Промтов М.А. Пульсационные аппараты роторного типа (роторно-пульсационные аппараты, РПА): теория и практика

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^Z\e_gby \ jZ[hq_c dZf_j_ ijb ihklhygghf jZkoh^_ `b^dhklb b jZaebqguo l_fi_jZlmjZo

\uy\beb fZdkbfmf Zfieblm^u bfimevkh\ ^Z\e_gby ]_g_jbjm_fuo dheeZikbjmxsbf

ZgkZf[e_f dZ\blZpbhgguo imaujvdh\ qlh h[tykgy_lky jZaf_jZfb h[jZamxs_cky

dZ\blZpbhgghc h[eZklb JZaf_j wlhc h[eZklb \_ebd ijb fZeuo klZlbq_kdbo ^Z\e_gbyo

IhiZ^Zy \ h[eZklv ih\ur_ggh]h ^Z\e_gby hgZ koehiu\Z_lky g_ kjZam Z gZqbgZ_l

imevkbjh\ZlvImaujvdbk[jZku\Zxlwg_j]bxb mf_gvrZxlky\ jZaf_jZoklmi_gqZlh

D Z\lhdhe_[Zl_evghfmj_`bfmjZ[hluI:JLfh`ghhlg_klbh[jZ[hldm]Zah`b^dhklghc

kj_^u ijb [hevrbo agZq_gbyo ]Zahkh^_j`Zgby >@ =Zah`b^dhklgZy kf_kv ihiZ^Zy \

ihehklv jhlhjZ qZklbqgh k_iZjbjm_lky b `b^dhklv ijhl_dZ_l q_j_a dZgZeu ZiiZjZlZ

ihjpbyfb imevkbjmy ki_jbh^hf ihjy^dZ g_kdhevdbo k_dmg^ ih^h[gh y\e_gbx

aZoe_[u\Zgby\jZkiuebl_evguodhehggZo

< im[ebdZpbb >@ \u^\bgmlZ ]bihl_aZ qlh ki_dlj imevkZpbc ^Z\e_gby hij_^_ey_lky

y\e_gb_f]b^jZ\ebq_kdh]hm^ZjZIjbhij_^_e_gguokhhlghr_gbyo



b k \hagbdZ_l

ijyfhc ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbc m^Zj b gZ[ex^Zxlky j_ahgZgkgu_ dhe_[Zgby \ ijb[eb`_gbb

iehkdbo\hegdZd\ jZ[hq_cdZf_j_lZd b\ihehklbjhlhjZ:gZeh]bqgucih^o h^k^_eZg\

jZ[hl_ >@ ]^_ j_ahgZgkgu_ dhe_[Zgby ihlhdZ `b^ d hklb  \hagbdZxl ijb hij_^_e_gghf

khhlghr_gbb \j_f_gb ijh[_]Z \^hev dZgZeZ klZlhjZ bfimevkZ ^Z\e_gby b \j_f_gb

i_j_djulbydZgZeZklZlhjZ

J_rZy kh\f_klgh ^\Z mjZ\g_gby hi j_^_eyxsbo iZjZf_lju kh[kl\_gguo dhe_[Zgbc

^Z\e_gby \ i hehklb  jhlhjZ b jZ[hq_c dZf_j_ ihemqbeb khhlghr _gb_ ]_hf_ljbq_kdbo b

dbg_fZlbq_kdbo iZjZf_ljh\ I:JL ijb dhlhjuo [m^ml \ui he g yl v ky mkeh\by jZ[hlu

ZiiZjZlZ \ j_ahgZgkghf j_`bf_ >  @ Ijb \u\h^_ mkeh\bc j_ahgZgkgh]h j_`bfZ

jZ[hlu ijbgbfZeb qlh \ukhlZ ihehklb jhlhjZ jZ\gZ \ukhl_ jZ[hq_c dZf_j_ Zihey

^Z\e_gbc \wlbo h[t_fZo y\eyxlky pbebg^jbq_kdb kbff_ljbqgufb Wlh y\ey_lky qZklguf

kem qZ_f h[h[s_ggh]h ih^oh^Z ijb dhlhjhf mqblu\Zxlky iZjZf_lju lj_of_jgh]h

Zdmklbq_kdh]hihey \l_ogheh]bq_kdboh[t_fZoZiiZjZlZo

F_oZgbq_kdh_ b ]b^jhf_o Zgbq_kdh_ \aZbfh^_c kl\b_ jZ[hqbo  hj]Zgh\ I:JL k ihlhdhf

`b^dhklb bk qZklbpZfb \dexq_ggufb \ wlhl ihlhd jZkkfhlj_gh \ jZ[hlZo  >  

@>_lZevghbamq_gijhp_kk ^jh[e_gbyqZklbpkn_jbq_kdhcnhjfuhij_^_e_gumkeh\by

ijb dhlhjuo  ijhbkoh^bl ^jh[e_gb_ bihemq_gZ aZ\bkbfhklv ^ey jZkq_lZ \_jhylghklb

jZajmr_gbyqZklbp

Bkke_^h\Zgby \aZbfh^_ckl\b y `b^dhklb k jZ[hqbfb hj]ZgZfb I:JL ijh\_^_gh ^ey

ahguaZahjZf_`^mjhlhjhfb klZlhjhfIhemq_guihemwfibjbq_kdb_mjZ\g_gby^eyjZkq_lZ

fhsghklb^bkkbibjm_fhc \aZahj_> @Wlbfh^_ebijbf_gbfu\ hkgh\ghf

dJI: ^ey dhlhjuo oZjZdl_jgZ hlghkbl_evgh [hevrZy \_ebqbgZ aZahjZ b [he__ qZklh_

jZkiheh`_gb_ hl\_jklbc \ jhl hj_ b klZlhj_ Ihemq_g [hevrhc wdki_jbf_glZevguc

fZl_jbZeih^l\_j`^Zxsbchkgh\gu_l_hj_lbq_kdb_iheh`_gby

KIBKHDEBL?J:LMJU D=E:<?

