Обрезков В.И. Гидроэнергетика (2-ое изд)
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
L
ro
obopyAoBaHplff
rBJrfleTCfl
Franop, Koropbrfi
nsvregsercs
B
gaBHcHMoc-
TH
OT
peX(HMOB
pa6OrU
rpOeKTHpyeUOi:l
craHrIHH
B rpeAeJrax
or MHHH-
MarTbHOfO
AO
MaKCHMaJIbHoTO 3HaqeHHf
llpe4e,rl
Hbre
r(o,rre6 a
uuq H a nop a onp eAeJrrror
rnn rHAporyp
6a u unrx
ycraHoBoK,
KoTopbie ilo cBoHM
TexHHr{ecK}rM
xapaKTepHcrHKaM
MOfyT
pa6orarn
B sToM
AHana3or{e.
Bepxnuivr
npeAeJroM
flBrrrercfl Nr
a KcHM
a Jr
burt
fi
Ha nop,
coor-
.-^.-..--u-
Trr-Y\r --_
BerCTByIOuiiiii
iisiiO,fiiieiiHoiviy
AO
oTMeTKH
i-ii iy BOAO;{paHHJIHII{y
H
p
a6ore
cTa
Hr.tHH
c NI
pr
Hrrivr aJrbHbr M
p
a cxoAoM
BoAbr.
3mr
p
acxoA
oflpeAe-
JIflCTCff
{HJIII
OfPAFIHqCI{HflIVIH
NO
YCJIOBHflIVT
QYTTXUIIOHHPOBAHHfl
BOAO-
xo3sftcreenHoro KorlrnJTeKCa,
riJtr
o6ecneqeHHeM
MHHHrvtaJrbHofi
Mott{go-
crn
rro
ycroBHqilr
yqacrHs
B noKpbrrnH rpaQaxon
Harpy3KH
3Hepro-
cHcreilIbl.
HnxHr-rlr
npeAe"Tot\r
.flBJrflercfl
M
H H
H M
a.n I
H
ltfi
H a II o
p,
coorBeTcrnyrcuilrit
no,'Ittoii
cpa6orxe
rroJle3Horo
o66eMa BoAoxpa
Hnirw-
ua
Ao
oTvreTr{ri
ViUO
rr
pa6ore
craHuriH c
orpaHtrqeHr.re}{,
coorBercT-
ByIourHM nponycKHofi cnoco6nocrH
rHAporyp6nH.
Kp
o vr e
ri
p
eAe
Jr b H br,\
_3
H
a
q
e
u_u
fr uanop
oB, -.tr
p
H
n ur
6o
p-e_
o6o
p
yao
n a
HH
fl
ueoS'xbaHr\ro
lgrrrbrBar,b
p
a c
r{
e
r H
br
fi
!o
MouIHocrH H a n
o
p-
Koro-
pstfi'lco-oTb'ercreye-i ypoBHio
BqAbr
B
.gg4o.\pg{gaqu{e
L,ngpt{q.q,
npo-
5-o4a-b-rlnq
roAoeoro
rvraKcHivtyMa
narpysxn
j3epro_gqgfeMFl_npu.
p-a6ore
npoeKTHpyeuoir cTaHqHH.
c-
ycTaHoBneHHofi
MoulHocTbro
H
v.aKcHMaJrb-
@4
_
[p-bnyuruor'r
cnoco6uocrbro rrrAporyp6usnoro o6opyaoBaHHfl
q_y.igTgy_BrHflHrrfl
3uNrHrrx
yc.roeHft
H
noAropa
ypoBHfl
BoAbr
B
HrilK-
=ueu
6re$e.
flpn
enr6ope
ocHoBHoro o6opyaoeaHHrr seo6xoAHt'ro
yrlrrrbrBarb
CneAyIOil{He
OCHO
BHble IIOr'IOXieHHq
:
napaMerpu o6opyAoBairnfl
Aor){iHbr
o6ecnequBarb
oKCil'I}&TaqIIFo
aFperaroB H ncel'r craHqlru
Bo BCex
AorlycraMbIX
pex(HMax
pa6orot
c
sau6o.rubrrHlr
KflA;
qHc.fio
arperaroB
Ao"rr]KHo
Sstru MHnHr{a,'rbHtilM,
Ho npH Bo3Mo}KHo
Han6onrruefi Moil{Hocrrr r(ax{Aoro arperara,3To npHBoArir K
yBernqe-
iraro
KII!,
peaxrHBrrHx
rr{Aporyp6un,
cHH}KeHHro crouMocrn
ocHoBHo-
ro o6opynoaaHrtr, coKpaureHHro cpor(oB H3roroBireHHfl,
MoHTax(a
H
9I{C.I1€HHOCTH
3KCnJIyaTal{HOHHOTO
nepCOHaJIa CTaHLIHH.
