Остапчук М.В. Система технологій
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
31
1.4.2.
’# @ ! «»,
« », « »
>, , @ , @
, . &# ! -
! 2006 , -
, ,
! .
$ #
«».
F.H. H [ CORDIS], -
!, -
-
10
U9
, > 1/80000 > -
10 , .
< # ! -
@, ,
, ’# -
-
.
-
!, > ! , -
! , ,
, , -
, -
, ,
’ >.
$, > ! -
@ , !, -
> , ,
@ .
< (1965 .) -
F.H. H ( ), , > -
@ , - ,
, , , , -
’# !. 4 # -
32
! , #
, @ .
< @ , , ,
> > -
. L -
, @ -
, > -
. < -
(1...100)10
U9
, -
.
< # !, #
, ,
’#, @ , >.
( m # ! CORDIS (Community
Research and Development Information Service), -
# ! -
.
' 22 2006 [4] @,
, ! -
(N and N) m, M!,
(, H!, <, %>, < -
@ , . %-
# ,
F m, # # -
: -
, !, ! -
>.
4 2007–2008 . FR7.
9 ,
, .
% -
, . % -
! ! . < , -
. 9-
, -
, . + #
33
, > -
-
.
F «m -
», @ ! !
- , > # #.
4 m ’# – -
! !
(Framework Programe of European community for research, Techno-
logical development and demonstrations activites)
FP7.
' -
, . -
M. F M. J
1986 ! < . + -
, -
-
(310
17
... 310
20
) M! -
.
O ! ! >, «-
», @ -
, @ -
.
" , -
, , , @, , .
, -
.
<@
() @ -
(310
7
... 310
20
) M! (10
–9
... 10
–12
) , -
’# . %! #
> , -
.
" – -
. <, «=» #
34
67 , – 15 , – 450 (, -
– 10
U9
%.
< @ 20 -
(Scanning Probe Microscopies – SPM), -
(Scanning tunnelling
Microscopies – STM), (Atomic
Force Microscopies – AFM),
(Scanning Electron Microscopies – SEM),
-
, (>),
# .
< «», , ’ ’#,
’ ,
’# (
). ( ! « »
D- ! ’# -
! ’#.
+ ! -
: «from the top down» ( ),
@, «from the
bottom up» ( ), ’#
. < ! !
!. <
.
& (, ) -
, ! . C-
, -
, @ -
().
, > ,
,
@ ! . -
, > >
@ , >
@
, > @ -
, . % >
35
@ ! -
# .
< , -
@, #
, . % L. "@.
' # -
, E = h
X
, P =
O
h
, > ’
X
O
= /
X
. C -
, > P
m @ v: O = h /mv.
K , , n = 1, 2,
3, ! ,
# .
9 % h, > ! , -
# , -
.
O!
E (
X
d c), -
> (
X
a
c) C. 9
# -
: n, l, m, m
z
. 9-
l, m m
z
@ -
h.
36
1.4.3.
O@
1953 ! C.C. '
H.=. 9 -
(C<9) (< 1962 , F. =
=. 9) @ 1963 ! . < (<-
1968 , .H. ') -
, > ,
, , -
@ C<9
! . % @ -
(C<9) # -
> .
O!, > ! , -
! (F<9). = – !
, # #-
! , – -
@ .
< ! ,
@ -
, -
! @ .
-
, @ , , >,
(, , , -
>). L > ! # -
.
K C<9 -
’# @ ,
() ’# C<9.
<@ ! # , > -
> C<9. $ C<9 -
, -
().
C<9 . &-
, , () -
C<9 . % !
37
’# ’# C<9 – ,
. $
– – @ !-
C<9, @ !.
4 (>)
. O
> -
C<9.
+ # , -
,
-
.
4 , , > –
, > # -
, , -
-
. K -
, , @ .
& # :
–
, C<9, -
;
– C<9 @ -
, -
! !#;
– C<9 >;
– – -
, # .
M # @
«» -
, # ’
, . M , -
#, # .
< ( -
, ),
– «» -
.
38
*'(& %#'
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. !" # -
.
7. $ "%&.
8. '!" «».
9. , ’
& .
10. ( ) ) ?
39
2.
/0*
/*
2.1. - "-
,## (!#'$
F @ () -
.
% ,
# . %
, @ ’. +
, ! -
, ’ # -
@ !. L ! , , -
, # , , -
, # () >. H
!
, @
!#. L , -
# !. C
! - -
.
+ . -
! ! ! (3...4 -
), (7...11 ), (40...60 ).
' ! @ #-
# ! ( 1825–1836 . (
J, &EL, H! <). J@ !
(1886, 1873, 1882, 1890, 1900, 1907, 1913–1914,
1920–1924, 1929–1931, 1937–1938, 1948–1949, 1953–1954,
1957–1958, 1960–1961, 1969–1970, 1974–1975, 1980–1982, 1992–
1993 .). H, > # 1996 , -
, @ .
!, @ !. L
# -
. < ! .
40
< , @
. 4 ! -
<.C. 9#.
( ! 40...60 . ' ! ! -
# (! )
@ . , > ! !, ,
.
C , (# ) #
, !
#, ->,
! .
L # -
#, @ -
# @ . $
, > ! # 6,5...7,0 ,
! ’ -
- - #-
.
% @
# !. & , > @–
@ -
>, # !
, # # !
!. ' ’
! !
! «––!– -
! » @ @ ,
, .
$ ! #, > #
# , -
, @ -
!, @ «», -
.
% – ! . K> # #
, # , -
!, # – -
, @ , -