Остапчук М.В. Система технологій
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
101
. ! % -
@.
<@ (-
> - ) @ #
. +
-
!. % ! , -
@
. % > -
@ ,
! !, ! @ -
!.
( @ -
@ ! ,
@ ! .
<, # @ -
@ !: -
!
#, @.
! -
, .
< !
!, -
. % !-
, >
!, -
# @ -
@. @ -
! ,
# @, > -
() !
> .
%! , #
! !. +
# . (
! # -
@ !. <-
102
, ! # – -
!, # ’# ,
’# , -
>. ' ’ ! @ > -
! , , -
# . -
’
, ’
’ , >.
4 , # -
!. $ -
@ . +
’# !.
% ! ! -
! @ #
’ ! , -
,
, -
@.
! @@ -
, -
. @
# .
4 !
n
xxx ,...,
2
,
1
:
,
1
¦
n
j
jj
xcR
(3.52)
(j = 1, 2, .., n) – !#.
$ -
:
mibxa
i
n
j
j
j
i
,...,1,
1
¦
(3.53)
21
1
,...,, mmibxa
ii
n
j
j
j
i
¦
(3.54)
103
mmibxa
i
n
j
j
j
i
,...,,
12
1
¦
(3.55)
0t
x
(3.56)
'
j
i
a -
’#,
. x
j
# ’#. K> -
b
i
’#, @
–1, > , #
. K> b
i
= 0 @,
.
1111
bxbx
nn
dt
b
i
!
. '
1n
x
! ! !#
0
1
n
.
/ ! (3.52) ,
&
1
, &
2
,..., &
n
,
(3.53...3.56) – . & -
(3.53...3.56), # -
, .
% ’ ! !#-
j
,
j
x
– ,
!#
j
i
a
– $ j- ,
i
b
–
$- !. %
’
! , -
! !# () #,
’ "$
, > -
.
3.4. ! '('#- %9
%( ' +#-# #'"
4 , >
, +$ -
. C ! , -
*, ’# V, : -
104
@ U, J S.
.
. % , !
,
, : ’#, @ , ,
. % ,
, $, -
: , , -
. +$ " -
, 1 , "'-
+$ " – -
, 1 .
& ,
@ @
, >, $ -
. K> ,
$.
& , -
@
, # $/. K>
@# , -
# $) $#), > – &$
$/ . & , (
) , -
$/.
' ! -
. C # -
. & ,
, , !, -
. C -
, * ’# V.
+
$, .
$ # - , -
. 4 -
-
, , -
105
, *, V *;
V; *V.
$, :
–
@ , #
!# :
V
=
g
(,*); *=
g
’(,V); =
g
’’(*,V); (3.57)
. 3.3. $
– (', '*, 'V)
@,
(: ,
, .3.3), # -
! !:
*
1
= f
1
(V
1
,
1
); T
2
= f
1
(V
2
,
2
); (3.58)
+ @ G -
, 3.1. &# ! -
@.
"# $ :
-
# @ U L.
# $ @
: ! # ( 9-
: @
), TdS t du + 'L.
106
dS t
T
dQ
,
dS – ;
dQ – , -
, -
;
T – .
" S # //(#
[) #,
# @ , # !# -
# .
!# $ #, >
# ,
, -
! .
% * = 0 # -
@, , lim S = 0 * o 0.
" – @ ,
#,
:
'
7
= '*
= '*
= ³* = *
2
– *
1
= g
1
(V
2
2
) – g
1
(V
1
1
). (3.59)
$ @,
# (. 3.3),
! # -
!.
<:
d* = (+*/+)
V
d + (+*/+V )
dV; (3.60)
+
2
*/(+
Q
+) = +
2
*/(++
Q
). (3.61)
K> , -
, # ,
# .
<:
³
d* = 0. (3.62)
<# .
") – ! -
, . 4 # -
107
. ' ! -
.
4 @ >, , -
, . 4-
.
K> @ , ( -
) , .
# +"Q
, #, -
@ . ' !
@:
=
+
. (3.63)
K> @ , -
, .
( #
.
' ! # :
=
+
(3.64)
! &O 1 % = 1 </
2
. & &O
# !:
1 % = 10
6
%, 1 % = 10
3
% >. C !
, !, :
1 = 10
5
% = 0.1 %; 1 = 1 /
2
= 10
4
/
2
=
9,8110
4
% = 0,981 .
4
( .., . .). 4 -
:
= h
U
g. (3.65)
1 .. = 133,32 %; 1 = 735,6 ..; 1 = 750
. .
* – -
. ( # -
. ' &O -
+$), ")), Q") (@ 9). +
+$), ")) -
) *. $! # -
([). - # -
108
* !
7 :
* = (2/3k) (w
2
)/2 = (2/3 k) 7
k
, (3.66)
k = 1,38 x 10
23
C/9 – J!;
– , ;
w – @ , /.
' ! @ + (t°,
° – +). !# @ 0° – -
, 100° –
101 325 %.
T t @
+ # :
*([) = t(°) + 273,15 = t(°) + 273, (3.67)
! @ 9
@ + , :
T
2
– *
1
= t
2
– t
1
'*= 't. (3.68)
O, , @
H (°F) @ F (°R). K>
°, °F °R :
t(°F) = 1,8t(°) + 32; t(°R)= 0,8t(°). (3.69)
’( – .
’( v – ! ’# 1 . K> V ’# 1 -
, m – , ,
3
/:
X
= V/ V = Q. (3.70)
U
– ! 1
3
. M – ! ,
’#, /
3
:
U
= m/V = 1/V
U
V = 1 (3.71)
" !$0 , -
= 101 323 %
T = 273 [ t = 0°&, 1 # ’#
V = 22,4 /
= 22,4U10
U3
3
/.
< ! -
!.
109
3.5. #- '(' ;
'-# %(,;
! (-
>, , , , @, >)
# -
@ -
.
% & $. %>
# # ,
> # !
() . $’# , > -
- ! , -
/ /. E >
’# , > # !
(V G) > f.
f
V
v
, /. (3.72)
4 ’# :
V = v f ,
3
/. (3.73)
:
G =v f
U
, /, (3.74)
U
– , /
3
.
%>
22
2
785,0
4
14,3
4
dd
d
f
S
.
:
v
G
v
G
d 785,0
4
S
. (3.75)
E 3 /,
’ (0,5...1,0) /. C
(8...15) /, > (15...25) /, -
(20...30) /, (30...50) /.
% #
:
110
UU
S
U
2
2
785,0
4
vd
d
vvfG
, /. (3.76)
$ @ -
, @ (-
) :
) () v
=0,5v
m&
;
) @ >
F Re =
P
U
Q
d
max
, # @
! ’
P
.
% v
=(0,8...0,9)5v
m&
;
/ # Re 2300;
2300 Re 10000, Re ! 10000.
9!# -
O
= 64/Re,
O
= 0,316 / Re
0,25
.
>
1–1 2–2 (’) #
J:
g
v
g
P
Zh
g
v
g
P
Z
n
22
2
22
2
2
11
1
UU
, (3.77)
Z – () , ;
P/
U
g – ’# () , ;
v
2
/2g – @ () , > -
, .
% @
(,
@ ) ,
@):
f
r
#
, (3.78)
% – , .
C
44
2
d
d
d
r
#
S
S
. (3.79)