cities of

Bristol, Exeter, and Town of Plimouth, and other Places,

called the Second Colony). And have yielded and granted

many and sundry Privileges and Liberties to each Colony,

for their quiet settling and good Government therein, as

by the said Letters-patents more at large appeareth.

Now, forasmuch as divers and sundry of our loving

Subjects, as well Adventurers, as Planters, of the said first

Colony, which have already engaged themselves in fur-

thering the Business of the said Colony and Plantation,

and do further intend, by the Assistance of Almighty God,

to prosecute the same to a happy End, have of late been

humble Suitors unto Us, that (in Respect of their great

Charges and the Adventure of many of their Lives, which

they have hazarded in the said Discovery and Plantation of

the said Country) We would be pleased to grant them a

further Enlargement and Explanation of the said Grant,

Privileges, and Liberties, and that such Counsellors, and

other Officers, may be appointed amongst them, to man-

age and direct their affairs, as are willing and ready to

adventure with them, as also whose Dwellings are not so

far remote from the City of London , but they may, at con-

venient Times, be ready at Hand, to give their Advice and

Assistance, upon all Occasions requisite.

We greatly affecting the effectual Prosecution and

happy success of the said Plantation, and commending

their good desires therein, for their further Encourage-

ment in accomplishing so excellent a Work, much pleasing

to God, and profitable to our Kingdom, do of our especial

Grace, and certain Knowledge, and mere Motion, for Us,

our Heirs, and Successors, Give, Grant, and Confirm, to

our trusty and well-beloved Subjects, Robert, Earl of Sal-

isbury, (and others) . . . and to such and so many as they do,

or shall hereafter admit to be joined with them, in the form

hereafter in these presents expressed, whether they go in

their Persons to be Planters there in the said Plantation, or

whether they go not, but adventure their monies, goods, or

Chattles, that they shall be one Body or Commonalty per-

petual, and shall have perpetual Succession and one com-

mon Seal to serve for the said Body or Commonalty, and

that they and their Successors shall be known, called, and

incorporated by the Name of The Treasurer and Company

of Adventures and Planters of the City of London, for the

first Colony in Virginia. And that they and their Successors

shall be from henceforth forever enabled to take, acquire,

and purchase by the Name aforesaid (Licence for the same

from Us, our Heirs, and Successors, first had and

obtained) any Manner of Lands, Tenements, and Heredi-

taments, Goods and Chattles, within our Realm of En-

gland, and Dominion of Wales. And that they, and their

Successors, shall likewise be enabled by the Name afore-

said, to plead and be impleaded, before any of our Judges

or Justices in any of our Courts, and in any Actions or Suits

whatsoever. And we do also of our special Grace, certain

Knowledge, and mere Motion, give, grant and confirm,

unto the said Treasurer and Company, and their Succes-

sors, under the Reservations, Limitations, and Declara-

tions hereafter expressed, all those Lands, Countries, and

Territories, situate, lying, and being in that Part of Ameri-

can, called Virginia, from the Point of Land, called Cape

or Point Comfort, all along the Sea Coast to the North-

ward, two hundred miles, and from the said Point of Cape

Comfort, all along the Sea Coast to the Southward, two

hundred Miles, and all that Space and Circuit of Land,

lying from the Sea Coast of the Precinct aforesaid, up into

the Land throughout from Sea to Sea, West and North-

west; And also all the Islands lying within one hundred

Miles along the Coast of both Seas of the Precinct afore-

said.

And forasmuch as the good and prosperous Success of

the said Plantation, cannot but chiefly depend next under

the Blessing of God, and the Support of our Royal Author-

ity, upon the provident and good Direction of the whole

Enterprise, by a careful and understanding Council, and

that it is not convenient, that all the Adventures shall be so

often drawn to meet and assemble, as shall be requisite for

them to have Meetings and Conference about the Affairs

thereof; Therefore we do ordain, establish and confirm,

that there shall be perpetually one Council here resident,

according to the Tenour of our former Letters-Patents;

Which Council shall have a Seal for the better Govern-

ment and Administration of the said Plantation, besides

the legal Seal of the Company or Corporation, as in our

former Letters-Patents is also expressed.

