Quataert D. The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922
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The Ottoman Empire, 1700–1922
The Ottoman Empire was one of the most important non-Western
states to survive from medieval to modern times, and played a vital
role in European and global history. It continues to affect the peoples of
the Middle East, the Balkans, and Central and Western Europe to the
present day. This new survey examines the major trends during the latter
years of the empire; it pays attention to gender issues and to hotly de-
bated topics such as the treatment of minorities. In this second edition,
Donald Quataert has updated his lively and authoritative text, revised
the bibliographies, and included brief bibliographies of major works on
the Byzantine Empire and the post–Ottoman Middle East. This ac-
cessible narrative is supported by maps, illustrations, and genealogical
and chronological tables, which will be of help to students and non-
specialists alike. It will appeal to anyone interested in the history of the
Middle East.
D
ONALD QUATAERT is Professor of History at Binghamton University,
State University of New York. He has published many books on Middle
East and Ottoman history, including An Economic and Social History of
the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914 (1994).
NEW APPROACHES TO EUROPEAN HISTORY
Series editors
WILLIAM BEIK Emory University
T . C . W . BLANNING Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
New Approaches to European History is an important textbook series,
which provides concise but authoritative surveys of major themes and
problems in European history since the Renaissance. Written at a level
and length accessible to advanced school students and undergraduates,
each book in the series addresses topics or themes that students of Eu-
ropean history encounter daily: the series will embrace both some of
the more “traditional” subjects of study, and those cultural and social
issues to which increasing numbers of school and college courses are
devoted. A particular effort is made to consider the wider international
implications of the subject under scrutiny.
To aid the student reader scholarly apparatus and annotation is light,
but each work has full supplementary bibliographies and notes for fur-
ther reading: where appropriate chronologies, maps, diagrams, and
other illustrative material are also provided.
For a list of titles published in the series, please see end of book.
The Ottoman Empire,
1700–1922
Second Edition
DONALD QUATAERT
Binghamton University,
State University of New York
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge ,UK
First published in print format
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© Donald Quataert 2000, 2005
2005
Information on this title: www.cambrid
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e.or
g
/9780521839105
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of
relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
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Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s
for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not
guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
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To my brothers and sisters
Patricia, Phyllis, Pamela, Michael, Peter,
Robert, and Helen
in the hopes this book will help them to
understand my whereabouts over the years
Contents
Listofplatespageviii
Listofmapsix
Prefacexi
GuidetopronunciationofTurkishwordsandanoteonplacenamesxiv
GenealogyoftheOttomandynastyxvi
ChronologyofOttomanhistory,1260–1923xvii
1WhystudyOttomanhistory?1
2TheOttomanEmpirefromitsoriginsuntil168313
3TheOttomanEmpire,1683–179837
4Thenineteenthcentury54
5TheOttomansandtheirwiderworld75
6Ottomanmethodsofrule90
7 The Ottoman economy: population, transportation, trade,
agriculture,andmanufacturing111
8Ottomansocietyandpopularculture142
9Inter-communalco-operationandconflict174
10LegaciesoftheOttomanEmpire195
Index203
vii
Plates
1 Fountain of Sultan Ahmet III (1703–1730), Istanbul page 95
2 Interior view of Nusretiye (Victory) Mosque of Sultan
Mahmut II (1808–1839) 97
3 Bond certificate of the “Anatolian Railway Company,”
second series, 1893 124
4 Third-class coach on the Berlin–Baghdad railway, 1908 125
5 Procession of guilds (esnaf ) in Amasya, nineteenth
century 138
6 Sultan Mahmut II and some of his pesonal attendants 145
7 Grand vizier and some high-ranking attendants and
officials 146
8 Police, military, and other officials 147
9 Court functionaries at a ceremony in the Topkapı palace
during the reign of Sultan Abd ¨ulhamit II 149
10 Example of workers’ headgear and clothing, later
nineteenth century: kebab seller and others, probably
Istanbul 150
11 Example of workers’ headgear and clothing, later
nineteenth century: textile workers, Urfa, c. 1900 151
12 Female outdoor attire, c. 1890, likely Istanbul 153
13 Female indoor attire: Muhlise, the daughter of
photographer Ali Sami, Istanbul, 1907 154
14 Sweet Waters of Europe, c. 1900 158
15 Sweet Waters of Asia, c. 1900 159
16 Holiday ceremony, Black Sea region c. 1900 165
17 Graduating class of the National College, Harput,
1909–1910 169
18 Students at the secondary school for girls at Emirgan,
Istanbul, during the reign of Sultan Abd ¨ulhamit II 170
19 Students at the Imperial Medical School, c. 1890 171
viii
Maps
1 The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1512 page 14
2 The Ottoman Empire, c. 1550 22–23
3 The Ottoman Empire, c. 1683–1800 39
4 The dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire, 1672–1913 57
5 The Ottoman Empire, c. 1914 60
6 Ottoman provinces, c. 1900 104
7 Railroads in the Ottoman Empire and its former European
possessions, c. 1914 123
8 Some cotton and wool yarnmaking locations in the
nineteenth century 137
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