Odekon M. Encyclopedia of paleoclimatology and ancient environments
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Rugosa 198, 199
corallites 199
runaway greenhouse 81
Russia 879
Arctic islands, last glacial cycle 390
climate 293
glaciation, Paleoproterozoic 385
loess 314, 424
permafrost 222
Salyn Soil 307
Russian
Plain 757
Platform 502
Rzhaksa soil 755
S
Saale glacial 363
Saalian 877
sabkhas 146, 322, 573, 578
ancient 324
coastal 322
continental 323
sagebrush 858
Sahara 46–49, 194, 286, 298, 347, 418, 424,
425, 432, 439, 509, 512, 733, 736,
747, 876
dune orientation 315
duricrusts 47
dust 1, 308, 309
record 317
storms 308
groundwater recharge 47
lake levels 59
migration 736
Saharan
air layer 317
pluvial 298
region
Sahel
as dust souce 1, 308
drought 733
Sahelanthropus tchadensis 447
Sahul Shelf 297
Sajama 460
ice core 458–460
Salair climate
Early Devonian 293
Upper Devonian 293
salina (see also playa) 323
desiccated 323
ephemeral 323
perennial 323
Salina Formation 324
Saline mineral 321
salinity 16, 46, 124, 730, 746
crisis (see also Messinian salinity crisis;
Mediterranean salinity crisis) 559
effect 356
lake water, diatom-inferred 735
reconstruction, ostracodes 741
sink, global 422
surface 684
salinization 7
Salix 858
Salpuasselkä 371
salt
dome 262
industry 552
pan 323
Phanerozoic 128
pillow 321
tectonics 321
saltation 1
Salyn soil 307
sample 130
geological, analysis 341
preservation 130
San Andres Formation 324
San Clemente Island (California) 901
San Marcos Cave 868
sand 425
body, fluvial 194
carbonate 89
creeping population 195
deposit, eolian 573
dune 46, 313
eolian 195, 313
boundary-layer zone of transport 313
stratigraphy 314
glaciofluvial 394
sea 49
sheet 313
laminated 394
wedge 771
windblown 312
sandstone 89, 425, 716, 871
iron-stained 574
wedge 385
sandur 394
plane 484
Sangamon County (Illinois) 306
Sangamon Geosol 303, 306, 307
Sangamonian 901
interglacial (see also Eemian interglacial) 302,
303, 305, 363, 986
Stage 307
Santa Barbara Basin (California) 135, 565, 724,
848, 901
Santa Catarina (Brazil) 421
Santa Maria (Guatemala) 977
Santorini (Greece) 440
saponite, formula 574
sapropel 266, 487, 875
deposition 876
formation 875
Mediterranean 876
Sarcobatus sp. 822
Sardinia
Cambrian climate 292
cool-water carbonates 141
Sargasso Sea 521, 551
SST 620
Saros 299
Saskatchewan 370
Saturn 334, 424
Saudi Arabia 8, 418
savannah 449
red bed 196
scabland, bedrock erosion 504
Scandinavia 100, 296, 416, 520, 877
isostatic rebound 378
last glacial cycle 390
Scandinavian Ice Sheet 57, 231, 378, 494, 519,
757, 793, 877
melting 304
scapolite 76
Scarborough Formation 518
scarps 900
scenario, darkness-at-noon 219
Schimper, Karl Friedrich 434
Schoenoplectus tatora 491
Schove series 296
Scientific Committee for Ocean Research
(SCOR) 676
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
(SCAR) 677
Scleractinia 198–200
evolutionary history 200
family tree 202
structure 200
scolecodonts 766
Scotland 520
drumlins 369
geomorphology 431
Scott Coast 29
Scripps Institution of Oceanography 473
Scyphozoa 198
Scythian Katberg Formation 964
sea
anemones 198
epeiric 579
fans 198
ice 31, 40, 221, 222, 232, 694, 710, 789, 804
air temperature 40
albedo 40, 422
arctic 38
at mid-latitudes 464
Cenozoic development 43
change 42
climate oscillations 42, 43
cooling feedback 41
decrease 42
definition 38
diatoms 31
distribution 221
drift 40–42
extent 31, 38–42, 160
fluctuation 38
food web 40
formation 38, 39
influence on climate system 40, 41
influence on thermohaline circulation 41
instrumental record 41
phytoplankton 42
proxies 42
Quaternary record 43
records 31, 42, 43
sediment transport 472
sedimentary tracer 42
time series 43
water reservoir 41
land, distribution 586
level (see below)
pens 198
proglacial 467
surface salinity (SSS) 346
surface temperature (SST) 57, 159, 160,
269, 346, 348, 551, 567, 611, 620,
651, 684, 701, 721, 764, 786, 800,
813, 844
change 304
Last Glacial Maximum 719
Pliocene 806
tropical 149
wasps 198
water
density 407
heat capacity 407
supersaturation 463
1038 SUBJECT INDEX
sea level 149, 160
apparent, change 355
at last interglacial 303
causes 884
change 210, 266, 326, 375, 474
eustatic 307
last 250 million years 879
local 355
pre-Quaternary 879
Quaternary 893
relative 377
controlling factor 354
Cretaceous 215
definition 354
eustatic 266, 303, 884
fluctuation 421
fluctuation 227
glacial 361
global 879
effect of glaciation 421
history 183
icehouse climate 465
indicators 552, 578, 899
isostatic signal 376
Last Glacial Cycle 896
Last Glacial Maximum 224, 898
Last Interglacial 225
lowering 161, 559
lunar modulation 296
mean
actual 421
universal shift 421
mid-Cretaceous 884
middle to late Holocene 890
minimum 390
oscillations, Holocene 887
Pliocene 898
post-glacial 887
pressure (SLP) 269, 620
field 57
reconstruction 389
relative 266, 355
rise 224, 296, 567
after last glaciation 888