 Gh\bdh\ < K Bfimevkgu_ ijhp_kku i_j_ghkZ \ ]_l_jh]_gguo kbkl_fZo H[ ahj 

Ijhfl_iehl_ogbdZL  K 

  Dhgh\Zeh\ < B =ZlZih\Z G P Lm]hemdh\ ? G H \hafh`ghklyo  bkihevah\Zgby

pbdebq_kdbo l_ieh\uo b \aZbfhk\yaZgguo l_ieh^bnnmabhgguo ijhp_kkh\ \ obfbq_kdbo b

^jm]boijhba \h^kl\Zo<_klgbdL=LML K 

 DZj^Zr_\ = : Nbabq_kdb_ f_lh^u bgl_gkbnbdZpbb ijhp_kkh\ obfbq_kdhc

l_ogheh]bb FObfbyk

 Nbabq_kdb_ wnn_dlu \ fZr bghk ljh _ gbb KijZ\hq gbd  Ih^ j_^ < : Em dtygpZ F

FZrbghkljh_gb_k

 N_^hldbgBF@Zjbd;GIh]hj`_evkdbc;BBgl_gkbnbdZpbyl_ogheh]bq_kdbo

ijhp_kkh\ibs_\uoijhba\h^kl\DL_og bdZk

 >hebg kdbc : : Bkihevah\Zgb_ ijbgpbiZ ^b kdj_lghbfimevkgh]h \\h^Z wg_j]bb ^ey

kha^Zgby wnn_dlb\guo wg_j]hk[_j_]Zxsbo l_og heh]b c  Bg`_g_jghnbabq_kdbc `mjgZe

L K 

 >hebgkdbc : : GZdhjq_\kdbc: B IjbgpbiuhilbfbaZpbbfZkkhh[f_gguo

l_ogheh]bc  gZhkgh\_f_lh^Z ^bkdj_lghbfimevkgh]h\\h^Zwg_j]bb  Ijhfl_iehl_ogbdZ

L K 

 Jh]h\ B : =hj[Zlh\ : < Nbabq_kdb_ f_lh^u h[jZ[hldb ibs_\uo

ijh^mdlh\FIbs_\Zyijhfure_gg hklvk

 AZ^hjkdbc < F Bgl_gkbnbdZpby obfbdhl_ogheh]bq_kdbo ijhp_kkh\ gZ

hkgh\_kbkl_fgh]hih^o h^ZDL_og bdZk

 >bkdj_lghbfimevkguc \\h^ wg_j]bb \ l_iehl_og he h]b yo  : :

>hebgkdbc;B;ZkhdKB=meucb^jDBLLNG:GMk

 ;_eh]eZah\ B G FmjZ\v_\ : B Bgl_gkbnbdZpby b ih\ur_gb_

bgl_gkb\ghklbobfbdhl_ogheh]bq_kdboijhp_kkh\EObfbyk

 Dhgh\Zeh\<B;Zah\u_dbg_lbq_kdb_oZjZdl_jbklbdbfZkkhh[f_gguo

ijhp_kkh\@mjgZeijbdeZ^ghcobfbbL K 

 LZ]Zgh\ B G Fh^_ebjh\Zgb_ ijhp_kkh\ fZkkh b wg_j]hi_j_ghkZ

G_ebg_cgu_kbkl_fuEObfbyk

 :^bmlhjb ? N Gh\u_ f_lh^u \ l_iehi_j_^Zq_ I_j kZg]e ih^ j_^

:BE_hglv_\ZFFbjk

 =e_gk^hjn I Ijb]h`bg B L_jfh^bgZfbq_kdZy l_hjby kljmdlmju

mklhcqb\hklbb nemdlmZpbcFFbjk

 <_cgbd : < L_jfh^b g Zfbd Z j_Zevguo ijhp_kkh\ Fbgkd GZmdZ b

l_ogbdZk

 Dbjibdh\ < : H deZkkbnbdZpbb kh\j_f_gguo f_lh^h\

bgl_gkbnbdZpbb dhg\_dlb\gh]h l_iehh[f_gZ ijb \ugm`^_gghf ^\b`_gbb [_a nZah\uo 

i_j_oh^h\L_hj_lhkgh\uobfl_ogheL K 

 Kfbjgh\ G G ;_eh]eZah\ B G Bgl_gkbnbdZpby g_dZlZebq_kdbo

ijhp_kkh\\ kbkl_f_l\_j^h_l_eh `b^dhklvObfijhf K 

 N_^hldbg B F EbikfZg < K Bgl_gkbnbdZpby l_iehh[f_gZ \

ZiiZjZlZoibs_\uoijhba\h^kl\FIbs_\Zyijhfklvk

 DZnZjh\<<> hjhoh\BGKbkl_fgucZgZebaijhp_kkh\obfbq_kdhc

l_ogheh]bb Hkgh \ukljZl_]bbFGZmdZk

 <b[jZpbhggu_ fZkkhh[f_ggu_ ZiiZjZlu  B Y =hjh^_pdbc  : :

