Odersky M. Programming in Scala
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Index 741
implements keyword (Java), see
mixin composition
implicit keyword, 146, 466
implicit conversion, 49, 280
a word of caution, 147
in-depth treatment, 465–475
quick introduction, 146
to rich wrappers, 127
to target type, 467
implicit parameters, 475–481
imports, 83, 268–273
hiding clauses, 271
implicit, 103, 272
on-demand (i.e., wildcard), 269
renaming clauses, 270
selector clauses, 270
incrementing
with += 1, not ++, 66
indices method
on class List, 338
inference
semicolon, 98–99
turning off, 654
type, 55, 85n
Hindley-Milner style, 358
the algorithm, 355
infix operator notation, 116
information hiding, 59, 414
with factory methods, 229
inheritance, 258
and self types, 696
extending classes, 214
mixing in traits, 246
versus composition, 226
inheritance hierarchy diagram, see
class hierarchy diagram
init method
on class List, 79, 335
initialization
lazy, 443
of abstract vals, 439
of arrays, 75
of classes, see constructors
of fields to default values, 392
of instance variables with
constructor parameters, see
class parameters
of lists, 76
of maps, 85
of sets, 81, 83
of traits, 439
initializers, 139
injections, 520
inner classes
accessing outer class members
with a this alias, 659
and path-dependent types, 451
and private members, 273
example of, 688
granting access to private
members of inner classes,
276
private, to hide implementation,
417
insertion sort, 329, 331
instance variables, 95
instanceOf (Java), see type tests
Int class, 107, 591
int, alias for Int, 108
integer literals, 109
IntelliJ IDE, 58
interfaces (Java), see traits
internal DSLs, see domain-specific
languages
interoperability, Scala with Java, 39
interpreter, 58–60
invoking a superclass constructor,
219
is-a relationships, 226
isDefinedAt method
on trait PartialFunction,
316, 611
isEmpty method
on class List, 79, 329, 488
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Index 742
on Map traits, 372
isInstanceOf method
on class Any, 304
Iterable trait, 359
in class hierarchy diagram, 360
Iterator class, 359
in class hierarchy diagram, 361
J
Java Concurrency in Practice
(Goetz), 619n
Java language, 47, 86
javac, 600
ANTLR, 642
bytecodes, 594
concurrency utilities, 608, 619
covariance of arrays, 420
dependency injection in, 554
enumerations, 452
exception handling, 598
inner classes, 451
interfaces and Scala traits, 597
interoperability with Scala, 39,
48–49, 594–606
raw types, 410, 602
static methods, 595
Swing framework, 671–681
threading model, 607
throws keyword, 598
wildcard types, 602
wildcards, 426
Java Persistence Architecture, 556
JavaBeans, 80
JavaScript Object Notation, see
JSON
JavaTokenParsers trait, 644
JFlex, 642
Joy, Bill, 506
JSON, 647–652
JUnit, 284–286, 599–600
K
Kay, Alan, 45, 433
keys method
on Map traits, 372
keySet method
on Map traits, 372
keywords, using as identifiers, 143
L
Label class, 688
LALR(1) parsers, 670
lamda calculus, 46
Landin, Peter, 56
last method
on class List, 79, 335
layouts, in GUIs, 675
lazy modifier, 444
lazy functional languages, 446
length method
on class List, 79, 334
Lex, 642
lexical analysis, 657, 665
linearization, of traits, 258–262
linked lists, 327
linking
of modules at runtime, 564
Liskov Substitution Principle, 426
and equals method, 582
Lisp language, 42, 46
List class, see also lists, 76, 361
first-order methods on, 332–343
higher-order methods on,
343–351
immutability, 76
implementation of, 487–498
methods
/: (fold left), 348
::: (concatenation), 76, 332,
489
:\ (fold right), 348
:: (cons), 76, 329
addString, 340
apply, 338
copyToArray, 340
count, 78, 334, 337
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Index 743
drop, 78, 337
dropRight, 78
dropWhile, 346
elements, 341
exists, 78, 347
filter, 78, 345
find, 346
flatMap, 344
foldLeft, 349
foldRight, 349
forall, 78, 347
foreach, 78, 345
head, 79, 329
indices, 338
init, 79, 335
isEmpty, 79, 329
last, 79, 335
length, 79
map, 79, 344
mkString, 79, 339
partition, 346
reduceLeft, 91
remove, 79
reverse, 79, 336
sort, 79, 351
span, 346
splitAt, 337
tail, 79, 329
take, 337
takeWhile, 346
toArray, 340
toString, 339
zip, 338
List object
methods
apply, 76, 351, 525
concat, 354
exists2, 354
flatten, 349, 353
forall2, 354
make, 352
map2, 354
range, 345, 352
unzip, 353
ListBuffer class, 77, 363–364, 494
listenTo method
on Reactor, 676, 704
lists, see also List class, 75–77, 327
appending to, 77
class hierarchy diagram, 488
concatenation (:::), 332
converting to arrays, 382
converting to strings, 339
creating and initializing, 76
diagram showing linked-list
structure, 492
in-depth treatment, 327–358
passing elements as arguments
with _
*
, 189
table of methods, 78
ListView class, 685
literal method
on trait RegexParsers, 664
literals, 108–115
array, 75
boolean, 115
character, 111
class, see classOf method
floating point, 110
identifier, 143
integer, 109
list, 76
string, 113
symbol, 114
XML, 541–543
little languages, see domain-specific
languages
LL(1) grammars, 668
loadFile method
on XML, 548
loan pattern, 203
local functions, 175
local variables, 169
locks, and shared data, 608
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Index 744
logical operations (&&, ||, !)