Kporrre
Toro,
npn nn6ope o6opyAoBaHnfl
cneAyeT
yrIHTbIBarb
cJIe-
jnYrcnrue
0npaHHqeHHfl:
i
qucro
arperaroB He
Aonx(Ho
6urt
MeHbue
AByX,
Aalxe
ecJIH
Bcfl
rpe6yeuaff
MouIHocrb MolKer 6urt
peaJIH3oBaHa
oAHHM arperaroM,
TaK
KaK ero nnaHoBbrfi
pel,roHr
HJIH
aeapnfiHrrft npoctoli
nptIBeAer
K
fiperpar.r{eHH}o
pa6oru
ecefi
craHrrurr, trpu
HanoJIHenHoM BoAoxpa-
HrrnHrrle
r ueo6xoAliMocrH
xoJlocroro
c6poca
BoAbI H, c.IIeAoBareJIbHo,
K obuteuy
cHrrxieHHlo
ypoBufl
FraAex(Hocrn
3Kc[nyaral{Hn craHqHH
B
gHepfernqecxofi
cucreMe;
yAoBrerBopeHHe rpe6oeaunft
BoAoxo3flftcreeuuoro
KoM[JIeKca
no
MHHHtvraJrbI{OMy
pacxoAy
BoAbr
B HHX(HeM
6neQe
Aonx{Ho
coqeTaTbcff
c HeoOxoAHMocrbio
HcnoJlb3oBaHHfl
arofo
pacxoAa
Lnfi
aupa6orxN
SneKTp03Hepflllt,
r{To
Mox(er
npHBecri-I
K
cHlI}KeHHIO MOU{HOCTH afpe-
raTa,
yBeJrurqeHtito
[r.\
rrt{cJIa
HrH
ycTaI{oBKe cnel{HaJIbrloFo afpel'aTa
ne6o.nuruofi
wt ouluocrH
;
460
rvraKcHt!{altrrtrfi
AHa}reTp
pa6ouero
KoJreca
rH4poryp6au
AoJr)KeH
nltdllparscn
He
TOJIbKo
HcxoAfl
Hs
Bo3Mox{Hocrerl
^aao
ia.oToB",l€HHr,
rro
H
C
yr{eToM
yCnonnfi
rpaHcnoprHpoBKH
K
MeCTy
s{oHraxa.
Ans
pasl
JI
lI
LIHbIX
BHAOB
Tp a
HC[Opra
M
a KcH
M
aJrbH
bre
ra
6 ap
nrtr
nap"
"*
M
brx
fpy-
soB
perJlaMeHTHpyroTc.fi.
Tax,
pa,u,lraJrbHo-oceBbre
r'Aporypo'Hbr
r,Ha_
MerpoM
7,5
u,
r.r3roroB.rreHHbre
Ar,rfl
KpacHorpcxoft
fgC
iri
ffiufS,
Ao-
craBr'IflJIHcb
H3
reulit'irpa4a
BoAIIbIM
Tpai{cnopTor,r,
IocKoJrbKV
AJrfl
nepe8O3r(a
paS0vlrx
Ko"rrec
no
)KeJresHorl
Aopofe
npeAeJrbHbrM
AHaMeT_
poM
flB/'rflercfl
6,3
lr.
