Okafor N. Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology

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Modern Industrial

Microbiology and Biotechnology

Modern Industrial

Microbiology and Biotechnology

Modern Industrial

Microbiology and Biotechnology

Nduka Okafor

Department of Biological Sciences

Clemson University, Clemson

South Carolina

USA

Science Publishers

Enfield (NH) Jersey Plymouth

SCIENCE PUBLISHERS

An imprint of Edenbridge Ltd., British Isles.

Post Office Box 699

Enfield, New Hampshire 03748

United States of America

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Okafor, Nduka.

Modern industrial microbiology and bitechnology/Nduka Okafor.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-57808-434-0(HC)

ISBN 978-1-57808-513-2(PB)

1. Industrial microbiology. 2. Biotechnology. I. Title

QR53.O355 2007

660.6’2--dc22

2006051256

ISBN 978-1-57808-434-0 (HC)

ISBN 978-1-57808-513-2 (PB)

a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior

permission.

This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or

otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the

publisher’s prior consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in

which it is published and without a similar condition including this

condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.

Published by Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, USA

An imprint of Edenbridge Ltd.

Printed in India.

Dedication

This book is dedicated to the Okafor-Ozowalu family of Nri,

Anambra State, Nigeria, and their inlaws.

Modern Industrial

Microbiology and Biotechnology

The field of industrial microbiology has been undergoing rapid change in recent years.

First, what has been described as the ‘cook book’ approach has been largely abandoned

for the rational manipulation of microorganisms on account of our increased knowledge

of their physiology. Second, powerful new tools and technologies especially genetic

engineering, genomics, proteomics, bioinformatics and such like new areas promise

exciting horizons for man’s continued exploitation of microorganisms. Third, new

approaches have become available for the utilization of some traditional microbial

products such as immobilized enzymes and cells, site-directed mutation and metabolic

engineering. Simultaneously, microbiology has addressed itself to some current

problems such as the fight against cancer by the production of anti-tumor antibiotics; it

has changed the traditional practice in a number of areas: for example the deep sea has

now joined the soil as the medium for the search for new bioactive chemicals such as

antibiotics. Even the search for organisms producing new products has now been

broadened to include unculturable organisms which are isolated mainly on genes

isolated from the environment. Finally, greater consciousness of the effect of fossil fuels

on the environment has increased the call in some quarters for the use of more

environmentally friendly and renewable sources of energy, has led to a search for

alternate fermentation substrates, exemplified in cellulose, and a return to fermentation

production of ethanol and other bulk chemicals. Due to our increased knowledge and

changed approach, even our definitions of familiar words, such as antibiotic and species

seem to be changing. This book was written to reflect these changes within the context of

current practice.

This book is directed towards undergraduates and beginning graduate students in

microbiology, food science and chemical engineering. Those studying pharmacy,

biochemistry and general biology will find it of interest. The section on waste disposal

will be of interest to civil engineering and public health students and practitioners. For

the benefit of those students who may be unfamiliar with the basic biological

assumptions underlying industrial microbiology, such as students of chemical and civil

engineering, elements of biology and microbiology are introduced. The new elements

which have necessitated the shift in paradigm in industrial microbiology such as

bioinformatics, genomics, proteomics, site-directed mutation, metabolic engineering, the

human genome project and others are also introduced and their relevance to industrial

Preface

LEEE Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology

microbiology and biotechnology indicated. As many references as space will permit are

included.

The various applications of industrial microbiology are covered broadly, and the

chapters are grouped to reflect these applications. The emphasis throughout, however, is

on the physiological and genomic principles behind these applications.

I would like to express my gratitude to Professors Tom Hughes and Hap Wheeler

(Chairman) of the Department of Biological Sciences at Clemson University for their help

and encouragement during the writing of the book. Prof Ben Okeke of Auburn University,

Alabama, and Prof Jeremy Tzeng of Clemson University read portions of the script and I

am deeply grateful to them.

My wife, Chinyelu was a source of constant and great support, without which the

project might never have been completed. I cannot thank her enough.

Clemson, South Carolina Nduka Okafor

Contents EN

Preface vii

SECTION A INTRODUCTION

1. Introduction: Scope of Biotechnology and

Industrial Microbiology 3

1.1 Nature of Biotechnology and Industrial Microbiology 3

1.2 Characteristics of Industrial Microbiology 4

1.2.1 Industrial vs medical microbiology 4

1.2.2 Multi-disciplinary or Team-work nature of

industrial microbiology 4

1.2.3 Obsolescence in industrial microbiology 5

1.2.4 Free communication of procedures in industrial microbiology 5

1.3 Patents and Intellectual Property Rights in

Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 5

1.4 The Use of the Word ‘Fermentation’ in Industrial Microbiology 9

1.5 Organizational Set-up in an Industrial Microbiology Establishment 10