<Zkbg<FHe_\kdbcI:EmiZgh\Ih^j_^<FHe_\kdh]hFObfbyk

 N_^hldbg B F G_fqbg  : N Bkihevah\Zgb_ dZ\blZpbb \

l_ogheh]bq_kdboijhp_kkZoD<bsZrdk

 L_ieh b fZkkhh[f_g\ a\mdh\hfihe_<?GZdhjydh\:I;mj^Zgh\

GF;he^uj_\IGL_je__\Gh\hkb[bjkdBgl l_iehnbabdbKH:G KKKJk

 =bgklebg]:F;ZjZf::MevljZa\md\ ijhp_kkZoobfbq_kdhcl_ogheh]bb

E=hkobfba^Zlk

 Njb^fZg<FMevljZa\mdFAgZgb_k

 ;_j]fZgEMevljZa\mdb_]hijbf_g_gb_\gZmd_b l_ogbd_I_jkZg]e

FBghkljeblk

 DZjiZq_\Z K F Jy[qbdh\ ; ? ImevkZpbhggZy ZiiZjZlmjZ \

obfbq_kdhcl_ogheh]bbFObfbyk

 =_jr]Ze > : Njb^fZg < F MevljZa\mdh\Zy ZiiZjZlmjZ

ijhfure_ggh]hgZagZq_gbyFWg_j]byk

 =_jr]Ze > : Njb^fZg < F MevljZa\mdh\Zy l_ogheh]bq_kdZy

ZiiZjZlmjZFWg_j]byk

 Hkgh\u nbabdb b l_ogbdbmevljZa\mdZMq_[gihkh[^ey\mah\;:

:]jZgZlFF>m[jh\bgGGOZ\kdbcb^jF<ukrrdk

 Gh\bpdbc ; = Ijbf_g_gb_ Zdmklbq_kdbo dhe_[Zgbc \ o bfbdh

l_ogheh]bq_kdboijhp_kkZoFObfbyk

 =Zebp_ckdbc ; F Ju`h\ X : Ydmr ? : L_ie h\u_ b

]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdb_ijhp_kku\dhe_[exsbokyihlhdZoFFZrbghkljh_gb_k

 Bkihevah\Zgb_ \hegh\uo wnn_dlh\ ^ey bgl_gkbnbdZpbbobfbq_kdbob

nZah\uo ij_\jZs_gbc\ fgh]h n Za guo kbkl_fZo K : Ex[Zjlh\bqH ;Lj_lvydh\JN

=Zgb_\b^jL_hj_lhkgh\uobfl_ogheh]bb L K 

 Dhe_[Zl_evgu_ y\e_gby \ fgh]hnZag uo kj_^Zo bbo bkihevah\Zgb_ \

obfbq_kdhcl_ogheh]bbJN=Zgb_\GBDh[Zkdh<<Dmebgb^jDL_ogb dZ

k

 Gh\bdh\ < K =hfh]_gbaZpby b ^bki_j]bjh\Zgb_ \kh\j_f_gghc

l_ogheh]bb H[ahjIjhfl_iehl_ogbdZL K

 Njb^fZg < F MevljZa\mdh\Zy obfbq_kdZy ZiiZjZlmjZ F

FZrbghkljh_gb_k

 <hjhgh\ : = Bkihevah\Zgb_ a\mdh\uo dhe_[Zgbc ^ey mkdhj_gby

ijhp_kkZ jZkl\hj_gby dZf_gghc kheb  MevljZa\mdh\u_f_lh^u bgl_gkbnbdZpbbl_ogheh]

ijhp_kkh\K[gZmqljFK 

 Bkke_^h\Zgb_ ijhp_kkZZ\lhdeZ\ghkh^h\h]h\us_eZqb\Zgbys__eblZ\

ihe_mijm]bo dhe_[Zgbc  : : ;_jrblkdbc b^j  MevljZa\m dh \u_ f_lh^u bgl_gkbnbdZ pbb

l_oghe h] bq _ k dboijhp_kkh\K[gZmqljFF_lZeemj]byK 

 ;_jsbpdbc::Bgl_gkbnbdZpbyijhp_kkZZffbZqgh]h\us_eZqb\Zgby

fheb[^_gh\hcdbkehluijb\ha^ _ckl\bbZdmklbq_kdbodhe_[ZgbcIjbf_g_gb_mevljZa\mdZ

\f_lZeemj]ijhp_kkZoK[gZmqljFK

 Njb^fZg < F Bkke_^h\Zgb_ bgl_gkbnbdZpbb nbabdhobfbq_kdbo

ijhp_kkh\ kbkl_f @@b @Lijb \ha^_ckl\bb Zdmklbq_kdbo d he_[Zgbc b jZajZ[hldZ

Zdmklbq_kdhc obfbdhl_ogheh]b q_kdhc ZiiZjZlmju :\lhj_n ^bk « ^hdl l_og gZmd F

k

 DZj^Zr_\ = : FboZceh\ I ? L_iehfZkkhh[f_ggu_ Zdmklbq_kdb_

ijhp_kkubZiiZjZluFFZrbghkljh_gb_k

 ?jfZdh\II <ebygb_\ha^_ckl\byZdmklbq_kdbodhe_[ZgbcgZijhp_kk

fZkkhi_j_^ZqbL_hj_lhkgh\uobfl_ogheh]bbL K 

 Rbrh\ ? < <_qdZgh\ K ; A ZoZjh\ : H Bgl_gkbnbdZpby

l_iehh[f_gZ\ j_pbjdmeypbhgghch[eZklbl_q_gbyaZh[jZlgufmklmihfaZkq_lhj]ZgbaZpbb

dh]_j_glguo \boj _\uo kljmdlmj ih^ ^_ckl\b_f Zdmklbq_kdh]h ihey  , Jhk gZp dhgn ih

