204 Index
Austria-Hungary 65, 70, 190
see also Habsburg Empire; Vienna
Azerbaijan 24, 40
Azov, conflicts over 38, 41
Aztecs 3
Baghdad 15, 46, 47
conflicts over 24, 83
transport routes 120, 122, 125
Baikal, Lake 15
Balkan Wars 59–61, 176, 187
Balkans
demography 112, 115, 117–18
economies 71
ethnic/religious divisions 69, 189
industry/agriculture 133
Ottoman alliances with 27
Ottoman gains/occupation 19–20, 24, 41
Ottoman loss of territory/influence 2,
38–40, 54–6, 57, 59, 186–7, 190
Ottoman rule 102–3
post-Imperial developments 195–7, 200
transport systems 121, 123
see also names of specific states/regions
Balkh 87
Baltic Sea 88–9
Banat 38, 40
bathhouses 160–1
Bayezit I, Sultan 8, 26, 30
Bayezit II, Sultan 26, 27
Bayraktar Mustafa Pasha, Grand Vizier
49–50
bayrams 166–7, 176
bedouin 105–6
Beethoven, Ludwig van 9
Beirut 89, 184
population/demography 115, 116
transport/industry 121, 125, 129, 131,
135
Bektashi, brotherhood 163, 164
Belgrade 45, 136
conflicts over 24, 38, 41, 102
demography 115–16
Peace of (1739) 41, 78, 86
Bellini, Gentile 76
Berlin, Treaty of (1878) 2, 59, 68
Bessarabia 56, 59
birth control 113–14
Bismarck, Otto von 59
Black Sea 31, 56, 164
commercial significance 83, 116, 120,
127
living conditions 155–6
Ottoman holdings adjoining 3, 13, 15,
21, 24–5, 41
strategical significance/negotiations 5,
60, 61
Bodin, Jean 7
Bombay 84
Bonaparte, Napoleon see Napoleon
The Book of Dede Korkut (anonymous epic)
15
books, production of 170–2
Bosnia 20, 30, 47, 59, 69, 117, 136, 174,
183, 190
Bosphorus 19, 98–9, 157
Botev, Khristo 176
Brahms, Johannes 9
Britain, Great see United Kingdom
Brubeck, Dave 9
Bucharest, treaty of (1812) 55–6
Bug river 25, 40
Bukhara 87
Bulgaria 2, 49
conflicts for possession of 25, 41, 59
economy/industry 71, 133, 136
ethnic/religious divisions 69, 176–7, 189
Kingdom 1, 15, 25
post-Ottoman state 71, 118, 190, 196–7
Burgundy 20
Bursa, as Ottoman capital 20
Byron, George Gordon, Lord 10
Byzantine Empire 13–15, 25
Ottoman conquest 4, 21, 26–7
Cairo 21, 45, 58, 98, 99, 143
caliphate, office of 40, 51, 168, 177, 198
end of 61
international recognition 40
as tool of diplomacy 75, 83–5, 96
camels see animals
Canıklı Ali Pa¸saoˇglu family 46
Cantacuzene, John, 26
capitulation principle 65, 78–9
caravan trade 115, 122, 125–6
carpets see textile industries
Catherine the Great, Czarina 40, 41, 89
Caucasus 24, 41, 117
cavalry 28–9
Celveti brotherhood 163
Cemal Pasha 191
censorship 172
central Asia see India; Moghul Empire
China
political ideology 25–6, 78–9, 199
size/political status 3–4, 11, 75–6
Chios 69
Christians/Christianity
communities within Empire 62
demography 114