Povh B., Rith K., Scholz Ch., Zetsche F. Particles and Nuclei: An Introduction to the Physical Concepts
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Particles and Nuclei
An Introduction to the Physical Concepts
Bogdan Povh Klaus Rith
Christoph Scholz Frank Zetsche
Particles
and Nuclei
An Introduction
to the Ph ysical Concepts
Translated by Martin Lavelle
Fifth Edition
With 148 Figures, 11 Tables, and 58 Problems and Solutions
123
Professor Dr. Bogdan Povh
Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
Postfach 10 39 80
69029 Heidelberg, Germany
Professor Dr. Klaus Rith
Physikalisches Institut
der Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1
91058 Erlangen, Germany
Dr. Christoph Scholz
SAP AG
Postfach 1461
69185 Walldorf, Germany
Dr. Frank Zetsche
Universität Hamburg und
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchro tr on
No tkestrasse 85
22603 Hamburg, Germany
Tran slato r :
Dr. Martin Lavelle
Institut de Física d’Altes Energies
Facultat de Ciències
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
Title of the original German Edition:
B. Povh, K. Rith, C. Scholz, F. Zetsche: Teilchen und Kerne
Eine Einführung in die physikalischen Konzepte.
(7. Auflage)
© Springer 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2004 und 2006
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ISBN-10 3-540-36683-0 5th Edition Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
ISBN-13 978-3-540-36683-6 5th Edition Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
ISBN 3-540-20168-8 4th Edition Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
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Preface
In the last two editions we included new results on the neutrino oscillations
as evidence for a non-vanishing mass of the neutrinos.
In the present edition we have rewritten the chapter on “Phenomenology
of the Weak Interaction” (Chapter 10) in order to give a coherent presentation
of the neutrino properties. Furthermore, we extended the chapter on “Nuclear
Thermodynamics” (Chapter 19).
Heidelberg, July 2006 Bogdan Povh
Preface to the First Edition
The aim of Particles and Nuclei is to give a unified description of
nuclear and particle physics because the experiments which have uncovered
the substructure of atomic nuclei and nucleons are conceptually similar. With
the progress of experimental and theoretical methods, atoms, nuclei, nucleons,
and finally quarks have been analysed during the course of this century. The
intuitive assumption that our world is composed of a few constituents — an
idea which seems attractive, but could not be taken for granted — appears
to be confirmed. Moreover, the interactions between these constituents of
matter can be formulated elegantly, and are well understood conceptionally,
within the so-called “standard model”.
Once we have arrived at this underlying theory we are immediately faced
with the question of how the complex structures around us are produced by it.
On the way from elementary particles to nucleons and nuclei we learn that the
“fundamental” laws of the interaction between elementary particles are less
and less recognisable in composite systems because many-body interactions
cause greater and greater complexity for larger systems.
This book is therefore divided into two parts. In the first part we deal
with the reduction of matter in all its complication to a few elementary con-
stituents and interactions, while the second part is devoted to the composition
of hadrons and nuclei from their constituents.
We put special emphasis on the description of the experimental concepts
but we mostly refrain from explaining technical details. The appendix con-
tains a short description of the principles of accelerators and detectors. The
exercises predominantly aim at giving the students a feeling for the sizes of
the phenomena of nuclear and particle physics.
Wherever possible, we refer to the similarities between atoms, nuclei, and
hadrons, because applying analogies has not only turned out to be a very
effective research tool but is also very helpful for understanding the character
of the underlying physics.
We have aimed at a concise description but have taken care that all the
fundamental concepts are clearly described. Regarding our selection of top-
ics, we were guided by pedagogical considerations. This is why we describe
experiments which — from today’s point of view — can be interpreted in a
straightforward way. Many historically significant experiments, whose results
can nowadays be much more simply obtained, were deliberately omitted.
Particles and Nuclei (Teilchen und Kerne) is based on lectures on
nuclear and particle physics given at the University of Heidelberg to students
in their 6th semester and conveys the fundamental knowledge in this area,
which is required of a student majoring in physics. On traditional grounds
these lectures, and therefore this book, strongly emphasise the physical con-
cepts.
We are particularly grateful to J. H¨ufner (Heidelberg) and M. Rosina
(Ljubljana) for their valuable contributions to the nuclear physics part of the
book. We would like to thank D. Dubbers (Heidelberg), A. F¨aßler (T¨ubingen),
G. Garvey (Los Alamos), H. Koch (Bochum), K. K¨onigsmann (Freiburg),
U. Lynen (GSI Darmstadt), G. Mairle (Mannheim), O. Nachtmann (Hei-
delberg), H. J. Pirner (Heidelberg), B. Stech (Heidelberg), and Th. Walcher
(Mainz) for their critical reading and helpful comments on some sections.
Many students who attended our lecture in the 1991 and 1992 summer
semesters helped us through their criticism to correct mistakes and improve
unclear passages. We owe special thanks to M. Beck, Ch. B¨uscher, S. Fabian,
Th. Haller, A. Laser, A. M¨ucklich, W. Wander, and E. Wittmann.
M. Lavelle (Barcelona) has translated the major part of the book and put
it in the present linguistic form. We much appreciated his close collaboration
with us. The English translation of this book was started by H. Hahn and
M. Moinester (Tel Aviv) whom we greatly thank.
Numerous figures from the German text have been adapted for the English
edition by J. Bockholt, V. Tr¨aumer, and G. Vogt of the Max-Planck-Institut
f¨ur Kernphysik in Heidelberg.