And the said Thomas Smith, We do ordain to be Trea-

surer of the said Company; which Treasurer shall have

Authority to give Order for the Warning of the Council,

and summoning the Company to their Courts and Meet-

ings. And the said Council and Treasurer, or any of them

shall be from henceforth nominated, chosen, continued,

The Legal and Religious Basis for European Settlement in the New World 47

displaced, changed, altered and supplied, as Death, or

other several Occasions shall require, out of the Company

of the said Adventurers, by the Voice of the greater part of

the said Company and Adventurers, in their Assembly for

that Purpose: Provided always, That every Counsellor so

newly elected, shall be presented to the Lord Chancellor

of England, or to the Lord High Treasurer of England, or

to the Lord Chamberlain of the Household of Us, our

Heirs and Successors for the Time being, to take his Oath

of a Counsellor to Us, our Heirs and Successors, for the

said Company of Adventurers and Colony in Virginia.

And further, of our special Grace, certain Knowledge,

and mere Motion, for Us, our Heirs and Successors, we do,

by these Presents, Give and Grant full Power and Author-

ity to our said Council here resident, as well at this present

time, as hereafter from time to time, to nominate, make,

constitute, ordain and confirm, by such Name or Names,

Stile or Stiles, as to them shall seem good, And likewise to

revoke, discharge, change, and alter, as well all and singu-

lar Governors, Officers, and Ministers, which already have

been made, as also which hereafter shall be by them

thought fit and needful to be made or used for the Gov-

ernment of the said Colony and Plantation: And also to

make, ordain, and establish all Manner of Orders, Laws,

Directions, Instructions, Forms and Ceremonies of

Government and Magistracy, fit and necessary for and con-

cerning the Government of the said Colony and Planta-

tion; And the same, at all Times hereafter, to abrogate,

revoke, or change, not only within the Precincts of the said

Colony, but also upon the Seas, in going and coming to and

from the said Colony, as they in their good Discretion,

shall think to be fittest for the Good of the Adventurers

and inhabitants there.

And we do further by these presents Ordain and

establish, that the said Treasurer and Council here resi-

dent, and their successors or any four of them being

assembled (the Treasurer being one) shall from time to

time have full Power and Authority to admit and receive

any other Person into their Company, Corporation, and

Freedom; And further in a General Assembly of Adven-

turers, with the consent of the greater part upon good

Cause, to disfranchise and put out any Person or Persons

out of the said Freedom or Company.

And forasmuch as it shall be necessary for all such our

loving Subject as shall inhabit within the said Precincts of

Virginia aforesaid, to determine to live together in the Fear

and true Worship of Almighty God, Christian Peace and

Civil Quietness each with other, whereby every one may

with more Safety, Pleasure and Profit enjoy that whereunto

they shall attain with great Pain and Peril; We for Us, our

Heires, and Successors are likewise pleased and contented,

and by these Presents do Give and Grant unto the said

Treasurer and Company, and their Successors, and to such

Governors, Officers, and Ministers, as shall be by our said

Council constituted and appointed according to the

Natures and Limits of their Offices and Places respectively,

that they shall and may from Time to Time, for every here-

after, within the said Precincts of Virginia, or in the way by

Sea thither and from thence, have full and absolute Power

and Authority to correct, punish, pardon, govern, and rule

all such the Subjects of Us, our Heires, and Successors as

shall from Time to Time adventure themselves in any Voy-

age thither, or that shall at any Time hereafter, inhabit in

the Precincts and Territories of the said Colony as afore-

said, according to such Orders, Ordinances, Constitutions,

Directions, and Instructions, as by our said Council as

aforesaid, shall be established; And in Defect thereof in

case of Necessity, according to the good Discretion of the

said Governor and Officers respectively, as well in Cases

capital and criminal, as civil, both Marine and other; So

always as the said Statutes, Ordinances and Proceedings as

near as conveniently may be, be agreeable to the Laws,

Statutes, Government, and Policy of this our Realm of En-

gland. And we do further of our special Grace, certain

Knowledge, and mere Motion, grant, declare, and ordain,

that such principal Governor, as from Time to Time shall

duly and lawfully be authorized and appointed in Manner

and Form in these Presents heretofore expressed, shall

have full Power and Authority, to use and exercise Martial

Law in Cases of Rebellion or Mutiny, in as large and ample

Manner as our Lieutenants in our Counties within this our

Realm of England have or ought to have, by Force of their

Commissions of Lieutenancy.