Recent 891
transect, New Jersey 880
Sea of Azov 505
Sea of Japan 848
Sea of Marmara 505
Sea of Okhotsk 944
seafloor
cementation 140
hydrothermal systems 37
methane
release 563
venting 563
spreading 111, 252, 262, 296, 421, 528,
578, 789
chronology 431
subduction 528
temperatures 563
venting 560
seagrass 145
seal 40
seasonality 296
effects 10
seawater 534
cadmium concentration 636
carbon, isotopic composition 128
carbonate
alkalinity 535
buffer 124
species 534
d
13
C 131
glaciations 131
evaporation 89, 322
isotopic
composition of past 128
evolution 130
neodymium 638
oxygen 12
pH 537
Phanerozoic 577
recording media of isotopic composition 128
sediment 128
thermal compressibility 16
seaway 798
Central American 205
Indonesian 587
Tethys 205
sediment 278
accumulation 355
rate 395, 686
aeolian luminescence date 49
age 252
allochthonous 486
analysis of pollen 746
annually laminated 740
Archean 35, 63
as paleoclimate indicator 192
Atlantic radionuclides 639
autochthonous 486
biogenic 525, 526, 528
calcareous 527
biostratigraphic dating 527
carbonate 110
marine 138
chemical 36
clastic 486
climate-sensitive 399
compaction 355
continental 192
core 179
deep-sea 389
laminated 179
deep-sea 51, 126, 128, 253, 389
evidence for glacials 159
deltaic 265
deposition 265
diagenetic modification 129
eolian 47, 312
Famennian 499
fine 396
fluvial discharge 266
freshwater 90
glacial 193, 361, 364, 368, 369, 382, 483
glacioaeolian 374
glaciofluvial 394
glaciogenic 138, 279
glaciolacustrine 369, 383
glaciomarine 361, 369, 383, 395, 396
gravity flow 394
hypersaline 559
lacustrine 364, 389, 485–488, 835
clastic 486
law of superposition 739
limit 489
littoral 489
loess 374
marine 231, 286, 308, 364, 389, 525, 539
marl 490
oceanic, as carbon reservoir 108
opaline 530
organic
carbon, distribution 343
matter 644
over-consolidated 389
particle rounding 394
phosphorus 644
proglacial 368
redeposition 395
redox state 576
remobilization 193, 740
sea floor, eolian dust-dominated 308
seawater 128
size sorting 394
subglacial 284
deformation 94
supply 355
surface
alkenones 350
U
37
K’
index 349
trap 343
types 115
varved 890, 973
sedimentation 128, 421
cyclic 226
glacial 89
lacustrine 485
modification 487
rate 255
sedimentoeustasy 421
sedimentology 312
seed 679
ecological tolerance 679
SEH (see Snowball Earth Hypothesis)
Selwyn Mountains 207
Selwyn, Alfred Richard Cecil 434
semi-arid 46
sepiolite 540, 574, 580
formula 574
Sepukhovian 500
Sequence boundary
glacioeustasy-controlled 357
glacial to interglacial 295
Sequoia 305, 608
serine 234
serpentine 580
Serpukhovian glaciation 501
biotic response 501
South Polar cooling 500
sesquioxide 516
Shackleton, Nicholas J. 434
shale
black 580, 626
iron-stained 574
shallow ocean carbonate deposition 137
Shan-Thai Terrane, Early Ordovician
climate 292
Shark Bay 138
Shatsky Rise 311
shearing 89
sheet silicates 580
shelf
Arctic 614
Bengal 267
Bering 791
Chukcki 791
continental, flooding 499
Texas 267
SUBJECT INDEX 1039
shell 128, 901
aragonite 743
aragonitic 12
calcareous 159
oxygen isotopes 159
calcite 743
calcitic 12
chemistry 12
fossil 148
sample 130
Lusitanian 305
molluscan 425
ostracod 921
shellfish 281
shergottites (type of martian meteorite) 71, 74
Shiva Hypothesis 419
shoreface, upper 89
shoreline 47
ancient 46
movement 183
Shropshire (England) 362
Siberia 263, 419, 500, 553, 619, 877
climate
Cambrian 292
Early Devonian 293
Middle Devonian 293
Middle Ordovician 293
Upper Devonian 293
glacier complexes 225
Kazantsevo 303
Last Glacial Maximum 378
permafrost 225
Tunguska event 420
Siberian
-Alaskan land bridge 361
High 786
Platform, climate
Early Ordovician 292
Middle Ordovician 293
Upper Devonian 293
Sea 38
Traps 336, 337, 402
Sicily 553
siderite 62, 71, 85, 334, 487, 574, 575, 578, 0
paleo-environmental significance 574
precipitation 87
siderophores 478
Sierra Leone
glaciomarine deposits 387
Rise 345
Sierra Nevada (California) 196, 597, 598
Sierran-Coloradan region, uplift 844
sign test (ST) 271
Sigsbee Abyssal Plain 262
silcrete 285
silica 71, 76, 285, 741
biogenic 31, 736
minerals 580
paleo-environmental significance 574
opaline 279
valves 279
varieties 580
silicates 85, 837
chemical weathering 98, 112
siliceous ooze 136
deep-sea 526
silicoflagellates 280, 580
silicon–32 212
silicon/ aluminum ratio 344
silt 424
glacial 835
glaciofluvial 394
siltation, fluvial 46
siltstone 716, 837, 871
iron-stained 574
Silurian 238, 239, 750
climate 11, 293
glaciation 468
similarity maximum (SIMMAX) 654
Simpson Desert (Australia) 871
Sinai-Red Sea link 296
single-aliquot-regeneration (SAR) 251
sink
-holes 773
cold-water 422
surface 70, 71
Sioux Quartzite (South Dakota /Minnesota) 354
Siple
Coast ice stream 224
Dome core 27
site, archeological, distribution 46
Siwalik Foothills 48
skeleton plotting 240
Slave Craton 35
slickenside 385
Smalfjord Formation 386
Small Ice Cap Instability (SICI) 703
