Peng S., Zhang J., Engineering Geology for Underground Rocks

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Suping Peng

Jincai Zhang

Engineering Geology for Underground Rocks

Suping Peng

Jincai Zhang

Engineering

Geology for

Underground Rocks

with 191 Figures

Professor Suping Peng

China University

of Mining and Technology

11 Ding Xueyuan Road

Haidian District

100083 Beijing

China

Dr. Jincai Zhang

Knowledge Systems, Inc.

One Sugar Creek Center Blvd.

Suite 1100

Sugar Land TX 77478

USA

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007929428

ISBN 978-3-540-73294-5 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

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Foreword

As underground engineering projects are going deeper and are being con-

structed in difficult formations, there is an ever greater need for a better

understanding of engineering behaviors and geological characteristics of

rocks. Conventional engineering geology can provide fundamental knowl-

edge and solutions to rock engineering. However, today underground

structures are being built in geologically more complicated formations, for

instance,

x at great depth with high temperature, high in-situ stress, and high

pore pressure;

x in geologically young formations with unconsolidated rocks;

x in tectonically active faulted zones with abnormally high stresses;

x in highly fractured formations with high permeability and low rock

strength; and

x in salt formations with relatively low viscosity and the attendant

creep behavior, etc.

For underground engineering projects to be built in these formations a

multi-disciplinary approach is required for the engineering design as well

as for the modeling. Engineering Geology for Underground Rocks written

by Prof. Peng and Dr. Zhang aims to solve the multi-disciplinary coupling

problems in underground engineering.

Engineering Geology for Underground Rocks deals with physical,

geomechanical, and geophysical properties of underground rocks. It con-

siders the coupled processes and diverse behaviors of underground rocks

under various stresses and different fluid pressure environments. This book

mainly focuses on underground engineering geological problems and solu-

tions as they are encountered in the energy industry with emphasis on both

theoretical study and practical application. As underground engineering

projects advance to ever greater depths, increases of the in-situ stress and

the pore pressure as well as the temperature present significant challenges

for geological engineering. Examples of these challenges during excava-

tion include wellbore and tunnel instabilities, casing failures, water in-

rushes into active mining regions, rock and coal bursts, mining induced

VI Foreword

seismicity and gas blowouts. I feel that the authors are making a significant

contribution to the resolution of this class of problems. This book is the re-

sult of intensive research and shows a dedicated effort of the authors.

Hartmut A. Spetzler, Ph.D.

Professor and Past Chair of Department of Geological Sciences,

Fellow and Past Associate Director of Cooperative Institute for Research

in Environmental Sciences,

University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado, USA

Dedication

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Preface

Engineering Geology is devoted to the investigation, study and solution of

the engineering and environmental problems which may arise as the result

of the interaction between geology and the works and activities of man as

well as to the prediction and the development of measures for prevention

or remediation of geological hazards (The International Association of En-

gineering Geology (IAEG) Statutes, 1992). Engineering Geology for Un-

derground Rocks is mainly focused on underground works and activities

related to engineering geology such as underground mining, oil and gas

drilling exploration and production, and underground excavations etc.

People have known about fossil energy for thousand years. In the

Bronze Age, people in Wales began to use coal. Coal is mentioned in the

Bible and in the writings of the ancient Greeks. Three thousand years ago,

the Chinese began mining and burning coal instead of wood. Coal burned

much hotter, and this allowed people to melt soft metals such as copper

they mined to make bronze drill bits for oil and gas drilling. In ancient

inland China, where salt was scarce and consequently expensive, briny

wells were deliberately developed by muscle power and bamboo rig. As

long ago as 900 B.C., ancient Chinese found oil and gas in the saltwater

wells they drilled. The oil and gas were sent through bamboo pipes for

heating and cooking. More than 1,500 years ago, the Chinese drilled for oil

to depths of over 900 m using bronze and bamboo tubes. In 1859 the

ZRUOG¶VILUVWPRGHUQRLOZHOOZDVGULOOHd in Titusville, Pennsylvania. Petro-

leum industry was founded then, and engineering geology started to serve

to the oil and gas industry.