And lastly, because the principal Effect which we can

desire or expect of this Action, is the Conversion and

Reduction of the People in those Parts unto the true Wor-

ship of God and Christian Religion, in which Respect we

should be loath that any Person should be permitted to

pass that we suspected to affect the Superstitions of the

Church of Rome, we do hereby declare, that it is our Will

and Pleasure that none be permitted to pass in any Voyage

from Time to Time to be made into the said Country, but

such as first shall have taken the Oath of Supremacy; For

which Purpose, we do by these Presents give full Power

and Authority to the Treasurer for the Time being, and any

three of the Council, to tender and exhibit the said Oath,

to all such Persons as shall at any Time be sent and

employed in the said Voyage. Although express Mention of

true yearly Value or Certainty of the Premises, or any of

them, or of any other Gifts or Grants by Us, or any of our

Progenitors or Predecessors to the aforesaid Treasurer and

Company heretofore made in these Presents, is not made;

Or any Act, Statute, Ordinance, Provision, Proclamation,

or Restraint, to the contrary hereof had, made, ordained,

or provided, or any other Thing, Cause, or Matter whatso-

ever in any wise notwithstanding. In Witness whereof, We

48 ERA 1: Three Worlds Meet

have caused these our Letters to be made Patent. Witness

ourself at Westminster, the 23d Day of May, in the seventh

Year of our Reign of England, France, and Ireland, and of

Scotland the ****

Per Ipsum Regem. Lukin.

See also

VIRGINIA COMPANY OF LONDON

INSTRUCTIONS

FOR THE VIRGINIA COLONY

, 1606.

Source:

Documents Illustrative of American History, 1606–1863, with

introductions and references by Howard W. Preston. New

York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1886.

Leyden Agreement of 1618

An affirmation of loyalty to King James I of England and reli-

gious orthodoxy attached to an application for a Virginia land

patent. Issued in 1618, the Leyden Agreement was written by

religious leaders of the Leyden (Netherlands) congregation of

separatists. The group received a patent to settle in the

colonies from the Virginia Company.

________________________

_______________________

Seven Artikes which ye Church of Leyden sent to ye

Counsell of England to bee considered of in respeckt of

their judgements occationed about theer going to Virginia

Anno 1618

1. To ye confession of fayth published in ye name of ye

Church of England & to every artikell theerof wee do with

ye reformed churches wheer wee live & also els where

assent wholy.

2. As wee do acknolidg ye docktryne of fayth theer

tawght so do wee ye fruites and effeckts of ye same dock-

tryne to ye begetting of saving fayth in thousands in ye land

(conformistes and reformistes as ye are called) wth whom

also as wth our bretheren wee do desyer to keepe speritu-

all communion in peace and will pracktis in our parts all

lawfull thinges.

3. The Kings Majesty wee acknoledge for Supreame

Governer in his Dominion in all causes and over all par-

sons, and ye none maye decklyne or apeale from his

authority or judgement in any cause whatsoever, byt y in all

thinges obedience is dewe unto him, ether active, if ye

thing commanded be not agaynst God’s woord, or passive

yf itt bee, except pardon can bee obtayned.

4. Wee judg itt lawfull for his Majesty to apoynt bish-

ops; civill overseers, or officers in awthoryty onder hime, in

ye severall provinces, dioses, congregations or parrishes to

oversee ye Churches and governe them civilly according

to ye Lawes of ye Land, untto whom ye ar in all thinges to

give an account & by them to bee ordered according to

Godlynes.

5. The authoryty of ye present bishops in ye Land wee

do acknowlidg so far forth as ye same is indeed derived

from his Majesty untto them and as ye proseed in his

name, whom we will also theerein honor in all things and

hime in them.

6. Wee beleeve yt no sinod, classes, convocation or

assembly of Ecclesiasticall officers hath any power or

awthoryty att all but as ye same by ye Majestraet geven

unto them.

7. And lastly, wee desyer to geve untto all Superiors

dew honnor to preserve ye untiy of ye speritt wth all ye

feare God, to have peace wth all men what in us lyeth &

wheerin wee err to bee instructed by any.

Subscribed by John Robinson and Willyam Bruster.

Source:

Henry Steele Commager, ed. Documents of American History.

New York: F.S. Crofts & Co., 1934.