smectites 540, 574, 580, 581, 716, 749
smectite/ illite ratio 581
smog, photochemical 98
SMOW (see Vienna Standard Mean
Ocean Water)
SMT (see sulfate/ methane transition)
Snail, land 729
Snake River 380
snow 746
accumulation 148, 747
compaction 118
cover 710
seasonal 221, 222
densification 453, 454
-firn transition 453
recrystallization 453
seasonal 221, 223
Snowball Earth Hypothesis (SEH) 62, 131, 225,
294, 359, 434, 468, 702, 795, 838, 907
events 62
hypothesis 330
problems 838, 909
snowfall 835
snowline 762
instability 168
past 598
shift 601
sodium 111, 580
chloride 291, 487
Sognefjorden 877
SOI (see Southern Oscillation Index)
soil
aggregates 748
animal traces 749
arid 577
bacteria 282
biota 423
buried 313
calcrete 580
carbonate 134, 449
carbon isotopic composition 62
chronosequence 751
classification
International (FAO) system 754
Russian system 754
deflation 287
dust 1
erosion 8
formation 752–754
fossil 46, 748
genesis 753
micromorphological method 754
fossilization 754
freezing 768
horizons 748
humus
content 754
mass 109
interglacial 752
lateritic 575, 576
microbes 781
mineral components, analytical methods 753
moisture 45
organic
carbon 134
matter 115, 749, 754
plasma
iron oxide accumulation 755
redox state 576
residual, as climate indicator 573
Rocourt 307
Salyn 307
stratigraphic units 752
wedge 771
Solar
activity 92, 212, 428
atmosphere 70
constant 53, 54, 93, 428, 467
cycles 296, 299, 572, 930
emission 294, 424, 428
quasibiennial oscillation 424
energy 96, 428, 785
evolution 333, 700
model 174, 333
flare 297
average 298
forcing 172, 296, 934
changes 168
irradiation 55, 93, 572
changes 802
luminosity 62, 174, 333, 836
early Precambrian 701
magnetic activity 930
nebula 69, 79
output 53, 159, 178, 180
perturbation 452
plasma 211
radiation 55, 96, 333, 407, 419, 422, 449, 521,
700, 736, 757, 785
absorber 219
delayed response to 298
fluctuation 451
forcing 298
type 295
variation 62
System 35, 294
abundances 79
barycenter 294
evolution 429
meteorite bombardment 35
origin 435
passage through galactic arms 295
perigalactic and apogalactic phases 297
1040 SUBJECT INDEX
variability 172, 930
and climate 931
and Paleoclimate 932
wind 70, 71, 74, 211, 294, 417, 419
solifluction 298, 372, 774, 903
periglacial 772
solvent extraction 352
Somali Current 786
Somalia 786
soot 217
Sorachi Plateau (Japan) 337
sorghum 134
source, molecular indicators 347
South Africa 90, 387, 425, 448
Archean glaciation 385
glaciation
Ordovician 387
Paleoproterozoic 385
Middle Ordovician climate 293
pseudomorphs 323
Upper Carboniferous to Triassic succession
388
South America 262, 287, 387, 415, 418, 609,
722, 730, 786, 848
Altiplano 49
Cambrian climate 292
climate
Early Ordovician 292
Middle Devonian 293
Middle Ordovician 293
endemic fauna 732
glaciation
Devonian 387
Ordovician 387
Paleozoic 387
Silurian 387
ice cores 457
Last Glacial Maximum 747
Little Ice Age 747
relict dunes 49
tillites 469
Younger Dryas 747
South American Seaway 611
South Asia-Indonesian land bridge 361
South Atlantic 261, 412
carbonate compensation depth 136
South China Sea 586, 588, 848
core 348
South Florida
sediments 145
warm-water carbonate 145
South Pacific 791
South Pole 48
glaciation 498
South Tasman Rise 357
Southeast Faroes Drift 618
Southeast Trades 786
southern beech 860
Southern California 578
Southern Component Water 609
Southern Hemisphere 59, 219
Cambrian climate 292
climatic system 31
Last Glacial Maximum circulation 58
rainfall 49
sea ice
at Last Glacial Maximum 224
values 222
snow cover, values 222
water circulation 21
Southern Ocean 16, 19, 20, 48, 120, 126, 224,
263, 280, 349, 408, 421, 422, 496, 687,
730, 944
circulation 609
cool-water carbonates 138
deep water production 169
diatoms 31
gateways 687, 790, 791
heat transport 791
iron fertilization 120
LGM 616
salinity 20
sea ice 31
temperature 791
warming 496
wind-driven upwelling 687
Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) 297, 620, 721,
725, 726
Southwest Monsoon 786
Sovetskiy Soyuz (nuclear icebreaker) 475
Spathian 965
Speciation, allopatric 326
species
abundances 652
evolution 326
extinction 200
SPECMAP project (SPECtral Maping Project)
163, 434, 911
astronomically derived timescale 911
spectroscopy, laser absorption 119
speleothem 7, 46, 47, 134, 341, 485, 578, 0, 735,
746, 758, 814, 898, 916, 970
carbon isotopic composition 917
growth 916
Italian 8
oxygen isotope variation 917
records 460, 578, 672
Spencer Gulf (South Australia) 140
sphaeroidal carbonaceous particles (SCPs) 741
sphaerosiderite 578
Sphagnum 662
spherules 548
spiral arm (galaxy) 295
Spirit Rover (Mars) 69, 542
Spiritus silvestris 107
Spiro sandstone 581
Spirocyrtis scalaris 870
Spitsbergen (Greenland) 553, 877
hematite-stained grains 575
flora 422
split-jet 58
spodosol 197, 903
sponges 146, 200
aragonitic 578
Devonian diversity 499
in cool-water carbonates 138