l_iehh[f_gmLBgl_gkbnbdZpbyl_iehh[f_gZFBa^\hFWBK 

 Kdjbigbd X G Q_oh\ H K A_e_gph\ < E Bgl_gkbnbdZpby

l_iehfZkkhh[f_gguo i jhp_kkh\ gZ i jhl b \hlhqg uo lZj_evqZluo dhglZdlg uo mkljhckl\Zo 

L_hj_lhkgh\uobfl_ogheL K 

 Y\e_gby ZghfZevgh]h ijhl_dZgby l_iehfZkkhh[f_gguo ijhp_kkh\ \

fgh]hnZaguokj_^ZoJN=Zgb_\::>hebgkdbcGBDh[ZkdhD<Njheh\>hdeZ^u

:G KKKJL  K 

 Hkljh\kdbc = F :dk_gh\Z ? = Ik_\^hh`b`_gb_ i hjhrd hh[ jZag uo

fZl_jbZeh\ijbdhe_[Zl_evghfbaf_g_gbb^Z\e_gby]ZaZL_hj_lhkgh\uobfl_oghe

L K 

 ?\eZgh\KN AZcp_\ KB <ebygb_pbdebq_kdhcimevkZpbb ^Z\e_gby

]Zah\hckj_^ugZfZkkhh[f_gkehyihjbk luo]jZgm eObfijhflv K 

 GZlZemoZB:FZl_fZlbq_kdh_fh^_ebjh\Zgb_^bgZfbq_kdboj_`bfh\

fZkkh\hcdjbklZ ee baZpbbL_hj_lhkgh\uobf l_ ogheL K 

 GZaZj_gdh : N H[ h^ghf f_oZgbaf_ ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdh]h

a\mdhh[jZah\Zgby:dmkl`mjgZeL K 

 >m^abgkdbc X F GZaZj_gdh : N Wnn_dlb\ghklv jZ[hlu

hk_kbff_ljbqguo ]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdbo baemqZl_e_c \ mkeh\byo ba[ulhqgh]h klZlbq_kdh]h