B
ro_pHbrx
parloruax
irpaHo,
ycJ,ro'Hfl
AocTaBKrr
Mofyr
Har(/raAbrBarb
eu{e
60;rburHe
ofparir{qeHufl
;
nrr60p
orMerKr-r
BbrcorHofo
pacno.,ToiKeFxHfl
pa60vero
Ko,leca
fHApO-
rYP6NU,
OCO6CHHO
NOBOPOTHO.JIONACTH'IX
H
AHAfOHATbHbIX,
AONX*CH
YI{I.TbIBATb
.COT'OfH(ICCK'IC
OCO6CgHOCTTT
OCHOB
AHHfr,
3AAHHff
CTAHIIHII,
rrro
MoxeT
rrpHBecrrr
K
ueo6.ro4HilrocTH
yMerrbureHHf
3af"rlv6neulix
pa_
Soqero
Ko.teca
rr
no.r,eolHoti
qacrn
3IaHtiff
craHIIIII{,
cHIrx(eHHro
}{ou_
Hocrtt
rHAporyp6uu
w
yBe.rrr4qeHtirc
r{x
qtrclTa;
r{Hcro
arpefaToB,
oco6euHo
npa
6onuuona
HX
qHcre,
r{To
xapaK_
TepHo
ArTrr
HH3KOHanOpsux
f3c,
Ao"rrx(Ho
nu6aparbcfl
KparHbrM
2
nnu
3, :ro
YnpoutaeT
FJraBHyro
cxeMy
3reKTpHr{ecKr-rx
coeAHueuaft,
o6ecne-
rlrrEaeT
B3ar{}r03a^\reHfe}rocTb
3JreKTpoTexHHqecKofo
o60pyao
BaHHfl,
ynyquaer
ycno8llfl
H ctlllr{iaeT
3aTparbr
npH
npoBeAeFrHr.r
efo'
per{oHTa.
fiepevltc,reH.rbre
ocHoBHbre
noJox(eHHr
H
peKoMeHAa
uHH,
pasyrvr
eeT-
cfl,
He
i\lorlr
oxBaTl-lrb
BCe
cneqllcpttqecKl-te
oco6eHHocTr{
H
no3Torry
AOIIKHbI
flpllr'{eHflTbCfl
C
yqeroM
KorrKpertrbtx
}'cr,'roanfi
npoeKTrrpoBaHHfl
rir.lpooHep
rerrr
qecK
rr.x
o 6ter(To
B.
24.2.
nOAsOp
rHApOTypsHH
no
HoMEHKJIATyPE
H
o,v
e H K"4
a
r
!'
p
a rtpeACTaBJrfieT
co6ot?
coBoKynHocTb
ocgoBHhrx
TexHHqecKrrx
xapaKTepHCTHK
rH;1poryp6uH,
o6telnrieHHbIX
IIo
ocHoB-
HhrM
nplrslraKarr
-
Hanopy,
AuaMeTpy
pa60vero
Koireca
H
rvror.q'ocT'
ryp6aHui.
B
Hacroqu{ee
BpeMr
raKafl
HorreHri"Tarypa
cocTaB,,IeHa
Anfl
peaK_
TIIBHbtx
tteo6paru,u_br^l
rHlpotrauritr.
Beco
-Iltana3orr
Hx
npHMeHeHJ]ff
no
Hanopy
or
3
no
500 lt pas6ttnaercq
ua
yqacrr{rr,
oxBarbrBaeMbre
Ha-
TIMCHblIJIIM
TIHC,,lO}1
3APAHEC
YCTAHOBJE[IFIbIX
CTAHAAPTHbIX
CCPHfi
Pi-
6o'{Hx
KoJrec.
Hone*x,'raTypa
BKrroqaeT
KpynHbre
n
o B
o
p
o T
H
o-n
o_
nacrHbre
rr
paAHanbHo-oceBbre
fHAporyp6HUur
Bep_
T
H
KA JIbHOfO
II
C
N OJI H
C
H
II
fl
C,,IIIAIIICTPAMH
PA6OUH,X
KONCC:
AJI'I
floBoporHo-JronacrHbrx
ryp6lru
or 2,5
oo
10,5
v,
Arfl
paAiraJrbHo_oce_
Bbrx
or 1,8
Ao
8,5
u.
_
HolreHxJlarypa_
ycraHaBitHBaer
Nr
a
p
K
Hp
o
B K y
rH4
p
o
ryp.
6'utt,
THrrbr
pa60qHx
KOJrec
B
cooTBeTcrBlrH
c
HanopaMr{,
T H rr br ycr
a
Ho
B
o
K
(pacno,roxerrrre
BaJra
r-r
ryp6rlHuori
xarrrepu),
ocHoBtlbre
pa3Mepbr
rHAporyp6aH
(.qHaMerp
pa$ouero
xo_
Jleca,
Alla
MeTp
oKpyx(
HocTl{
p
acnoJlox(e
HHt{
oce
fi JIo
n
aToi(
H
anp
aBJrfl
ro-
u{er_q
annapa'ra,
Bbrcory
rranpaBJrrrrouefo
anIIapara
r{
Ap.).