James I,

Charter of New England, 1620

This charter, granted in 1620 by England’s King James I, named

several English lords and noblemen to a body known as the

Council of New England. This council was incorporated to

establish a colony in the area roughly equivalent to modern-

day New England. The council was invested with many pow-

ers, including the right to trade, grant lands, raise armies, make

laws, and appoint officials. In effect, the charter was setting up

a feudal system of government that granted fiefdoms to the var-

ious council members. This plan was complicated by infighting

among the council members over territorial borders and the

difficulties associated with ruling a mini-empire without a com-

pelling physical presence, since the lords chose to remain in

England. The separatist Pilgrims in Plymouth and the middle-

class merchant Puritans who founded the Massachusetts Bay

Colony eventually established their own rights to the land they

settled. In 1629 New England Council member Robert, earl of

Warwick, surrendered part of the 1620 patent to William Brad-

ford, head of the Plymouth Colony. The Massachusetts Bay

Company, wishing to avoid the entanglements of the original

charter, bypassed the Council of New England altogether and

took its own charter from the crown in 1629.

________________________

_______________________

JAMES, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland,

France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, &c. to all

whom these Presents shall come, Greeting, Whereas,

upon the humble Petition of divers of our well disposed

The Legal and Religious Basis for European Settlement in the New World 49

Subjects, that intended to make several Plantations in the

Parts of America, between the Degrees of thirty-ffoure

and ffourty-five; We according to our princely Inclination,

favouring much their worthy Disposition, in Hope thereby

to advance the in Largement of Christian Religion, to the

Glory of God Almighty, as also by that Meanes to streatch

out the Bounds of our Dominions, and to replenish those

Deserts with People governed by Lawes and Magistrates,

for the peaceable Commerce of all, that in time to come

shall have occasion to traffique into those Territoryes,

granted unto Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers,

Knights, Thomas Hanson, and Raleigh Gilbert, Esquires,

and of their Associates, for the more speedy Accomplish-

ment thereof, by our Letters-Pattent, bearing Date the

Tenth Day of Aprill, in the Fourth Year of our Reign of

England, France and Ireland, and of Scotland the

ffourtieth, free Liberty to divide themselves into two sev-

eral Collonyes; the one called the first Collonye, to be

undertaken and advanced by certain Knights, Gentlemen,

and Merchants, in and about our Cyty of London; the

other called the Second Collonye, to be undertaken and

advanced by certaine Knights, Gentlemen, and Mer-

chants, and their associates, in and about our Citties of

Bristol, Exon, and our Towne of Plymouth, and other

Places, as in and by our said Letters-Pattents, amongst

other Things more att large it doth and may appears. And

whereas, since that Time, upon the humble Petition of the

said Adventurers and Planters of the said first Collonye,

We have been graciously pleased to make them one dis-

tinct and entire Body by themselves, giving unto them

their distinct Lymitts and Bounds, and have upon their like

humble Request, granted unto them divers Liberties, Priv-

eliges, Enlargements, and Immunityes, as in and by our

severall Letters-Patents it doth and may more at large

appears. Now forasmuch as We have been in like Manner

humbly petitioned unto by our trusty and well beloved

Servant, Sir fferdinando Gorges, Knight, Captain of our

ffort and Island by Plymouth, and by certain the principal

Knights and Gentlemen Adventurers of the said Second

Collonye, and by divers other Persons of Quality, who now

intend to be their Associates, divers of which have been at

great and extraordinary Charge, and sustained many

Losses in seeking and discovering a Place fitt and conve-

nient to lay the Foundation of a hopeful Plantation, and

have divers Years past by God’s Assistance, and their own

endeavours, taken actual Possession of the Continent

hereafter mentioned, in our Name and to our Use, as

Sovereign Lord thereof, and have settled already some of

our People in Places agreeable to their Desires in those

Parts, and in Confidence of prosperous Success therein, by

the Continuance of God’s Devine Blessing, and our Royall

Permission, have resolved in a more plentifull and effec-

tual Manner to prosecute the same, and to that Purpose