^Z\e_gby:dmkl`mjgZeL K 

 GZaZj_gdh W N WjhabhggZy Zdlb\ghklv hk_kbff_ljbqguo

]b^jZ^bgZfbq_kdbo baemqZl_e_c k ehdZebah\Zgghc h[eZklvx dZ\blZpbhgghc ijbjh^u 

:dmkl`mjgZeL K 

 Jyiheh\;K:gpbn_jh\:: Ijbf_g_gb_dZ\blZpbb\ ]b^jhkljmcghc

l_ogheh]bbBa\\mah\FZrbghkljh_gb_ K 

 AZihjh`_p ? I :e_dkZg^jh\ B : Bgl_gkbnbdZpby ijhp_kkh\

obfbq_kdhc l_o gheh]bb w`_dpbhggufb kljmcgufb l_q_gbyfb `b^dhklb b]Zah\  Obf

ijhflv K 

 ;_eh\ H : =ZfZxg h\ I I Memqr_gb_ wdhghfbqghklb b

wdheh]bqghklbZ\lhljZdlhjguo^\b]Zl_e_ciml_fijbf_g_gby\h^hlhieb\gh]hwfmev]ZlhjZ\

kbkl_f_ iblZgby ^\b]Zl_ey  Ijh[e_fu wdhghfbqghklb b wdkiemZlZpbb ^\b]Zl_e_c

\gmlj_gg_]hk]hjZgby\:IDKG=FZleu<k_khxaggZmqgl_ogk_fBa^\h KZjZlmglZ

<uiK 

 ;_eh\ H : =ZfZxgh\ I I IjbgpbibZevgZy ko_fZ b dhgkljmdpby

mevljZa\mdh\h]hwfmev]ZlhjZIjh[ e _fu wdhghfbqghklb ^\b]Zl_e_c\gmlj_gg_]hk]hjZgby

\:IDKG=FZleu<k_khxaggZmqgl_ogk_fBa^\hKZjZlmglZ<uiK



 H[hjm^h\Zgb_^eyihem q _gby b h[jZ[hldb\ukhdh\yadbo^bki_jk guokj_^

;B;Zkhd:I=Zjl\b]:JDh[Zb^jIjhfl_iehl_ogbdZL K 

 >hebgkdbc : : R_lZggh\ H D Bkihevah\Zgb_ ^bkdj_lgh

bfimevkgh]h \\h^Z wg_j]bb ^ey bgl_gkbnbdZpbb ijhp_kkh\ Z[khj[pbb  Ijhf

l_iehl_ogbdZL K 

 ;LRQJZHL 1L &ROLQ & 6WHYHQVRQ 2Q WKH HIIHFW RI JDS VL]H EHWZHHQ EDIIOH

RXWHUGLDPHWHUWXEHLQQHUGLDPHWHURQWKHPL[LQJFKDUDFWHULVWLFVLQDQRVFLOODWRU\EDIIOHGFROXPQ

-RXUQDORI&KHPLFDO7HFKQRORJ\DQG%LRWHFKQRORJ\ 3 

 Rmjqdh\Z X : Gh\uc deZkk ZiiZjZlh\ ^ey ^bki_j]bjh\Zgby

`b^dhkl_ciml_f^b kdj_lghbfimevkgh]h\\h^Zwg_j]bbIjhfl_iehl_ogbdZL

 K 

 G_fqbg:NGh\u_l_ogheh]bq_kdb_wnn_dlul_iehfZkkhi_j_ghkZijb

bkihevah\ZgbbdZ\blZpbbIjhfl_iehl_ogbdZL K 

 ;h]^Zgh\ < < Ojbklhnhjh\ ; B Dehpmg] ; : Wnn_dlb\gu_

fZehh[t_fgu_kf_kbl_ebEObfbyk

 ;m]Zc : K MevljZa\md \ p_eexehagh[mfZ`ghc ijhfure_gg hklb

I_jfba^\hk

 =b^jhbaemqZl_eb jhlhjghimevkZpbhggh]h lbiZ \ ijhp_kkZo

[bhl_ogheh]bb  Kdb[Z < < ;ZeZ[m^dbg F : S_[Zlbg < = >bgZfbq_kdb_ wnn_dlu

fhsgh]hmevljZa\mdZK[gZmqljB`_\kd<uiK 

 ;ZeZ[m^dbg F : JhlhjghimevkZpbhggu_ ZiiZjZlu \ o bfbdh

nZjfZp_\lbq_kdhcijhfure_gghklbFF_^bpbgZk

 Wnn_dl ij_^\Zjbl_evgh]h Zdlb\bjh\Zgby ^h[Z\hd \ ljZgkihjlghf

kljhbl_evkl\_;:Mkh\::>hihd__\?:Mkh\::DZevqbg;_lhgb `_e_ah[_lhg

 K 

 ;ZeZ[urdh : F Abfbg : B Jm`bpdbc < I =b^jhf_oZgbq_kdh_

^bki_j]bjh\Zgb_FGZmdZk

 FZjrZedbg=: L_o gheh]bq_kdh_h[hjm^h\Zgb_dhg^b l _jkdbonZ[jbd

FE_]dZyb ibs_\Zyijhfure_gghklvk

 Abfbg : B H[hkgh\Zgb_ iZjZf_ljh\ b jZajZ[hldZ h[hjm^h\Zgby ^ey

l_ogheh]bq_kdhcebgbbi jhba\h^kl\Z^_l_j]_glh\Ihebf_jgu_fZl_jbZeuijhba\h^kl\hb

wdheh]byL_a^hde<k_jhkgZmql_ogdhgnYjhkeZ\evK 

 Abfbg:BBgl_gkbnbdZpbyb hilbfbaZpby l_ogheh]bq_kdh]hijhp_kkZ

ijhba\h^kl\Z ^_l_j]_glh\  Ihebf_jgu_ fZl_jbZeu ijhba\h^kl\h b wdheh]b y L_a ^hde

<k_jhkgZmqgl_ogdhgnYjhkeZ\evK 

 ;ZeZ[urdh:FX^Z_\<N Jhlhjgu_ZiiZjZluk fh^meypb_cihlhdZ

bboijbf_g_gb_ \ ijhfure_gghklbFG_^jZk