_
Ha
puc.
24.2
npeAcraBfieHa
HoMeHKnarypa
peaKrrrBHbrx
r-HAporyp-
6lttt
n
tsflre
cBoAlloro
rpaillHl(a
-
tr
o Nr
o r
p
a
rrl
ru
u
oonacreri
rrpHivre-
461
i:h
rf;r
'lil
l;t
-t
;
a
sl
I
ctr
5rq
5,5!.
AHana3oH
H3MeHeHHfl
Harlopa,
B
ToM
r{HC.,r€
ero
pacqeTHoe
no
MoxlHo-
CTH
3HAqCHHC.
flo
4uana3oHy
H3MeHeHHfl
HanopoB
H
HoMeHKJiarype
(p"c.
24.2)
onpeAenffrorcfl
rHrrbr ryp6uH,
Koropbre
Mofyr
pa60rari-"
si6M
AHara-
30He.
z
-,tVr.rn/Nr"o*r1..
+,11
J,qii
Pac_
24.2. Houorpanua
o6lacreir
npnueneHHs
BeprHKanbHb{x
IIoBoporHo-JIonacrHbIX
H
paAHanbHo-oceBhlx
rnaPorYP6uH
HeHHt{
tsepTHKaJIbHL,IX
IIOBOpoTHO-JIOnacTHL,IX
H
paAEaJIbHO-OCeBbIX
ryp6Hu.
Ha
rpaQHKe
B
KoopAHHarax
Hanopa. i.I
MolqHocrrl
BhlAeJIeHhI
o-6lacrn
npnnabneHnff
orAeIbHbIX
cepufi_ryp6utt,
BHyrpH
ra;rAofi o6-
Jracrn
yKa3aHa
MapKa
cepHH
ryp6nH.
fpasnqu
MoulHocrefi xax4ofi
odlacru
oIIp
eAenfi Forcfl
M aKcHM
aJIbHt{M
H
14,
M HHHM
aJIbHldM
I'I
AHa
Merp
a-
un
pa6orlnx KoJIec.
fpaHHUu
npHMeHeHlIfi
no
Hanopy
ycTarloBneHbl
HcXoAfl
H3-AonycKaeMbtx
BbicoT
oTcacL{BaHHfl
E
ycaoeuft [potIHocTH
Hcxo,u,usrMH
Aar{HHnn
AJrr
onpeAenenHn
3THX ttapaMeTpoB
ffBJItIor-
cn
pacqerHan
ycTaHoBneHnafl
Mou{HocTb
npoeKrHpyeuofi
craHqHll H
162
Koa0$nuaeHr
iioae3Horo
Aeficreufl
coBpeMeHHhrx
Morr{Hbrx
reHepa-
ropoB
npl-c^os
q:_0,80
.
0,85
lo
eu6opa
Hi napauerpoB
npHHHMaercfl
paBHbrM
0,96-0,98.
KaxAas
H3
npHBeAeHHbrx
B
HoMorpaMMe
cepnfi
raAporyp6uu,
xpo-
Me
irpeAenbHbrx
sHaqeHHfi
AHaMeTpOB
padOUerO
KOJreCa,
Halopa
H
MOt][HOcrH,
xapaKrepH3yercff
q
a cr
H br
M
H rp
a
0
n
r
aM
H
(pAC.
24.3,a),
IIo Koropbtr\I
tvrox(Ho
olrpeAeJrHTb
He roJrbKo
npeAeJrbHhre
3Ha-
qeHHfl
AHaMerpoB
pa6oqero
KoJreca
Aauuofi
cepHH
rHApOTyp6HH,
HO
ll
npoMex(yrorlHhte
craHAaprHbre
efo
3HaqeHHfl
H
COOTBerCTByrOqyro
3To-
My
AHaMerpy
H
pacqerHoMy
Hanopy
cHHXpoHHyFO
qacrory
Bpau{eHH.rr.