and Intent have desired of Us, for their better Encourage-

ment and Satisfaction herein, and that they may avoide all

Confusion, Questions, or Differences between them-

selves, and those of the said first Collonye, We would like-

wise be graciously pleased to make certaine Adventurers,

intending to erect and. establish fishery, Trade, and Planta-

cion, within the Territoryes, Precincts, and Lymitts of the

said second Colony, and their Successors, one several dis-

tinct and entire Body, and to grant unto them, such Estate,

Liberties, Priveliges, Enlargements, and Immunityes

there, as in these our Letters-Pattents hereafter particu-

larly expressed and declared. And for asmuch as We have

been certainly given to understand by divers of our good

Subjects, that have for these many Years past frequented

those Coasts and Territoryes, between the Degrees of

Fourty and Fourty-Eight, that there is noe other the Sub-

jects of any Christian King or State, by any Authority from

their Soveraignes, Lords, or Princes, actually in Possession

of any of the said Lands or Precincts, whereby any Right,

Claim, Interest, or Title, may, might, or ought by that

Meanes accrue, belong, or appertaine unto them, or any of

them. And also for that We have been further given cer-

tainly to knowe, that within these late Yeares there hath by

God’s Visitation reigned a wonderfull Plague, together

with many horrible Slaugthers, and Murthers, committed

amoungst the Sauages and brutish People there, heerto-

fore inhabiting, in a Manner to the utter Destruction,

Deuastacion, and Depopulacion of that whole Territorye,

so that there is not left for many Leagues together in a

Manner, any that doe claime or challenge any Kind of

Interests therein, nor any other Superiour Lord or Sou-

veraigne to make Claime “hereunto, whereby We in our

Judgment are persuaded and satisfied that the appointed

Time is come in which Almighty God in his great Good-

ness and Bountie towards Us and our People, hath thought

fitt and determined, that those large and goodly Territo-

ryes, deserted as it were by their naturall Inhabitants,

should be possessed and enjoyed by such of our Subjects

and People as heertofore have and hereafter shall by his

Mercie and Favour, and by his Powerfull Arme, be

directed and conducted thither. In Contemplacion and

serious Consideracion whereof, Wee have thougt it fitt

according to our Kingly Duty, soe much as in Us lyeth, to

second and followe God’s sacred Will, rendering reverend

Thanks to his Divine Majestie for his gracious favour in

laying open and revealing the same unto us, before any

other Christian Prince or State, by which Meanes without

Offence, and as We trust to his Glory, Wee may with Bold-

ness goe on to the settling of soe hopefull a Work, which

tendeth to the reducing and Conversion of such Sauages as

remaine wandering in Desolacion and Distress, to Civil

Societie and Christian Religion, to the Inlargement of our

own Dominions, and the Aduancement of the Fortunes of

50 ERA 1: Three Worlds Meet

such of our good Subjects as shall willingly intresse them-

selves in the said Imployment, to whom We cannot but

give singular Commendations for their soe worthy Inten-

tion and Enterprize; Wee therefore, of our especiall

Grace, mere Motion, and certaine Knowledge, by the

Aduice of the Lords and others of our Priuy Councell have

for Us, our Heyrs and Successors, graunted, ordained, and

established, and in and by these Presents, Do for Us, our

Heirs and Successors, grant, ordaine and establish, that all

that Circuit, Continent, Precincts, and Limitts in America,

lying and being in Breadth from Fourty Degrees of

Northerly Latitude, from the Equnoctiall Line, to Fourty-

eight Degrees of the said Northerly Latitude, and in length

by all the Breadth aforesaid throughout the Maine Land,

from Sea to Sea, with all the Seas, Rivers, Islands, Creekes,

Inletts, Ports, and Havens, within the Degrees, Precincts

and Limitts of the said Latitude and Longitude, shall be

the Limitts; and Bounds, and Precints of the second Col-

lony: And to the End that the said Territoryes may forever

hereafter be more particularly and certainly known and

distinguished, our Will and Pleasure is, that the sa.ne shall

from henceforth be nominated, termed, and called by the

Name of New-England, in America; and by that Name of

New-England in America, the said Circuit, Precinct,

Limitt, Continent, Islands, and Places in America, afore-

said, We do by these Presents, for Us, our Heyrs and Suc-

cessors, name, call, erect, found and establish, and by that

Name to have Continuance for ever.