spicules 901
spore 238, 281, 719, 816
embryophyte 766
fungal 766
sporopollenin 281, 766, 817
degradation 817
spreading rate (see seafloor spreading;
plate tectonics)
spruce 856
Spumellaria 870
sputtering 70
Sr-isotopic stratigraphy 882
SSS (see sea-surface salinity)
SST (see sea-surface temperature)
St. Elias Mountains 207
St. Helena, eolianite 425
St. Lawrence River 381, 392, 505, 518, 616, 991
stable isotopes
paleothermometry 435, 919
ratios in meteoric water 920
stadials 801
cold 875
stalactite 747, 578, 760
growth 299
stalagmite 134, 578, 622, 760, 747
Standard Light Antarctic Precipitation (SLAP) 278
standard mean ocean water (SMOW) 80
standing wave energy 58
statistical dynamical model (SDM) 710
steam, atmosphere 80
Steingletscher (Switzerland) 364
stem growth, daily change 273
stenothermal 420
Stephan Boltzman Law 333
Stephanian 502
steppe vegetation 858
steroid 661
sterol 347, 349, 661, 719
4-methyl 661
biomarker 347
derivatives 661
steryl chlorin ester 350
Stevns Klint (Denmark) 217
stomata 442
stomatal
density 680, 719
index 549, 679
stomatoporoid 200
stone tool making 449
Stone Age 423
Storbreen Glacier 371
storm 60, 763
cyclonic 549
frequency 186
generation 60
intensity 186
magnetic 297
Stormberg Group 388
Strait of Florida 145
Strait of Georgia 207, 210
Strait of Gibraltar 296
Strait of Hormuz (see also Panama isthmus;
Panama gateway) 146
Strait of Panama, closure 798
strandflat 416
strandplain 183, 184
Strangelove Ocean 98
stratification 266
stratigraphy 165
stratosphere 96, 97, 282, 335, 424
ozone changes 521
stratospheric aerosol layer 335
stream
bedload-dominated 193
ephemeral 194
glacial, milky 365
perennial 194
supraglacial 483
stromatolites 37, 146, 147, 199, 837
stromatoporoids 200, 578
strontium 578
/calcium ratio 341, 345
isotopes 309, 777, 923
evolution of seawater 924
SUBJECT INDEX 1041
strontium (Continued)
isotopic ratios 463
Phanerozoic 465
Sturtian 434, 467, 838
glaciation 386
Stykkisholmur (Iceland) 621
Stylaster 198, 201
Stylasterina 198, 201
Stylodictya validispina 871
Sua Pan (Botswana) 285
sub-Antarctic islands, permafrost 225
subchron 253
Kaena 253
Olduvai 253
subduction 111, 296, 422
seafloor 528
zone 421, 794
subglacial
debris 368
setting 193
sliding 94
zone 89
sub-humid 46
sublimation 395, 746, 949
till 949
subseafloor
biosphere 474
microbiota 474
subsidence 355, 378
rate 193
subtropical coast 186
subtropics
circulation change 60
Last Glacial Maximum circulation 59
observational circulation analysis 59
sea surface temperature 59
succession, transgressive 184
Succotash Marsh (Rhode Island) 765
Sudan, Middle Ordovician climate 293
Suess, Eduard 435
sugar
cane 134
maple 241
sulfate 98, 579, 778, 836
aerosol 220, 548
/methane transition (SMT) 563
paleo-environmental significance 574
porewater 927
reduction 129
bacterial 927
seawater 926
sulfide 85, 927
paleo-environmental significance 574
sulfite 927
sulfur 98, 110, 927
aerosol 795
dioxide 110, 220, 399
conversion to anhydrite 78
biological cycling, evolution 928
global cycle 96, 927
isotope 63, 926
anomalous signature 63
evolution of seawater 927
isotopic ratios 463
Phanerozoic 465
magmatic
d
34
S value 927
solar system abundance 79
trioxide 76
vapor 82
sulfuric acid 420, 794
aerosol 96, 98
fallout 98
summer
pack ice 39
wetness index 551
Summit
drillings
GISP2 229
GRIP 229
region (Greenland) 760
Sun 51, 294, 449, 625, 825
aerosol diffraction pattern 978
-climate connections 929
coronal holes 92
dimming 336
history 294
magnetic activity 929
spin rate 294
Sunda Shelf (Indonesia) 297, 377, 890
sunlight 52, 684
reduction 98
Sun-like stars 931
Sunnybrook Drift (Toronto) 518
sunspot 416, 419, 428, 930
abundance 550
cycle 295, 296, 417, 424, 426, 440, 521
formation, influence of planets 416
Supai Group 716
supercontinent 555–557
climate persistence 466
cycle 466, 467
supercycle, tectonic 467
super-greenhouse 79, 82
supernova explosion 92
super-tide 423
Greenland 423
herring 423
supraglacial
debris 368
setting 193
surface
sink 70, 71
striated 469
temperature 165
variation 467
Susceptibility 295
suturing, Variscan 555
Svalbard, Upper Devonian climate 293
Sverdrup Basin 141
Swedenborg, Emanuel 435
Swedish Deep-Sea Expedition 529
Swiss
Alps 102
ice cores 457
sylvite 577
as climate indicator 573
composition 321
paleo-environmental significance 574
Syria, desertification 553
Syrtis Major 541
system
aquatic, organic matter 342
depositional 192
alluvial fan 194
climate indicator 195
continental 192
desert 194
eolian 194
glacial 192, 373
lakes 193
rivers 194
eolian 195
erosional 600
landscape 368
geomorphic, climate impact 601
hydrothermal 37
monsoon 589
syzygy phase, lunar 299
T
TA (see total alkalinity)
Tabulata 198
Tadjikistan loess 524
Tahiti 879
Sea Level Expedition 476, 477
tail 385
Taimyr Peninsula 877
Takla Makan (Taklamakan) and Inner Mongolian
deserts of northern China 287
dust 1
Talchir (India) 432