on class Boolean, 120
Long class, 107
lower bounds, 424
LSP, see Liskov Substitution
Principle
M
magic numbers, 142
main method
of GUI applications, 672
of Scala applications, 102
MainFrame class, 673
attributes
contents, 673
title, 673
make method
on object List, 352
map method
on class List, 79, 344
translating for expressions to
invocations of, 501
Map objects, 85, 369
Map traits, see maps
map2 method
on object List, 354
maps, 83–85, 367–377
class hierarchy diagram, 84
creating and initializing
immutable, 85
creating and initializing
mutable, 84
in library, not language, 40
mutability modeled in
hierarchy, 81
table of methods, 372
match expressions
in-depth coverage, 295–312
quick introduction, 163–164
MatchError class, 297
and “not exhaustive” warning,
311
and extractors, 519
not thrown in for expressions,
502, 510
Matsumoto, Yukihiro, 433
max method
on class Int (via RichInt), 91,
128, 240
member functions, see methods
member variables, see fields
members
abstract, 435
field, 93
initialization order of, 441
method, 93
no static, 99
type, 436
merge sort, 341
message passing, 43, 608, 619
meta-programming, 533
methods, see also functions, 93, 173
abstract, 211
as operators, 116
as procedures, 97
empty-paren, 212
first-order, 332
overloading, 144
overriding, 216–217
parameterless, 211–214
overriding with vals, 437,
490
parameters of, 96
private, 138
return from, 96
when to invoke with empty
parentheses, 117, 212
Meyer, Bertrand, 212n
Meyers, Scott, 226n
min method
on class Int (via RichInt),
128, 240
mixed identifiers, 143
mixin composition, see also traits
and self types, 563, 706
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Index 745
example of, 699
syntax for, 246
mkString method
on class List, 79, 339
on trait Iterable, 87
mock objects, 556
modules, 553–567
runtime linking, 564
monads, 514
monitors, 607
Multi-Java language, 57
multi-threaded programming, see
concurrency
multicore, 43, 614
multiple return values, 80, 384
multiple variable definitions, 385
multiple-line statements, 99
mutability
and concurrency, 619–620
and equals, 574–575
of collections, 378
of object state, 387
N
namespaces
in C#, 265
Scala’s two instead of Java’s
four, 217
naming conventions, 141
NaN (not a number), 697, 703
ne method
on class AnyRef, 124, 243
nesting
of classes and objects, 231
of functions, 175
of packages, 265
.NET, 48, 240, 272
NetBeans IDE, 58
new keyword, 93
not needed when calling factory
methods, 75
not needed with case classes,
294
next method
on trait Iterator, 360
Nice language, 57
Nil object, 77, 328, 487–489
Nilsson, Rickard, 288
Node class, 541
NodeSeq class, 542
None object, 312
in extractors, 519
nonvariance, 418
Nothing type, 243
as result type of throw
expressions, 160
as type parameter of List, 328
in Scala class hierarchy
diagram, 239
Null class, 243
in Scala class hierarchy
diagram, 239
null value, 243
in equals methods, 575
using Option instead for
optional values, 313
NullPointerException,
preventing, 313
O
Object class, see also AnyRef class
in Scala class hierarchy
diagram, 239
object keyword, 99–102
object-oriented programming, 39,
45–46, 129
Object-Oriented Software
Construction (Meyer),
212n
object-private access with
private[this], 276
objects
annotating, 534
companion, see companion
objects
domain, 555
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Index 746
entity, 556
equality of, see equality
functional (immutable), 129
immutable, 75
mock, in testing, 556
mutable, 387
safe publication of, 619n
serializing, 536
singleton, see singleton objects
standalone, 102
stateful (mutable), 387
OCaml language, 47, 57, 86
on-demand import, 269
operator
associativity, 126–127
example: class Rational with
operator methods, 145
identifiers, 142
when to use, 656
notation, 73–74, 115–118, 141
infix, 116
postfix, 118
prefix, 117
“overloading”, 73
precedence, 124–126, 141
table of, 126
opt method
on trait Parsers, 663
optimization
of tail recursion, 192
turning off with
notailcalls, 192
of value types, 241
Option class, 312–313
Ordered trait, 252–254, 375, 431
outer classes, see inner classes
overloading
constructors, 136–137
methods, 144
“operator”, 73
override modifier, 132, 220