We would like to extend our thanks to Springer-Verlag, in particular
W. Beiglb¨ock for his support and advice during the preparation of the Ger-
man and, later on, the English editions of this book.
Heidelberg, May 1995 Bogdan Povh
Klaus Rith
Christoph Scholz
Frank Zetsche
Table of Contents
1 Hors d’œuvre ............................................. 1
1.1 Fundamental Constituents of Matter . ..................... 1
1.2 Fundamental Interactions . ............................... 2
1.3 SymmetriesandConservationLaws....................... 4
1.4 Experiments ........................................... 5
1.5 Units ................................................. 6
Part I Analysis: The Building Blocks of Matter
2 Global Properties of Nuclei ............................... 11
2.1 TheAtom and its Constituents........................... 11
2.2 Nuclides............................................... 13
2.3 ParametrisationofBinding Energies ...................... 18
2.4 ChargeIndependence of the Nuclear Force and Isospin ...... 21
Problem ................................................... 23
3 Nuclear Stability ......................................... 25
3.1 β-Decay............................................... 26
3.2 α-Decay............................................... 31
3.3 NuclearFission ........................................ 33
3.4 Decayof Excited Nuclear States.......................... 35
Problems .................................................. 39
4 Scattering ................................................ 41
4.1 GeneralObservations About Scattering Processes........... 41
4.2 CrossSections ......................................... 44
4.3 The“Golden Rule” ..................................... 48
4.4 Feynman Diagrams ..................................... 49
Problems .................................................. 52
5 Geometric Shapes of Nuclei .............................. 53
5.1 Kinematicsof Electron Scattering ........................ 53
5.2 TheRutherford Cross-Section............................ 56
5.3 TheMott Cross-Section ................................. 60
X Table of Contents
5.4 NuclearFormFactors ................................... 61
5.5 InelasticNuclear Excitations............................. 69
Problems .................................................. 71
6 Elastic Scattering off Nucleons ............................ 73
6.1 FormFactorsoftheNucleons ............................ 73
6.2 Quasi-elastic Scattering ................................. 78
6.3 ChargeRadii of Pions and Kaons......................... 80
Problems .................................................. 82
7 Deep Inelastic Scattering ................................. 83
7.1 ExcitedStatesof the Nucleons ........................... 83
7.2 Structure Functions..................................... 85
7.3 TheParton Model...................................... 88
7.4 Interpretation of Structure Functions in the Parton Model . . . 91
Problems .................................................. 94
8 Quarks, Gluons, and the Strong Interaction .............. 97
8.1 TheQuark Structure of Nucleons......................... 97
8.2 Quarksin Hadrons ..................................... 102
8.3 TheQuark–Gluon Interaction............................ 103
8.4 ScalingViolations oftheStructureFunctions .............. 107
Problem ................................................... 111
9 Particle Production in e
+
e
−
Collisions .................... 113
9.1 LeptonPairProduction ................................. 114
9.2 Resonances ............................................ 118
9.3 Non-resonantHadronProduction......................... 123
9.4 GluonEmission ........................................ 125
Problems .................................................. 126
10 Phenomenology of the Weak Interaction .................. 127
10.1 PropertiesofLeptons ................................... 128
10.2 TheTypes of Weak Interactions.......................... 132
10.3 Coupling StrengthoftheWeakInteraction ................ 134
10.4 The Quark Families ..................................... 139
10.5 The Lepton families .................................... 142
10.6 MajoranaNeutrino? .................................... 144
10.7 ParityViolation........................................ 144
10.8 DeepInelastic Neutrino Scattering........................ 147
Problems .................................................. 150
Table of Contents XI
11 Exchange Bosons of the Weak Interaction ................ 151
11.1 RealWand Z Bosons................................... 151
11.2 ElectroweakUnification ................................. 156
Problem ................................................... 163
12 The Standard Model ..................................... 165
Part II Synthesis: Composite Systems
13 Quarkonia ................................................ 171
13.1 The Hydrogen AtomandPositroniumAnalogues ........... 171
13.2 Charmonium........................................... 174
13.3 Quark–AntiquarkPotential .............................. 177
13.4 TheChromomagnetic Interaction......................... 180
13.5 Bottonium andToponium ............................... 181
13.6 The Decay Channels ofHeavyQuarkonia.................. 183
13.7 DecayWidths as a Test of QCD.......................... 185
Problems .................................................. 187
14 Mesons Made from Light Quarks ......................... 189
14.1 MesonicMultiplets ..................................... 189
14.2 MesonMasses.......................................... 193
14.3 DecayChannels ........................................ 195
14.4 NeutralKaon Decay .................................... 197
Problems .................................................. 199
15 The Baryons .............................................. 201
15.1 TheProduction andDetectionofBaryons ................. 201
15.2 BaryonMultiplets ...................................... 207
15.3 BaryonMasses......................................... 210
15.4 MagneticMoments ..................................... 213
15.5 SemileptonicBaryon Decays ............................. 217
15.6 HowGoodis the Constituent Quark Concept? ............. 225
Problems .................................................. 226
16 The Nuclear Force ........................................ 229
16.1 Nucleon–NucleonScattering ............................. 230
16.2 TheDeuteron.......................................... 234
16.3 Natureofthe Nuclear Force ............................. 237
Problems .................................................. 243