Boulder Beds 362
Tillite 418
TAM (see Transantarctic Mountains)
Tambora (Indonesia) 977
eruption 1815 335, 424, 459, 976
taphonomy 14, 527, 607
taphrogenesis 296
Tarim
Basin 603
Early Devonian climate 293
tarn lake 366
Tasman Rise 154
Tasmania
permafrost 225
Permian limestones 141
Tasmanian
Passage 791
Seaway 25
Tauca Lake 380
taxa
exaerobic 12
thermophilous 858
Taxaceae 858
Taxodiaceae 858
Taxus 305
Taylor Dome ice core 120, 121
TDC (see total dissolved carbon)
te Kuiti Limestone (New Zealand) 141
teak 241
technique, microsampling 12
tectomict 279, 369
Tectona grandis 241
tectonic reconstruction
uncertainties 784
uplift 792
tectonics 254, 265, 0
local 355
tectonism 421, 599, 603, 773
cycle 977
tectono-eustasy 421, 887
teeth, isotopic analysis 135
teleconnections 721
temperature 46, 51, 158, 326, 669
air, Pliocene 566
anomalies, global 759
Antarctic 119, 120
Archean ocean 36
as evolutionary factor 325
1042 SUBJECT INDEX
atmospheric 758
feedbacks 177
blackbody 62
catchment-integrated 266
depth profile 104
Earth
history 758
surface 62
forcing 3
global 757
mean surface 117, 176, 461
gradient 58
equator-to-pole 3
latitudinal 57, 58
oceanic 149
history 103
ice history 759
indicator, inorganic 345
interglacial 119
lake records 761
Last Glacial Maximum 117
marine, Cretaceous 215
mean annual 157
prediction 680
oceanic 758
proxy 853
reconstruction 349, 390
Northern Hemisphere 274
techniques 347
tree ring 758
rise, IPCC projections 566
sea surface 477, 567
tropical 149
tropospheric 792
variability 758, 467
Tenaghi Philippon (Greece) 304
tephra 977
composition 937
deposits 937, 938
characterization 938
dating 938
destruction of
Herculaneum 937
Pompeii 937
dispersal 938
particle 459
production 938
properties 937
Toba, distribution across India 938
tephrochronology 247, 487, 735, 741, 937
application 938
countries 938
terminal moraine (see moraine, end)
termination 495
carbon cycle 496
definition 495
III 495
last, chronology 495
V 495
termites 423
terraces 394
marine 900
terrestrial environment 305
Tertiary 10, 261, 281, 499, 680, 719, 804, 860
carbon dioxide values 117
carbonate compensation depth 137
fauna 860
late glaciation 501
thermal maxima 516
Tertiary Tsondab Sandstone 48
TES (see Thermal Emission Spectrometer)
Tethyan
current regime 686
monsoonal systems 703
Tethys 99, 201, 203, 295, 296, 417, 421, 422,
531, 609
circumglobal current 704
Ocean 154, 557, 610, 705, 790
Sea 789
Seaway 205
TEX
86
paleothermometer 215
Texas 267, 306
A&M University 473
shelf 267
Thailand 246
Early Ordovician climate 292
Thalassia 145
Thalassiosira antarctica 280
Thames 441
frozen 441
Thar Desert 440
THC (see thermohaline circulation)
The Netherlands 100
theca 281
thenardite, composition 321
Theory of Continental Drift (see also plate
tectonics) 418
Thera (Santorini, Greece) 977, 979
thermal maximum 451
Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) 540
thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS)
90, 347
thermal noise 259
thermobaricity 16
thermocline 140, 531
equatorial 788
thermohaline circulation (THC) 229, 567, 610,
790, 931, 933, 943, 995
Atlantic 802, 939
early Pliocene 611
thermokarst 772
activity 774
generation 774
thermoluminescence (TL) 249, 257, 894
thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) 254
thiosulfate 927
thorium 211, 248, 970
threonine 234
threshold
climatic 303, 568
effects 298
Thuja 305
occidentalis 243
Thule Culture 552
Thulean basalt 154
Thunder Bay 381
Tian Shan (Asia) 736
Tiber 441
frozen 441
Tibet 48, 49, 91, 162, 422, 792
drought 8
millennial cycles evidence 571
Tibetan Plateau 48, 154, 434, 461, 587, 603,
705, 783, 844, 932, 984
Asian monsoon 598
ice cores 457, 459, 460
Ice Sheet 225
mountain building 449
mountain glaciers 595
permafrost 225
uplift 422, 286, 296, 310, 474, 611, 705,
790, 811
Tibetan-Himalayan
Plateau (see Tibetan Plateau)
uplift (see Tibetan Plaeau, uplift)
tidal
channel 186
flat 89, 183, 186
inlet 186
pumping 89
wave 423
tide
current velocity 424
luni-solar 423
Tien Shan, Upper Devonian climate 293
Tigris River 7
till 279, 284, 368, 382, 384, 518, 716, 948
classification 369
deformation 193
diamict 383
flow 279, 369, 382
formation 948
glacial 193
iceberg 382
identification 949
lodgement 193, 279, 383
lowered 382
melt-out 193, 279
types 193
waterlain 382
tillite 291, 384, 430, 434, 469, 558, 716, 948
identification 949
marine 468
Permian 431
Precambrian 419
Silurian climate 293
tilt, axial 52
Timan, Upper Devonian climate 293
timberline 442
ecotone 445
time of flight mass analyzer 259
timescale
biostratigraphically based 239
centennial-millennial 171
climate system 165
glacial-interglacial 168
tectonic 166
TIMS (see thermal ionization mass
spectrometry)
Tiquina Strait 490
Titan 334
titanite 248
titanium 8
Tithonian-Kimmeridgian Morrison
Formation 966
Titius-Bode Law 432
titration
closed cell 125
potentiometric 125