Nowadays, due to rocketing energy and mineral requirements, mining

and oil and gas development must continue in ever more difficult and

complex geological settings, challenging traditional technology and often

bringing more geological problems, even disasters. Mining and oil and gas

development in these difficult settings require much more innovative theo-

retical research, specific techniques, and practical technology in both engi-

neering and geology. For example, underground mining has excavated as

deep as 3,000 m; borehole drilling has reached to 12,000 m below the

Earth; the deepest offshore drilling exceeds 4,000 m below the water sur-

X Preface

face in the Gulf of Mexico. One of the authors had participated pore pres-

sure, wellbore and casing stability analyses in the world deepest oil well

(34,070 feet or 10,384 m in true vertical depth from the sea level) in the

deep water of the Gulf of Mexico in 2005. As the depth of underground

engineering increases, in-situ stress, pore pressure, and temperature in-

crease, causing various engineering and geological problems, such as ex-

cavation and wellbore instability, water inrush and influx, rock and coal

burst, mining-induced seismicity, gas blowout and explosion, etc. This

book attempts to solve some problems mentioned above.

The aims of this book are to:

x introduce basic principles of engineering geology in underground

mining and oil and gas development,

x discuss methods to determine in-situ stress and pore pressure using

geophysical means.

x focus on applications of rock mechanics and poromechanics in ex-

cavation and wellbore instability, and

x emphasize coupled rock stress/deformation, pore pressure, and

fluid flow in porous rocks and fractured porous formations.

The authors would like to thank the following organizations for their

supports:

The State Key Laboratory of Coal Resource and Safe Mining, China

University of Mining and Technology

Knowledge Systems, Inc., U.S.A.

CIRES, the University of Colorado at Boulder, U.S.A.

This book was supported by the National Science Foundation of

China (grant No. 50221402, 50490271, and 50025413), the China National

Program on Key Basic Research Project (grant No. 2002CB211707 and

2005CB221500), the key project of the Ministry of Education (No.

306002) and the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Re-

search Team in University of MOEˈPRC (IRT0408).

China Coal Research Institute and some coal mining bureaus in

China, such as Datong, Daliuta, Datun, Huainan, Huaibei, Handan, Feng-

feng, Feicheng, Jiaozhuo, Kailuan, Lianshao, Shuangyashan, Yanzhou,

Xingtai, Zaozhuang, Zibo, etc. gave the authors access to their database,

which is gratefully acknowledged.

Authors appreciate the help from Hal H. Zhang and Justin W. Lee.

The authors would also like to thank the supports and encouragement

to this book from the following individuals:

Academicians of Chinese Academy of Engineering: Profs. Dexin Han,

Weitang Fan, Minggao Qian, Heping Xie, Shining Zhou, Jishan He, De-

sheng Gu, Sijing Wang.

Academicians of Chinese Academy of Sciences: Profs. Lianjun Ye

and Yinfo Chang.

Prof. J. -C. Roegiers in Mewbourne School of Petroleum and Geo-

logical Engineering at the University of Oklahoma.

Prof. H. A. Spetzler at the University of Colorado at Boulder.

The authors also thank the following professors in the State Key

Laboratory of Coal Resource and Safe Mining at China University of Min-

ing and Technology for providing related materials: Pengfei Zhang, Dai-

yong Cao, Zhaoping Meng, Guowei Zhu, Lianying Sun, Yangbing Li.

Some graduate students of the first author also provided help, which is

grateful.

The authors would like to memorize Prof. Tianquan Liu, Academi-

cians of Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Preface XI

Contents

Foreword ...................................................................................................V

Dedication...............................................................................................VII

Preface ..................................................................................................... IX

Contents................................................................................................ XIII

List of contributors...............................................................................XIX

1 Rock properties and mechanical behaviors...................................1

1.1 Density.......................................................................................1

1.2 Porosity......................................................................................4

1.3 Permeability...............................................................................8

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1.3.2 Permeability tensor.............................................................9

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2 Sedimentary environments and geologic structures...................27

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