on parametric fields, 218
overriding
equals method, 571
defs with vals, 437, 490
methods and fields, 216–217
P
package clauses, 265
package-private access (Java), 275
packages, 264–268
as modules, 553
hiding, 266
implicitly imported, 272
unnamed package, 264
pair, name for Tuple2, 228
Panel class, 675
parallel programming, 607–641
parameterization
with types, 71
with values, 71
parameterized types, 71
and object equality, 582–586
parameterless methods, 211–214
overriding with vals, 437, 490
parameters
by-name, 206, 399
by-value, 662
class, see class parameters
implicit, 434, 470, 475–481
repeated, 75, 188–189
vararg matching, 523
type, 71
versus arguments, 717
parametric fields, 134, 218
parentheses
using curly braces instead of,
203
when to use on method calls,
117, 212
Parser class, 644
parser combinators, 642–670,
691–694, 707
parser generators, 642
ParseResult class, 657
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Index 747
parsers, 642–670
Parsers trait, 656, 663
partial functions, 314–317
and actors, 611
PartialFunction trait, 316, 611,
677
partially applied functions, 181, 343
partition method
on class List, 346
passing arguments
to superclass a constructor, 219
path-dependent types, 449–452
and inner classes, 451
pattern guards, 308
pattern matching
and extractors, 516
constant patterns, 296, 299
constructor patterns, 296, 301
examples of, 400, 696
in event handling, 677
in exception handling, 161
in for expressions, 317, 502
in lists, 330, 489
in variable definitions, 314
in equals method, 572, 576
in-depth coverage, 295–318
on XML, 549–552
quick introduction, 163–164
sequence patterns, 302
tuple patterns, 303
typed patterns, 303
variable patterns, 299
variable-binding patterns, 307
wildcard patterns, 298
patterns and idioms
conditional initialization, 150
divide and conquer principle,
333
ensuring a resource is closed,
162
functional on the outside,
imperative on the inside,
497
loan pattern, 203
reading lines, characters, etc.,
with do-while, 152
rich wrappers pattern, 127–128,
475
using Option not null to
indicate optional values,
313
performance, see also efficiency
and multi-core processors, 43
of Scala compared to Java, 48
Perl language, 40, 527
Pizza language, xxvii, 57
placeholder syntax
in existentials, 603
in function literals, 180, 197
PLT-Scheme language, 57
pointers, see references
polymorphism, 222
and type inference, 357
pop method
on class Stack, 366
Popescu, Alexandru, 285
postconditions, see ensuring
method
postfix operator notation, 118
pre-initialized fields, 441
precedence, operator, 124–126, 141
table of, 126
preconditions, 133
Predef object
methods
assert, 88, 279
classOf, 283, 599
ensuring, 280
println, 103
predicates, 51
prefix operator notation, 117
primary constructors, 130–132
private, 414
primitive types, 75
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Index 748
private modifier
and inner classes, 273
augmented with qualifiers, i.e.,
private[meeting], 274
granting access to private
members of inner classes,
276
in modules, 557
object-private access with
private[this], 276
on constructors, 414
on fields, 95, 138
on methods, 138
on parametric fields, 218
procedures, 97
programming in the large, 553
programming in the small, 553
programming style
functional, 81
imperative, 81
modular, 553–567
pronunciation of Scala, 39
properties, 143, 390–393, 673
verifiable with static typing, 53
protected modifier, 273
on parametric fields, 218
public access, 95
Publisher trait, 702
push method
on class Stack, 366
Python language, xxvii, 40, 42
Q
Queue class, 365
R
r method
on class String (via
RichString), 529
range method
on object List, 345, 352
ranges, of basic types, 108
raw strings, 113
in regular expressions, 528
raw types (Java), 410, 602
Raymond, Eric, 41
reactions property
on Reactor, 677, 695
Reactor trait, 676
Reader class, 657
reading
from standard input with
do-while, 152
lines from a file, 89
receive method
on trait Actor, 43, 47
recommended style, see style
recommendations
recursion, see recursion
in combinator parsers, 662
tail, 189–193
optimization, 192
using ListBuffer to prevent
stack overflow, 363
reduceLeft method
on class List, 91
refactoring