Tiwanaku (see also civilization, ancient) 8
abandonment 8
civilization 8
collapse 9
TL (see thermoluminescence)
Toarcian 965
Toba (Indonesia) 977, 979
eruption 98
TOC (see total organic carbon)
todorokite 576
Tommotian Fauna 330
SUBJECT INDEX 1043
tooth enamel 14, 15
topography 603
effective 57
model 57
Toroweap Formation 716
tortoises 731
total alkalinity (TA) 124, 125
distribution 125
global inventory 126
measurement 125
total dissolved boron 124
total dissolved carbon (TDC)
seawater 130
total dissolved inorganic carbon (see also
dissolved, inorganic carbon) 124, 125, 743
carbon isotope ratio 127
distribution 125, 126
global inventory 126
measurement 125
total organic carbon (TOC) 344
total solar irradiance (TSI) 930
Tournaisian 499
flora, phytogeography 500
tracer 213, 687
geochemical 569, 635
kinematic 635
lithological 33
paleonutrient 616
petrological 569
Sedimentary 42
water mass 635
trade winds 46, 60, 764, 786, 794, 801
velocity 48
Trans Polar Drift 39–42
Transantarctic Mountain Range 25, 27, 222,
792, 804
uplift 25
transfer function 719, 735, 741, 800, 813, 959
accuracy 960
applicability 960
development 959
reconstruction 960
training set 960
transgression 183
Transient Tracers in the Oceans (TTO) 125
transition state theory 481
transpiration 45
Transpolar Drift 476
transport
eolian 46
fluvial 46
glacial 364, 368
glaciofluvial, effects 394
spasmodical 364
travertine 47
tree 239
annual growth ring 269
C–14 flux 299
cellulose 278
climatically sensitive 242
d
13
C 134
growth 241, 243, 269
anomalies 270
boundary 442
conceptual model 242
height 442
microclimate 269
multiple-banding 241
ring 171, 179, 269, 299, 424, 429, 442, 451,
485, 520, 679, 681, 720, 735, 746, 758
dating 246
dating of glacial fluctuations 246
density 622
global warming 246, 274
identification of solar cycles 430
Irish bog oaks 440
reconstruction of climate 273
standardization 245
width 622
analysis 682
NAO 620
tropical 682
stumps, fossil 901
treeline 442, 762, 858
drought-caused 442
fluctuations 442
reconstruction 442
mountain 442
temperature-controlled 443
polar 442
reconstruction 442
records, chronology 442
spatial position 442
tremolite 80
Triassic 238, 554
climate 556
climatic history 556
flora
Chinle Formation 964
Falla Formation 964
Newport Formation 964
fossil logs, Antarctica 962
General Circulation Model
simulations 556
-Jurassic boundary
mass extinction 547
labyrinthodont amphibians 963
late 253
Latemar Formation 827
life crisis 965
Newark Supergroup 831
paleosols 966
palynofloras 768
tricalcium phosphate 775
tridymite 580
trilobite 237
assemblage 11
Cambro-Ordovician 11
Ordovician 327
Trinidad 263
Trinity 267
troilite 79
trona, composition 321
tropical
coast 186
rain forest 858
seasonal forest 858
treeline, depression 858
tropics
circulation change 60
Last Glacial Maximum circulation 59
observational circulation analysis 59
sea surface temperature 59
tropopause 335
Last Glacial Maximum 58
tropical 78
troposphere 96
dust aerosol, residence time 335
lapse rate 792
Northern Hemisphere 336
sulfate, residence time 335
temperature 792
trough 366
TSI (see total solar irradiance)
Tsuga 305
Tsuga canadensis 856
tsunami 217, 420, 423
TTO (see Transient Tracers in the Oceans)
tube, anemones 198
tubeworms, intertidal 891
Tubiphytes 203
Tubipora 198, 203
musica 203
tufa 46, 47, 49
Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula (Canada)
pingo 783
tundra 100, 451, 792, 800
forb 511
graminoid 511
vegetation 729
tungsten, extraterrestrial 36
Tunguska-scale impact (see also bolide impact)
98
turbidite 286
deposit 395
glaciolacustrine 383
sedimentation 412
turbidity 140, 487
current 557
Turgai
divide 381
Strait 732
Turk Atoll 296
Turkana (Kenya) 446
Turkey 7, 440
glaciation, Ordovician 387
lacustrine sediments 7
permafrost 225
Upper Devonian climate 293
Turonian 886
seaway 686
turtle 415, 729
Tuva 505
Twelve Apostles (Australia) 139
Tyndall, John 398
Tyrrell Sea 299, 939, 989
U
U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) 475
Udotea 146
Uivak gneisses (Labrador) 35
uk37 alkenone paleothermometer 188
Ukraine 877
Ulmus sp. (elms) 305, 822
decline 451
ultisol 872, 903
ultraviolet
flux 334
light 66
photolysis 76, 78
radiation 61, 70, 295
underflow 193
underthrusting 599
Uniformitarian Principle 270
uniformitarianism 417, 816
unit
chronostratigraphic 303
terrestrial biostratigraphic 302
Unitas 598
ice cores 457
1044 SUBJECT INDEX
uplift (see also mountain uplift) 355, 449, 600
Cenozoic 794
definition 599
epeirogenic 792
Himalayan 844
Himalayan/ Tibetan 267
hydro-isostatic 431
late Cenozoic 610
mountain 421
orogenic 422
tectonic 420, 524, 792
Tibet 422
Tibetan Plateau 286
Upper Riphean 434
upwelling 12, 422, 479, 525, 536, 609, 646, 685,
686, 722, 730, 778, 786
coastal 531
equatorial 531
mapping, phosphorite distribution 778
polar regions 422
prediction 686
regions 529
velocity 686
wind-driven 687