And for the better Plantacion, ruling, and governing of

the aforesaid New-England, in America, We will, ordaine,

constitute, assigne, limits and appoint, and for Us, our

Heyrs and Successors, Wee, by the Advice of the Lords

and others of the said priuie Councill, do by these Presents

ordaine, constitute, limett, and appoint, that from hence-

forth, there shall be for ever hereafter, in our Towne of

Plymouth, in the County of Devon, one Body politicque

and corporate, which shall have perpetuall Succession,

which shall consist of the Number of fourtie Persons, and

no more, which shall be, and shall be called and knowne by

the Name the Councill established at Plymouth, in the

County of Devon for the planting, ruling, ordering, and

governing of New-England, in America; and for that Pur-

pose Wee have, at and by the Nomination and Request of

the said Petitioners, granted, ordained, established, and

confirmed; and by these Presents, for Us, our Heyres and

Successors, doe grant, ordaine, establish, and confirme,

our right trusty and right well beloved Cosins and Coun-

cillors Lodovick, Duke of Lenox, Lord Steward of our

Houshold, George Lord Marquess Buckingham, our High

Admiral of England, James Marquess Hamilton, William

Earle of Pembrocke, Lord Chamberlaine of our Houshold,

Thomas Earl of Arundel, and our right trusty and right

well beloved Cosin, William Earl of Hathe, and right trusty

and right well beloved Cosin and Councellor, Henry Earle

of Southampton, and our right trusty and right well

beloved Cousins, William Earle of Salisbury, and Robert

Earle of Warwick, and our right trusty and right well

beloved John Viscount Haddington, and our right trusty

and well beloved Councellor Edward Lord Zouch, Lord

Warden of our Cincque Ports, and our trusty and well

beloved Edmond Lord Sheffield, Edward Lord Gorges,

and our well beloved Sir Edward Seymour, Knight and

Barronett, Sir Robert Manselle, Sir Edward Zouch, our

Knight Marshall, Sir Dudley Diggs, Sir Thomas Roe, Sir

fferdinando Gorges, Sir Francis Popham, Sir John Brook,

Sir Thomas Gates, Sir Richard Hawkins, Sir Richard Edg-

combe, Sir Allen Apsley, Sir Warwick Hale, Sir Richard

Catchmay, Sir John Bourchier, Sir Nathaniel Rich, Sir

Edward Giles, Sir Giles Mompesson, and Sir Thomas

Wroth, Knights; and our well beloved Matthew Sutcliffe,

Dean of Exeter, Robert Heath, Esq; Recorder of our Cit-

tie of London, Henry Bourchier, John Drake, Rawleigh

Gilbert, George Chudley, Thomas Hamon, and John

Argall, Esquires, to be and in and by these Presents; We do

appoint them to be the first modern and present Councill

established at Plymouth, in the County of Devon, for the

planting, ruling, ordering, and governing of New-England,

in America; and that they, and the Suruiuours of them, and

such as the Suruluours and Suruinor of them shall, from

tyme to tyme elect, and chuse, to make up the aforesaid

Number of fourtie Persons, when, and as often as any of

them, or any of their Successors shall happen to decease,

or to be removed from being of the said Councill, shall be

in, and by these Presents, incorporated to have a perpetual

Succession for ever, in Deed, Fact, and Name, and shall be

one Bodye corporate and politicque; and that those, and

such said Persons, and their Successors, and such as shall

be elected and chosen to succeed them as aforesaid, shall

be, and by these Presents are, and be incorporated,

named, and called by the Name of the Councill established

at Plymouth, in the County of Devon, for the planting, rul-

ing, and governing of New-England, in America; and them

the said Duke of Lenox, Marquess Buckingham, Marquess

Hamilton, Earle of Pembroke, Earle of Arundell, Earle of

hathe, Earle of Southampton, Earle of Salisbury, Earle of

Warwick, Viscount Haddington, Lord Zouch, Lord Shef-

fleld, Lord Gorges, Sir Edward Seymour, Sir Robert

Mansell, Sir Edward Zouch, Sir Dudley Diggs, Sir Thomas

Roe, Sir fferdinando Gorges, Sir ffrancis Popham, Sir John

Brooks, Sir Thomas Gates, Sir Richard Hawkins, Sir

Richard Edgcombe, Sir Allen Apsley, Sir Warwick Heale,

Sir Richard Catchmay, Sir John Bourchier, Sir Nathaniell

Rich, Sir Edward Giles, Sir Giles Mompesson, Sir Thomas

Wroth, Knights; Matthew Suttcliffe, Robert Heath, Henry

Bourchier, John Drake, Rawleigh Gilbert, George Chud-

ley, Thomas Haymon, and John Argall, Esqrs. and their

The Legal and Religious Basis for European Settlement in the New World 51