Perkin Harold. The Origins of Modern English Society

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the Liberal Party was already sliding down the same slippery slope that Goschen

feared and that Lord Salisbury warned them off in 1884:

We are on an inclined plane leading from the position of Lord Hartington

to that of Mr. Chamberlain and so on to the depths over which Mr. Henry

George rules supreme.

Thus land reform, which began as an instrument of entrepreneurial antagonism

towards the landed class, ended in the 1880’s, along with State intervention and

Irish Home Rule, as one of the bogies which helped to frighten a great many

business men as well as landowners out of the Liberal and into the Tory Party.

There they contributed to that amalgamation of land and capital, passive and

active property, which was to dominate the social structure of politics in the

succeeding age.

In short, by 1880 the dominant business class of the new class society were in

much the same position as the dominant landed class of the old open aristocracy

in 1815: outwardly stable and triumphant and in complete moral and ideological

control of their society, inwardly divided and confused and crumbling in their

conviction of moral superiority and their faith in their class ideal. Some of them,

led by Chamberlain, clung to the old belief in active capital in the shape of free

trade in land, but had already abandoned the entrepreneurial rejection of State

intervention. Others, led by such men as Goschen, were in process of abandoning

the entrepreneurial distinction between land and capital, passive and active

property, but still clung to the belief in unmitigated laissez-faire, thus, like some

of the aristocrats before them, demanding the fruits of their ideal without the

price of them, privilege without service, power without responsibility.

The business class, therefore, was already poised for the geological shift of

1886, which began the landslide which was to carry the bulk of them into the

defensive alliance with the landowners against the forces of democracy and

socialism. The fact that the split came over the apparently extraneous question of

Irish Home Rule, and that Chamberlain and his followers took the unexpected

side, only added to the confusion. But when the dust and rubble had settled, the old

topography of the simple, stable, would-be-permanent, viable class society

created by the Industrial Revolution had been radically changed, and the way lay

open to the very different society of the twentieth century. What that society was

J.S.Mill, ‘Explanatory Statement of the Programme of the Land Tenure Reform

Association’ (July, 1870), Dissertations and Discussions (1875), IV. 239f.; Henry George,

Progress and Poverty (1883), and the publications of the Land Restoration League;

A.R.Wallace, The ‘Why’ and the ‘How’ of Land Nationalization (1883), and the

publications of the Land Nationalization Society; cf. M.Beer, op. cit., II. 237–45.

Salisbury, Speech at Dorchester, 16 January 1884, Garvin, Chamberlain, I. 462.

374 ENTREPRENEURIAL SOCIETY: IDEAL AND REALITY

to be, and how it was to evolve after the earthquake of the 1880’s, must await

another book.