zone 703
equatorial 136
Ural Mountains 768
Urals 502
Early Devonian climate 293
Upper Devonian climate 293
uraninite 63, 576, 582
as climate indicator 573
detrital 63
uranium 211, 435, 777, 970
dating 969
decay 247, 255
series 777, 800
Uranus 52, 424
beat frequency 424
Urey reaction 76, 112
Urey, Harold C. 148, 435
U-series, isotope analysis
methods 970
Uthusslön (Sweden) 369
Uvigerina peregrina 646
Uyuni Salt Pan 380
Uzboi Channel 381
V
Valdai glaciation 757
Valles Marineris (Mars) 66, 541, 544
valley
glaciation 155
glacier 361, 595
geometry 224
thickness 361
hanging 366
tunnel 366
van Helmont, Jan Baptista 107
van Krevelen plot 344
Vancouver Island 207, 210
vapor
meteoroid 97
water 97
vaporization 158
Varangerfjorden (Varanger Fjord), Norway 419, 434
Varangian 418
glaciation 386, 467
Neoproterozoic 385
variability, climate, millennium-scale 51
variation, astronomical (see also astronomical
theory of paleoclimates; orbital cycles)
astronomical 391
orbital 163, 391
varnish (desert) 275
development 275
Negev Desert 276
trace element XE “trace element”
geochemistry 277
Tunisian 276
varve 383, 384, 430, 451, 835, 837, 908
annual 740
clay chronology 973
glacial 193, 973
chronology 974
lake sediment 974
nonglacial 973
Pleistocene 908
sediment 890, 973
thickness 973
vaterite 577
Vatnajökull (Iceland) 422
Vega 2 landing site 77
vegetation 51, 733
change 449
conditions, past 47
cover 46
reconstruction 746
reduced 46
distribution, quaternary 856
fossil, physiognomy 794
global, devastation 97
gradient 305
history 341, 856
reconstruction 856
Holocene 438
late glacial 101
LGM 511
limit 442
mapping 189
Quaternary 507
modeling 507
asynchronous coupled 511
Holocene 507
interactive coupled 511
inverse 512
LGM 510
mid-Holocene 512
Quaternary 507
Quaternary 720, 856
rain forest 747
Recent 720
shift 134
species composition 156
vein calcite 760
Vema Channel 19
Vendian Period (see Ediacaran Period) 434, 467
Venediger (Alps) 451
Venera 13 (Venus) landing site 77
Venera 14 (Venus) landing site 77
Venezuela 8, 263
Venus 424
accretion 79
argon–40, degassing 77
atmosphere
accretionary 80
composition 75–78
evolution 75, 81, 82
present 75
beat frequency 424
climate 76
change 81
dry formation 79
global cloud layer 76
hydrous minerals 80
lithosphere, sulfur content 81
Magellan mission 75
nitrogen inventory 70, 78
noble gases 79, 80
oxidation 81
oxygen loss (see atmosphere, composition,
evolution)
Pioneer Venus 75
properties 75, 76
runaway greenhouse 81
Soviet missions (see also Venera 13, 14) 75
steam atmosphere 81
sulfur dioxide (see also atmosphere,
composition, evolution) 78
super-greenhouse 79, 82
temperature 75
tremolite 80
volatile inventory 79, 80
volcanism 81, 82
water 79–81
deuterium-hydrogen atomic ratio 80
loss 81
wet formation 80
Verkoyansk Mountains (Siberia) 770
vermiculite 523
formula 574
vernadite 576
vertebrates
fossil 15
functional interpretation 14
proxy 13
vertisol 197, 871, 903
Vesterålen (Norway) 378
Vestfold Hills (Antarctica) 376
Vesuvius,
A.D. 79 eruption 937
Victoria 425
Vidar Viking (drilling vessel) 475
Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water (V-SMOW)
278, 282, 667
Vienna-Pee-Dee Belemnite 480
Vietnam, Upper Devonian climate 293
Viking (Mars)
lander 71
measurements 71
mission 77
Orbiter, images 68
probes 66
Stage 552
Viking/ Rottnest 553
Vikings 8, 42
colonization voyages 422
settlements, 42, 520
Virginia oyster 298
Viridophytae 816
viruses 40
Visean 499
flora, phytogeography 500
stage 11
Vistula River (Poland) 756, 877
visual microlaminations (VML) 275
vital effect 128, 131
viticulture 552
Vittatina spp. 768
vivianite 487
SUBJECT INDEX 1045
volatile hydrocarbons 113
volatiles 110
atmospheric loss 70
excess 110
hydrodynamic escape 70
impact erosion 70
on Mars 69
primordial 110
reactive 80
sputtering 70
surface sinks 70
volcanic
activity 172
aerosol 440
movements 977
ash 739, 835
crater 740
dust 424
eruption (see also Krakatau, Mt. St. Helens,
Thera, Toba, Vesuvius) 174, 521
chronology 976
climate change 976
frequency 976
heat-shielding effect 440
history 976
Holocene 977
records 977
explosivity index (VEI) 977
halogen 976
outgassing 789
tephra layer 741
winter 336, 548
volcanism (see also volcanic) 326, 402, 421, 794
climatic effect 784
cycle 977
volcano (see also volcanism, volcanic) 415,
423, 976
Volga
Delta 552
River 7, 381, 505
Von Richthofen, Baron Ferdinand 435
Vøring Plateau 611
Vorona (Muchkap) interglacial 755
Vortex, polar 58
vorticity 792
Vosges 52
Vostok (Antarctica) 46, 761
ice core 56, 118, 119, 168, 169, 286, 304, 390,
391, 453–455
glacial-interglacial cycles 318
V-PDB (Vienna PDB) isotope standard 133
W
WZrm glaciation 986
Wah Wah range (Utah) 832
WAIS (see West Antarctic Ice Sheet)
Wake Island 553
Wales 52
Walker circulation 59, 721, 788, 841, 843, 844
intensification 844
Walker, Sir Gilbert 297, 299
walrus 8
Walvis Ridge 348
warming 495