and static typing, 54
and vals, 151
imperative to functional style,
170
reducing code duplication with
closures, 197
reference
classes, 240
definition of, 718
equality, 124, 242, 568
referential transparency, 48
reflection, 600
Regex class, 528
regex method
on trait RegexParsers, 664
RegexParsers trait, 647, 664, 691
regular expressions, 527
as parsers, 646, 691–694
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Index 749
relational operations (>, <, >=, <=)
on numeric types, 119
on trait Ordered, 252–254
remove method
on class List, 79
rendererComponent method
on class Table, 686
rep method
on trait Parsers, 663
repeated parameters, 75, 188–189
vararg matching, 523
representation independence, 526
repsep method
on trait Parsers, 663
require method
on object Predef, 133
resources, ensuring release of, 162,
203
result type, 62
covariance of, 427
return keyword, 96
return type, 62
returning multiple values, 80, 384
reverse method
on class List, 79, 336
rich wrappers pattern, 127–128, 475
RichInt class, see Int class
RichString class, see String class
rowHeaderView property
on class ScrollPane, 685
Ruby language, xxvii, 40, 47, 465
Rumbaugh, James, 260
running a Scala program, see scala
runtime type, definition of, 719
S
saveFull method
on XML, 548
scala (Scala launcher)
to launch applications, 104
to launch scripts, 65
to launch the interpreter, 59
Scala language
class hierarchy diagram, 239
compatibility with Java, 39,
48–49, 594–606
compiling, 104
conciseness versus Java, 49–51
downloading, 58
IDEs, 58
influences on, 55–57
interpreter shell, 58–60
naming of source files, 103
pronunciation of “Scala”, 39
scalability of, 45–48, 555, 706
scripts, see scripts, Scala
specification, xxxii
scalability
of configuration, 565
of Scala language, 45–48, 555,
706
of teams, 554
scalac (Scala compiler), 104
ScalaCheck, 281, 288–289
Scaladoc, 532
ScalaObject trait, 241
ScalaTest, 281–292
scanner generators, 642
Scheme language, 47
scope
of implicit conversions, 468
of variables, 167–170
scripts, Scala, 64–65, 103
running on Unix, 708
running on Windows, 708
ScrollPane class, 683, 685
sealed classes, 310–312
sealed modifier, 310, 526
selectors
in match expressions, 296
selectors, in imports, 270
self references, 135–136
self types, 563, 696, 700
semi-structured data, 539
semicolon inference, 98–99
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Index 750
turning off, 654
Seq trait, 227, 361
sequence patterns, 302
serializable annotation, 536, 598
serialization
binary, 536
to and from XML, 543–545
SerialVersionUID annotation, 536
Set objects, 81, 369
Set traits, see sets
sets, 81–83, 367–377
and generic types, 410
class hierarchy diagram, 82
creating and initializing
immutable, 81
creating and initializing
mutable, 83
mutability modeled in
hierarchy, 81
table of methods, 370
setter methods, 390, 438, 673
shadowing variables, 169
shared data and locks, 608
shared-nothing message passing, 608
shell, Scala interpreter, 58–60
shift operations (<<, >>, >>>)
on integral types, 122
short circuiting, of logical
operations, 120
Short class, 107, 591
side effects, 48, 75, 87
minimizing, 88
SimpleGUIApplication class, 672,
685
Simula language, 45
singleton objects, 99–102
as modules, 553
as seen from Java, 596–597
in testing, 556
initialization semantics, 102
nesting of, 231
shown with rounded corners in
hierarchy diagrams, 488
singleton types, 567
size method
on Set traits, 370
Smalltalk language, 45, 465
SML language, 47
snoc, 350
Some class, 312
in extractors, 519
sort
insertion, 329, 331
merge, 341
sort method
on class List, 79, 351
SortedMap trait, 374
SortedSet trait, 374
source code, downloading, see
example code
source files, naming of, 103
Source object, 89
span method
on class List, 346
specifiers, access, see access
modifiers
specs, 281, 287–288
split method
on class String, 368
splitAt method
on class List, 337
spreadsheets, 683–707
Spring Framework, 554, 565
Stack class, 366
stack, the
and tail-recursive functions,
190, 494
and the react method on
actors, 614
and thrown exceptions, 160
and variables captured by
closures, 188
stackable modifications, 254–258
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