Kax<lufi
qacrnufi
rpaQun
o6.nacrs
BcnoMo
rareJrbrr
br
M
rp
a
0
H K o M
OnpeAeneHHfl
MaKcHMz.,'lbHo
4onycrAltOfi
HHfl, H,:
H__h__Ven.o
rr.goo'
r4e
ll,
-
Bbrcora
orcacbtBaHHff
ryp6nHu,
oTcrrHTbrBaeMag
oT
ypoBHg
Mopfl,
onpeAenflercfl
no BcnoMorareJrbHoury
rpaSnxy
hr(H);
V
z*.e
-
900
noflpaBKa,
yr{HTbrBaroil{afl
HecoBnaAeHHe
ypoBHfl
BOAbr
B
HHX(Her\{
6reQe,
or r(oroporo
orcqnrbrBaeTcfl
H",
c
ypoBHeM
Mopfl;
yz^.a-or,
MCTKA
YPOBHff
BOAbI
B
HHX(HEU
6NCQC
IIPH
PACqCTHbIX
YCNOBHflX
Ans
noBoporiro-,roracrHbrx
ryp6'n
Ha ipaSuxe
hr(H'|
rrpHBeAeHbr
ABC
JIHHHH:
BCPXHflfr
NHHHI
TIOCTPOCHA
NPH
MAKCEMAJIbHbTX
NPHBEACH-
Hbrx
pacxoAax
BoAbI,
a
HHX(Hfifi
-
npH
MHHHManbHbIX.
SUaVeHNe
ft,
npHHI{Maercfl
no nepxuefi
HIIH
ilsxnefi
JIHHHH
HJIH
npoMe}r(yroErHoe
B
SaBHCHMOCTH
OT nonolKelrHfl pacqerHofi
roqxH
no
Hanopy,
AHaMerpy
H
MorrlHocrn
ryp6nHu
Ha
qacrHou
rpaQuxe (pn..
24.3,a).
Ec.nu
pac-
qerHas
roqKa
HaxoAHTcfi
Ha
qacTHoM
rpaQnxe
Mex(Ay
rpaHHqHhrMH
SHaqeHHflMH MOrrlHocTefi
ryp6unu,
To
oTpe3oK
ft*
npn
pactreTHoM
Fra-
nope
AenHTcfl
nponopqHoHaJlbHo
orHorrreHHro
oTpe3KoB
oT
pacqeruofi
roqKH
_
A_o
,
eepxueft
H
snxHefi
rpaHHr{Er
Mou{HocTH
rypdunu
(pnc.
24.3,61.
I7o uo*teHcnargpHot,w
dauubtit,
.iltoJtcHo
HatileruTb
run
eu7porgp6u-
Hbt
u
onpedeJturb ee naparterpbt:
duanerp
pa1oueeo
Konec's,
Hofrig-
463
npHrvreHeHHf
AOn0nHfeTCrl
h,(H
)
(pnc.
24.3,6),
Anr
BbrcoTbI
oTcacbrBa-
(24.r)
(24.2)
200
400
flrH
t-l{ztJ)W
5-
"'1-ri;P.iai)P
l,/
!on,
HBr'
200
/75
/50
/25
/00
EO
70
60
50
45
40
J5
JO
25
20
/45
/5
/2,5
/0
,0
..
20
HAnbHArc
c
uSaHun.
-6
-7
-6
"5
-+
-2
-/
PaccuarpnBaeMblfi
BapHaHT
Bbl6opa
ocHoBHoro
o6opyAoBaHnfl
no
HoMeHKJIaTypHbIMAaHHbIMorpaHhIIeHJIHlIlbAByM'ITHnaMHfHApoTyp-
6stt
yt
He
yqHTbIBaeT
Bo3ivlOX(HOcTb
npIlMeHeHHf
ApyrHX
COBpevleHHbIX
KoHKypupyroutgx
rr4ApoMaIrIlIH
(Hanpurtrep,
AHaroHaJibHblx
H
Ap')'
ni^-OqeHxIa
B93MOX(HOCTLI
npHMeHeHHfl
AH
ar
O
H a JI b
H bI X
H
flo
Bopo
THo
-
JI
O
II
a
CT
H
bI
X
r
o
p
H
3 o
HT a
JIb
HbIX
Ka
IICy
JIb-
HbIX f
HApoTyp6HH
MOX(Ho
BOCno,'Ib3oBaTbcf
OCHOBHbIMH
pacrieT-
rrbrMtr
AaHI-lbIMIl,
nplrne,reHHblMH
B
Ta6JI.