ENTREPRENEURIAL SOCIETY: IDEAL AND REALITY 375

Index

Abbott, Charles, 26

Accum, Frederick, 441

Addison, Joseph, 45

administrative reform, 308–9, 320–39

Adulteration of Foods Act, 1860, 441

agricultural labourers, 93, 94, 95, 116, 126,

127, 129, 141, 144, 145, 147–8, 152,

153–4, 171, 181–2, 185–6, 212, 447

agriculture, 7, 31, 74–5, 95, 101, 104, 109,

116–17, 124–8, 147, 148, 149, 151, 214,

416, 424

Aikin, J., on class segregation in

Manchester, 172

Allan, William, 405–6

Anglicanism, 34, 35, 72, 122, 196, 198,

200, 201, 202, 203–4, 205, 207, 255,

294–5, 348

see also business class, business men,

managers

Essex, 425

Eton College, 297

Evangelical movement, 255, 280–6, 362

examinations, 258–9, 337–8

378 INDEX

expertise, professional, 258, 259, 260, 264–

5, 267, 268

Fabian Society, 265

Fabians, 262, 324–5

factories, 90, 99, 107–12, 114–15, 128–

31, 149–58, 173, 174, 178–9, 183, 184

Factory Acts, 1802, 130

1833, 156, 331

1847, 363

1853, 332

Factory Commission, 1833, 150, 151, 153,

268, 331

Factory Education Bill, 1843, 352

Factory Law Amendment Association, 439

factory reform, 251, 267, 268, 363, 401,

439–40

factory workers, 141, 143, 144–5, 150–8,

178–9

family, effects of industrialism on, 149–57

Family Friend, 308

Fane, R.C., 443

Farr, William, 135–6, 328, 331–2

fashion cycle, 94–5

Faucher, Léon, 163–4, 166–7, 173

‘feedback’, administrative, leading to fresh

legislation, 330–9

female emancipation, 157–60

feudalism, 25–6, 31, 38, 49, 53, 57, 274

Fielding, Henry, 93

Financial and Administrative Reform

Associations, 323

Fletcher, Joseph, 160–1, 164, 169, 328

Foley, Caroline, 158

food, 142–3, 148, 440–2

foreign trade, 2, 3, 9–10, 91, 96, 100–1,

411

frame-work knitters, 33, 131, 141, 145,

181, 212

France, 15, 18, 61, 65, 73, 78–9, 91, 96,

411, 412

Franklin, Benjamin, 307

free trade, 229–30, 238, 272, 315

‘free trade in labour’, 229, 238, 272

‘free trade in land’, 229, 272

‘free trade in religion’, 230, 238, 272

French Revolution, 13, 36, 194, 195, 204

friendly societies, 119, 144, 232, 381–4

‘Friends of the People’, 30, 194

Frost, John, Chartist, 391

Galt, John (‘Bandana’), contributor to

Blackwood’s, 227, 244, 276, 292

Garnett, Jeremiah, editor of Manchester

Guardian, 304

Gaskell, Peter, 149–50

General Chamber of Manufacturers, 29

general strike, 387–8, 389

‘gentlemen’, 24, 55–6, 273–5, 278, 298

George, Henry, 452, 453

Germany, industrialization of, 411, 412

Gibbon, Edward, 45

Giffen, Sir Robert, 410, 413–14, 422, 423

Gisborne, Thomas, 26

Gladstone, W.E., 318, 319, 266, 374, 377,

378–80, 402, 453

Glasgow, 172, 265–6, 446

Glossop, 71, 72, 78

Godschall, W., on immorality, 282–3

Godwin, J.V., on Mechanics’ Institutes,

306

Goschen, G.J., later Lord, 451n., 453

Grand General Union of the Operative

Spinners of the United Kingdom, 387

Grand National Consolidated Trades

Union, 376, 388, 407

Graunt, Sir John, 326

Gray, John, 259

Gray, Simon, 244

‘Great Depression’, 1874–96, 344, 345

Green, William, 92–3

Greg, W.R., 302–3, 281–2

Grenville, Lord, 195n.

Grey, Earl, 210, 294, 310, 368

Grey, Margaretta, 159

Guile, Daniel, 404–5

Hall, Charles, 233

Hampden Clubs, 358

handloom weavers, 131, 141, 145–6,

149n., 166

Handloom Weavers’ Commission, 1840,

157, 166

Hanway, Jonas, 26

INDEX 379

Hardy, Thomas, shoemaker, 30

Hassall, Dr. Arthur, 441, 442

Hassall, C., on industrialization of Wales,

Hastings, G.W., 151

Hazelwood School, 296

Health of Towns Association, 171, 330

Health of Towns Commission, 1843, 171,

330

Hepburn, Tommy, miners’ leader, 357, 361

Heywood, James, 299

High Tories, 238, 241, 251–2, 292–3, 294,

311, 313, 319

Hill, Octavia, 263–4, 446

Hobson, Joshua, 236

Hodgskin, Thomas, 231, 234, 265–6

Hole, James, 174–5

Holles, Sir John, 38

Holyoake, G.J., 386

Hook, Dean W.F., 364

Horner, Leonard, 151, 328, 332

hosiery industry, 110, 400

managers in, 425–6

hospitals, 121

House of Commons, 39, 40, 50, 217, 228–

9, 251–2, 272, 314, 316, 349, 352

House of Lords, 39, 272, 314, 350, 367

Howarth, Abraham, 386

Howell, George, 402, 403, 405

Hudson, George, 432–3

Hudson, J.W., on Mechanics’ Institutes,

306

Hughes, Thomas, 364

Hume, David, 51–2, 225–6

Hume, James Deacon, 328

Hume, Joseph, 267–8

Hunt, Henry (‘Orator’), 358

Hunter, William, 338

Idealism, philosophical, 262–4

illegitimacy, 152–3

Independents, 71, 198, 204

India Office, 336–7

individualism, 437–9

Industrial and Provident Societies Acts,

1852–62, 364, 386

industrial production, 2–3, 9–10, 139, 140,

411

income, source of, and effect on class, 218–

19, 220, 253–4, 256–7, 340–1, 342–5,

406

income distribution, 17–24, 135–40, 413–

income tax, 135–6, 414–15

industrial relations, 31–3, 37, 98, 144, 229,

396–401

investment, 411–12, 417–18

Ireland, 97, 102, 130, 132, 198, 223, 242,

275, 453, 454

‘Jacobins’, English, 208

Jeffrey, Francis, later Lord, 311

Jevons, W.Stanley, 450

Johnson, Samuel, 25

Johnstone, W., contributor to Blackwood’s,

244–5, 250, 251, 263

joint-stock companies, 116, 426, 430–1,

438, 442–3

Jones, Ernest, 391, 392

Jones, Rev. Richard, 328

Kay-Shuttleworth, Sir James (J.P. Kay),

154, 165, 293–4, 328, 329, 331

Keir, James, 13

Kenyon, Lord, 295–6

Keynes, J.M., later Lord, 244, 246, 247,

248, 249–50

King, Gregory, 17–23, 124, 326

King, Dr. William, co-operator, 385

King’s College, London, 298

Kingsley, Rev. Charles, 363

Knight, Charles, 293

Knox, Vicesimus, 94

labour, 89–91, 111–12, 115, 126, 128, 129,

138, 140, 145, 185, 186, 193, 232, 233–

4, 238, 259, 268