 Abfbg : B L_ogheh]b y i_j_jZ[hldb g_cljZebah\Zgguo k_jghdbkeuo

reZfh\ \ `_e_ahhdkb^guc ib]f_gl  Imlb b kj_^kl\Z ih\ur_gby wdheh]bq_kdhc

[_ahiZkghklb ]Zev\Zgbq_kdbo ijhba\h^kl\ L_a ^hde ]h <k_jhk gZmql_og  k_fbgZjZ

YjhkeZ\evK 

 ;h^gy F > G_ij_ju\guc ijhp_kk ^bki_j]bjh\Zgby ib]f_glh\ ijb

ijhba\h^kl\_ wfZe_c iml_f ha\mqb\Zgby baemqZl_eyfb kbj_ggh]h lbiZ  EZdhdjZkhqg

fZl_jbZeubboijbf_g_gb_ K 

 Abfbg : B Bgl_gkbnbdZpby ijb]hlh\e_gby ^bki_jkguo kj_^ \

jhlhjghbfimevkguoZiiZjZlZo\ obfbdhnZjfZp_\lbq_kdhcijhfure_gghklbObfnZjf

`mjg K 

 E_^h\Z L F ;ZeZ[m^dbg F : Iexrdbg K : AZdhghf_jghklb

ijb]hlh\e_gby wfmevkbhgguo kbkl_f \ jhlhjg himevkZpbhgghf ZiiZjZl_  ObfnZjf

`mjgZeL K 

 =b^jhZdmklbq_kdZy h[jZ[hldZfZab<bijhkZe\ jhlhjghimevkZpbhgghf

ZiiZjZl_;<:g^j__\b^j>bgZfbq_kdb_wnn_dlufhsgh]hmevljZa\mdZK[gZmqglj

B`_\kd<uiK 

 <hedh\ : G K`b]Zgb_ ]Zah\ b `b^dh]h lhieb\Z \dhleZo fZehc

fhsghklbEG_^jZk

 IZ\eh\ ; I ;Zlm_\ K B S_\_e_\ D < Ih^]hl h \dZ \h^hfZamlguo

wfmevkbc ^ey k`b]Zgby \ lhihqguo mkljhckl\Zo <dg Ih\ur_gb_ wnn_dlb\ghklb

bkihevah\Zgby]Zahh[jZagh]hb `b^dh]hlhieb\Z\ i_qZob hlhibl_evguodhleZoEG_^jZ

k

 K_eb\_jklh\ < F ;jZkeZ\kdbc F B Wdhghfby lhieb\Z gZ j_qghf

nehl_FLjZgkihjlk

 Am[jbeh\ K I K_eb\_jklh\ < F ;jZkeZ\kdbc F B MevljZa\mdh\Zy

dZ\blZpbhggZyh[jZ[hldZlhieb\gZkm^ZoEKm^hkljh_gb_k

 Abfbg : B <ebygb_ khklZ\Z lhieb\guo wfmevkbc gZ dhgp_gljZpbx

hdkb^h\ ZahlZ b k_ju \ \u[jhkZo ijhfure_g guo dhl_evg uo   Wdhe h]b q_kdZy aZsblZ

]hjh^h\L_a^hdegZmqghl_ogdhgnFK 

 Abfbg : B X^Z_\ < N Ijbf_g_gb_ ZiiZjZlh\ k ij_ju\bkluf

j_`bfhf l_q_gby \ ijhp_kk_ ijhba\h^kl\Z lhieb\guo wfmevkbc  Wd heh]b q_kdZy aZsblZ

]hjh^h\L_a^hdegZmqghl_ogdhgnFK

 Abfbg : B KlZjp_\ < G ;ZeZ[urdh : F H \ebygbb

kl_o_hf_ljbq_kdh]hkhhlghr_gby KZ6 \ lhieb\ghc^bki_jkbbgZkl_i_gvhqbkldb^ufh\uo

]Zah\  Ih \ur _g b_ wnn_dlb\ghklb l_iehnhab q_kdbo  bkke_^h\Zgbc l_ogheh]bq_kdbo

ijhp_kkh\ ijhfure_ggh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z bbo f_ljheh]bq_kdh]h h[_ki_q_gby L_a ^hde

<lhjhcF_`mghjh^gl_iehnbardheuLZf[h\K

 Abfbg:BKlZjp_\<GIhemq_gb_lhieb\guo^bki_jkbcgZhkgh\_

`b^dh]h lhieb\Z bg]b[blhjZ b ih]ehlbl_ey hdkb^h\  Ih\ur_gb_ wnn_dlb\ghklb

l_iehnbabq_kdbobkke_^h\Zgbcl_ogheh]bq_kdboi jhp _kkh\ijhfure_ggh]hijhba\h^kl\Zb

bo f_ljheh]bq_kdh]h h[_ki_q_gby L_a ^hde <lhjhc F_`mghjh^g l_iehnb a  rdheu

LZf[h\K

 Abfbg : B KlZjp_\ < G ;Ze Z[urdh : F <ebygb_

kl_obhf_ljbq_khd]h khhlghr_gbyKZ6 \ lhi e b \ghcwfmevkbbgZkl_i_gvhqbkldb^ufh\uo

]Zah\ hl hdkb^h\ k_ju bZahlZ  Ijh[e _fu [_ahiZkghklb ljm^Z gZ ij_^ijbylbyo kh

\aju\hih`ZjhhiZkguf ijhba\h^kl\hf L_a ^hde F_`^mgZjh^g gZmql_og k_fbgZjZ

FbgkdK 

 Wdki_jbf_glZevgZy b ijhfure_ggZy ijZdlbdZ ijbf_g_gby jhl hjguo

ZiiZjZlh\ k ij_ju\Zgb_f ihlhdZ \ ijhp_kkZo ijb]hlh\e_gby lhieb\gh^bki_jkguo kf_k_c