Antarctic 231
climatic 99
global 446, 737, 774, 967
anthropogenic 763
Cretaceous 422
Keeling Curve 434
long-term 549
NAO 621
role of ocean carbonates 434
greenhouse 423
Greenland 231
late 20
th
century 423
mid-Pliocene 566
post-Heinrich event 569
Warrego Valles (Mars) 542
Warthe Glaciation (Germany) 493
Washington 207, 261
glacier lake outburst flood 394
washover 764
Rhode Island 764
water 110, 182
Antarctic bottom 16
availability 46
balance, concept 45
fossil 735
gas reaction 80
ice
melting 736
shelf 16
interstitial 777
liquid, stability field 62
marine
freezing 38
thermohaline characteristics 41
mass, proxies 635
on Mars 66
quality trend 738
renewal 734
residence time 734
resource management 619
-rock interaction 36
specific heat 785
storage 45
UV decomposition 81
vapor 51, 55, 97, 399
coagulation time 97
injection, effects on atmosphere 97
photolysis 71
stratospheric, increase 97
watershed 734
wave
base 146
-cut notches 900
energy 58, 60
height 619
wavellite 777
weasel 732
weather forecasting 710
weathering 71, 254, 266, 284, 981
alumino-silicate minerals 982
atmospheric pCO
2
983
biological 748
carbon cycle 983
carbonate minerals 981
chemical 46, 365, 486, 573, 716, 748, 780,
794, 800, 837, 872
continental 779
crust 47
mountain building 984
physical 748, 780
product 514
rate 981, 984
rock 285
silicate and carbonate minerals 981
silicate rocks 794
Webster soil 581
Weddell
Gyre 19, 32
Polynya 16, 18, 20
-Scotia Confluence 16
Sea 16–20, 28, 222, 610, 944
bottom water 19
circulation patterns 17
dissolved oxygen 18
T/ S diagram 16
Wegener, Alfred 52, 296
Weichsel glacial 363
Weichselian 877
glaciation (Wisconsin) 91, 493, 986
interstadials 478
late glacial 100, 102
West Africa 49, 424
West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) 24, 222,
361, 392
West Sayan Mountains 506
westerlies 792
circumpolar 46
western hemisphere 8
Western Interior Coal Basin 227
Western Interior Seaway (North America)
557, 704
Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) 788, 791
Westphalian glaciation 502
wet deposition 459
whale 40, 729
wheat 134
Whillans Ice Stream 27
white ash 241
White Nile 425
flood 425
White Sea
Eemian 305
whitebark pine 860
whitings 129
Wien’s Law 333
wildfires 98, 295
global 98, 217, 220
Wilkes Basin 25, 27
William of Malmesbury 552
William of Normandy 552
willow 858
wind 46
as evolutionary factor 325
direction 46, 314
erosion 746
katabatic 21, 374
planetary 70
ripple 195
solar 70
speed 746
stratospheric 623
strength, reconstructions 459
stress fields 567
Windermere interstadial 100
windthrow 856
winter
impact 548
severity index 551
volcanic 548
wireline coring 262
Wisconsinan 361, 901
glacial 306
late
glacial history 518
glacial limit 519
1046 SUBJECT INDEX
glacial 229, 231, 363
Glaciation 517, 986
Ice Sheet
center 989
instablity 989
sea level records 987
Stage 986
Witwatersrand Basin, diamictite 385
WOCE (see World Ocean Circulation
Experiment) 125
wollastonite 76
Wolstonian glacial 363
wood 679
anatomy 681
determination of paleoclimate 682
cellulose 682
density 240
isotopic composition 622
nitrite 682
physiognomy 680
volume 240
woodland, Eemian 304
Wopmay Orogen 832
World Climate Research Program (WCRP)
676, 813
World Ocean 43
Circulation Experiment (WOCE) 125
worms 145, 146
Wright corer 740
Würm glacial 363
Wyoming Province (USA) 35
X
Xanthophyceae 280
xanthophylls 279, 350
xenon 34, 560
Mars, isotopic ratio 72
xerothermal 451
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) 77
xylem 240
Y
Yamal Peninsula 756
Yangtsi flood 426
Yarmouth interglacial 363
Yaroslavl’ cryogenic stage 757
yedoma loess-ice complex 524
Yellow River (China) 890
delta, marining 432
Yellow Sands 580
Yemen, millennial cycles evidence 571
Yenesei (Yenessei) River 38, 505, 557
Younger Dryas 7, 22–24, 49, 91, 191, 229, 276,
314, 378, 381, 392, 496, 498, 506, 616,
710, 747, 814, 841, 843, 846, 852, 853,
858, 890, 896, 948, 993
abrupt cooling 815
Asia 994
Canada 993
Chronozone 858
climatic reversal 439
cooling 519
Europe 993
Fennoscandia 379
methane signal, Antarctic ice 995
NADW 616
South America 994
stadial 100, 439
Stadial 850
Ypresian 967
Yucatan (Texas) 420, 553
Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) 8, 174, 217, 632
Yukon
River (Alaska) 207, 424, 524
Territory 207
glaciation 206
late Tertiary landscape 210
Z
Zambia 49
Zea mays 868
Zechstein evaporites 324
zeolite minerals 574, 582
authigenic 582
Zeuner, Frederick Everard 436
Zijderveld diagram 254
Zimbabwe 49
zinc 636
zircon 248, 249
crystallization 35
detrital 34
Archean 36
Jack Hills 35
oldest 35
grain 334
isotopic analysis 35
oxygen isotopes 35, 36
Western Australia 35
Zoanthidia 198
zone
euphotic 110, 536
exaerobic 12
intertidal 89
seismogenic 475
subglacial 89
supratidal 89
zooplankton 40, 109, 111, 536, 649
zooxanthellae 281, 672
zooxanthellate 200
diversity 204
Zuider Zee 552
SUBJECT INDEX 1047