^eyijhfure_gguodhl_evguo <B;b]e_j:BAbfb g:BKhibg<NX^Z_\

:dlmZevgu_ijh[e_ful_hjbbijZdlbdbbkha^ZgbyjhlhjguoZiiZjZlh\FZleuF_`j_ki

gZmqghijZdlkh\_sZgbyFhkd\ZKI[BLBP_gljK

 Bkihevah\Zgb_ gZkhkZ^bki_j]ZlhjZ ^ey ihemq_gby jZkl\hjZ

ihebZdjbeZfb^Z:HGbdbnhjh\:<DhjrZdh\XB:\_jo[ mo?XK_j]__\Obf

b g_nl_obffZrbghkljh_gb_ K

 JZkq_l ^bki_jkghklb wfmevkbb h[jZamx sboky \ jhlhjghklZlhjghf

ZiiZjZl_XB:\_j[mo:HGbdbnhjh\GFDhklbg:<DhjrZdh\ @mjgijbde

obfbb K

 ;ZeZ[urdh : F Wnn_dlb\gh_ ijbf_g_gb_ jhlhjguo ZiiZjZlh\ ^ey

ihemq_gbyjZ[hqbo`b^dhkl_c]b^jhkbkl_fijhoh^q_kdhcl_ogbdbRZolgh_kljhbl_evkl\h

 K 

 ;ZeZ[urdh : F L_ogheh]by ijhb a\h^kl\Z jZ[hqbo `b^dhkl_c ^ey

]b^jhkbkl_f]hjghcl_ogbdb=hjg`mjg K 

 ;ZeZ[urdh : F MklZgh\dZ ^ey ihemq_gby b j_]_g_jZpbb jZ[hqbo

`b^dhkl_cM]hev K 

 ;ZeZ[urdh : F Ih \ur _g b_ gZ^_`ghklb jZ[hlu ]b^jhijb \h^Z

f_oZgbabjh\Zgguodj_i_chqbklguodhfihg_glh\FPGBBLWBly`fZrk

 ;ZeZ[urdh:FMklZgh\dZ^eyijb]hlh\e_gby b j_]_g_jZpbbjZ[hq_c

`b^dhklbgZ^h[uqghfmqZkld_M]hev K 

 ;ZeZ[urdh : F JZ[hqb_ `b^dhklb  ]b^jhkbkl_f b hiul bo

ijhba\h^kl\Z\m]hevghcijhfure_gghklbH[ahjFPGBBLWBly`fZrk

 ;ZeZ[urdh : F Kh\_jr_gkl\h\Zgb_ mklZgh\db ^ey ijb]hlh\e_gby b

ih^Zqb jZ[hq_c `b^d hklb  \ ]b^jhkbkl_fu f_oZgbabjh\Zgguo dhfie_dkh\ k ijbf_g_gb_f

jhlhjguoZiiZjZlh\k fh^meyp b_cihlhdZM]hev K 

 Abfbg : B Ijb]hlh\e_gb_ b j_]_g_jZpby jZ[hqbo `b^dhkl_c ^ey

]b^jhh[hjm^h\Zgby f_oZgbabjh\Zgguo dj_i_c ]b^jhf_oZgbq_kdbc Zki_dl ijh[e_fu 

=hjg`mjg K 

 Abfbg : B >bki_j]bjh\Zgb_ jZ[hqbo `b^dhkl_c ^ey

]b^jhh[hjm^h\Zgbykmq_lhfp_gljh[_`gh]hwnn_dlZM]hev K

 Abfbg : B ;ZeZ[urdh : F KlZjp_\ < G Ijb]hlh\e_gb_ jZ[hq_c

`b^dhklb^ey]b^jhkbkl_ff_oZgbabjh\Zgguodj_i_c\ ]b^jhf_oZgbq_kdbo^bki_j]ZlhjZo

Ijbf_g_gb_ jhlhjguo ]b^jhf_oZgbq_kdbo ^b ki_j]Zlhjh\ \ ]hjgh^h[u\Zxs_c

ijhfure_gghklbL_a^hdeF_`^mgZjh^ggZmqghijZdlbqk_fKheb]hjkdK 

 Abfbg : B L_hj_lbq_kdh_ hibkZgb_ ]b^jhf_oZgbq_kdh]h

^bki_j]bjh\Zgby rZolguo wfmev kbc g_klZpbhgZjguc ]b^jZ\ebq_kdbc ih^oh^  =hjgZy

l_ogbdZgZihjh]_;; \_dZL_a^hdeF_`^k_fFF==MK

 >hebgkdbc : : ;Zkhd ; B Rmjqdh\Z X : L_iehnbabq_kdb_

bkke_^h\Zgby l_ogheh]bq_kdh]h ijhp_kkZ kl_jbebaZpbb b ]hfh]_gbaZpbb `b^dbo

^bki_jkguo kbkl_f  Ih\ur_gb_ wnn_dlb\ghklb l_iehnbabq_kdbo bkke_^h\Zgbc

l_ogheh]bq_kdbo ijhp_kkh\ ijhfure_ggh]h ijhba\h^kl\Z L_a ^hde ,, F_`^mgZjh^g

l_iehnbabqrdheuLZf[h\K

 >hebgkdbc : : ;Zkhd ; B Jhlhjghbfimevkguc ZiiZjZl  >jh[e_gb_

\dexq_gbc^bki_jkghcnZauIjhfl_iehl_ogbdZL K

  >hebgkdbc : : ;Zkhd ; B Jhlhjg hbfimevkguc ZiiZjZl  EhdZevguc

bfimevkgucgZ]j_\`b^dhklbIjhfl_iehl_ogbdZL K 

;ZeZ[urdh:FIjh]j_kkb\gh_h[hjm^h\Zgb_^eyihemq_gby\ukhdhdZq_kl\_gguo

kfZahqghhoeZ`^Zxsbo`b^d hkl_cF<GBBLWFJk

  ;ZeZ[urdh : F A bf bg  : B Jhlhjguc ZiiZjZl k fh^meypb_c ihlhdZ ^ey

ihemq_gby\ukhdh\yadboKH@<_klgfZrbghkljh_gby K

  Abfbg  : B Ijb]hlh\e_gb _ jZkl\hjZ w\dZebfbgZ \ wlbe h\hf kibjl_ \ jhlhjghf

ZiiZjZl_ijbbfimevkghf\ha[m`^_gb bdZ\blZpbbObfnZjf`mjg  K

  Abfbg : B L_ogheh]by ihemq_gby jZkl\hjZ w\dZebfbgZ \ j_`b f_ bfimevkgh]h

\ha[m`^_gby dZ\blZpbb  GZmdh_fdb_ obfbq_kdb_ l_oghe h]b b L_a ^hd e  F_`^mgZjh^g

dhgnL\_jvK

 Abfbg : B X^Z_\ < N :[khj[pby ^bhdkb^Z m]e_jh^Z \h^hc \ jhlhjghf

ZiiZjZl_k fh^meypb_cihlhdZL_hj_lhkgh\uobfl_ogheh]bbL K



  FZj]mebk F : =Z\jbeh\ < : RZyof_lh\ N = Kbgl_a hdbkeh\ ZahlZ \

dZ\blZpbhgghfihe_]b^jh^bgZfbq_kdh]hbaemqZl_ey @mjgZenbao bfbb <ui

K

  ;ZaZ^a_ E = Abfbg : B X^Z_\ < N < ha^_ckl\b_ dZ\blZpbb gZ ijhp_kk

jZa^_e_gby\h^ghkibjlh\hckf_kb@mjgijbdeobfbb K 

  Abfbg : B DZ\blZpbhggZy j_dlbnbdZpby ^\modhfihg_glguo kf_k_c  L_hj_l

hkgh\uobfl_ogheh]bbL K 

  Obfbq_kdb_ bnbabdhobfbq_kdb_ ijhp_kku \ iheyo kha^Z\Z_fuo

]b^jhZdmklbq_kdbfbbaemqZl_eyfbJ;<Zeblh\b^j@mjgZenbaobfbb K

 

  Obfbq_kdb_ bnbabdhobfbq_kdb_ ijhp_kku \ i he yo kha^Z\Z_fuo

]b^jhZdmklbq_kdbfbbaemqZl_eyfbJ;<Zeblh\b^j@mjgZenbaobfbb K

 

  ;ZeZ[urdh : F JZajZ[hldZ jhlhjgh]h ZiiZjZlZ ^ey ihemq_gby klZ[bevguo

wfmevkbc:\lhj_n^bk«dZg^l_oggZmdFk

  ;ZeZ[urdh : F H[hkgh\Zgb_ jZajZ[hldZ bkha^Zgb_ h[hjm^h\Zgby ih

ijb]hlh\e_gbxb j_]_g_jZpbb jZ[hqbo`b^dhkl_c^eyf_oZgbabjh\Zgguodj_i_chqbklguo

dhfie_dkh\:\lhj_n^bk^hdll_oggZmdFk

;ZeZ[m^dbg F: Bkke_^h\Zgb_^bki_j]bjh\Zgbyb ]b^jhf_oZgbq_kdboy\e_gbc\

jhlhjghimevkZpbhgguoZiiZjZlZo:\lhj_n^bkdZg^l_oggZmdEk

  ;ZjZf : : Bkke_^h\Zgb_ ijhp_kkZ ba\e_q_gby \_s_kl\ ba ihjbkluo l_e \

fgh]hnZaguo kbkl_fZo \ihe_ f_oZgbq_kdbo dhe_[Zgbc:\lhj_n^bk «dZg^l_og gZmd

Ek

  ;b]e_j < B Bkke_^h\Zgb_ l_q_gbc \ ZiiZjZl_ lbiZ ^bgZfbq_kdhc kbj_gu b_]h

ijbf_g_gb_^eyijhp_kkZjZkl\hj_gby>bk«dZg^l_oggZmdFk

  ;mldh = X Bkke_^h\Zgb_ ijhp_kkh\ wfmev]bjh\Zgby \ jhlhjghimevkZpbhgghf

ZiiZjZl_ ijbf_gbl_evgh b p_eexehagh[mfZ`ghfm i jhba\h^kl\m :\lhj_n ^bk « dZg^

l_oggZmdEk

  A\_a^bg : D Bkihevah\Zgb_ ZiiZjZlh\ lbiZ J:FI ^ey ihemq_gby

\ukhdh^bki_jkguowfmevkbc\ j_`bf_Zdmklbq_kdhcdZ\blZpbb:\lhj_n^bk«dZg^l_og

gZmdFk

  Abfbg : B Bgl_gkbnbdZpby ijhp _kkh\ ^bki_j]bjh\Zgby b jZkl\hj_gby \

jhlhjguo ZiiZjZlZo ijbbfimevkghf\ha[m`^_gbbdZ\blZpbb:\lhj_n^bk«dZg^l_og

gZmdFk

  Abfbg : B G_klZpbhgZjgu_ ]b^jhf_oZgbq_kdb_ ijhp_kku \bfimevkgh

dZ\blZpbhgguo ZiiZjZlZo k ij_ju\Zgb_f ihlhdZ :\lhj_n ^bk « ^hdl l_og gZmd F

k

  DZj_iZgh\ K D H[hkgh\Zgb_ iZjZf_ljh\ fh^meylhjZ ]b^jhf_oZgbq_kdh]h

^bki_j]ZlhjZ ^ey ijb]hlh\e_gby jZ[hq_c `b ^dhklb f_oZgbabjh\Zgguo dj_i_c :\lhj_n

^bk«dZg^l_oggZmdFk

  DbeZ^a_ = = Bkke_^h\Zgb_ ]b^jhf_oZgbq_kdbo oZjZdl_jbklbd b iZjZf_ljh\

ijhp_kkZ ]hfh]_gbaZpbb ibs_\uo ^bki_jkguo kbkl_f \ ]b^jhf_oZgbq_kdbo jhlhjg h

imevkZpbhgguoZiiZjZlZo:\lhj_n^bk«dZg^l_oggZmdEk

  Dhe_kgbdh\ = ? JZkq_l jhlhjg himevkZpbhgguo ZiiZjZlh\ ^ey ijhp_kkh\

wfmev]bjh\Zgby>bk«dZg^l_oggZmdFk