24-l Ut
24'2'
fn4poryp
6uua-
nIIKi0
HMeer
BblcoKylo
6rrcrpoxoAHo-crL',
Aocrn-
rarcrr1;;
i4OO
o6/rtrti-t,
H
or,'Inqaercfl
6onturoft
nponycKHoft
croco6uo-
crblo.
Typ6uua
npeAHa3HaqeHa
ArIt
pax
H
6oliluux AHanasoHax
efo
vcraHoBJIeHbI
Ha
flSC
Panc
Bo
@
inaporyp6xnst
rHna
lUIK16
raK
rrMeIoT
Heciio','IbI(o
&IeHbIIlyto
nPon)
HeAocrarKolt
o6osx
rHrioB
TYP6HF
KaBHTaUHn.
Pa6oqrie
KoJreca
9THX
fHApOTyp6HH
i{SrOTaBJlHBarcTCtl
AH-
aMerpoM
or
3,55
to
10,6
u.
frnuroruJIbl{bte
noBoporHo-JlonacrHble
rHAporyp6unu
(I)
flBflnlor-
cfl OAHHM
H3
coBpeMeHHbIX
rIInoB
rHnporyp6rtn
AeofiHoro
pery"IHpoBa-
T a
6.,r
lt
q
a
24.1.
OcaoeHue
pacqeruHe
AaHHble
ropH3oHranbHHX
KancynbHbtx
rnaporyp6nu
noBopoTHo-flonacrHhI
x
nnKl0
ft;]
K l6
I-loxalareln
JO
20
ao
ltn
d)
t-t0
170
2t0
4200-3800
2,8-2,2
0,8-0,85
3-16
r55
t75
3000-2800
2,0-l,6
1,0-l,25
IIo
B op
or
H
o
-
JIo
nac r
FI bl
x
30
120-170
80
90
1000*700
0,18-0,I
AuanasoH
HanopoB,
!t
llpuee.(euuafl
qacrora
8paueHufl,
o6/unu:
OnTHManbH
3f'
tL'
16
pacqerHaq
rl'ro
flpnie,u,eHHuft
(
ua
rcnlt aluHufi-p
ac'rerHurir)
pacxoA eogbl
Q'rp,
r/c
KdeQSHuHeHr
KaBHraunH
nPn
Q'10
OrnocHreltnuft
Auauerp
Kancynu
T
a 6
n
wUa
24.2.
OcHosHue
paCqeTHHe
AaHHbIe
AHaroHanbHb{x
rx4poryp6nn
J6
il,t1
'
Psc.
24.3.
r{actHufi
rPaSnx
o6aacrn
npHMeHeHHn
noBo'
.
porHo-ronacrHLIX THApOTyP-
a)
6nn flJI4O
(a)
H BcnoMora-
renbnufi
rpaQnr
(6)
Vroa
saraoua
octl
noBopora
lonacrefi
pa6otero
Koreca,
rPaA
.l,HanasoH
HanoPoB,
M
llpHsereHnas
qacrora
BpalrleHllfl'
o6/uun:
onrHMaJIbH
afl
n'ro
pacqerHafl
n'rp
flpHaeleuu
u it
(
u a
rccr
u^aatrtsr fi'p
ac'ter-
'uuir)
pac.xoA BoAt{
Q'n,
tt/c^.
Kor(lQHrirreuT
KaBHraquu
nPtt
Q'rp
30-6410
60
40-70
ll0
120
1600-1300
0,5-0,39
45
60-130
90
100
1400-l100
0
,
32-0,
2
t4oulHocTb,
cuHxpoHtap
qa,eTora
spauleHun
u
Sblcora
oTca-
Ouenngno,
rrro
HcnorrbsoBaHHe
HoMeHKJIarypHbIX
rpa0HKoB
AJIg
noA6opa rnAporyp6nHuoro
o6opyAoBagHs
HMeer
cneAylou{He HeAoc-
TATK}T,
,t64
/ls
rfl
.165
Hvrfl.,Koropbre
lrMeroT
66nriuylo
rpoilycKuyro
cnoco6nocrr H Jryqulie
KaBHTar{HoHHble
KaqecrBa,
r{eM
rroBoporHo-JIonacrHbre' rgAporyp6nutr
Ha aHaror6rrHbre
Harropbr.,[uaroHaJrbHbre
rgApoTyp6sHtr Moryr
pa6o-
TaTb upl
gHaqr{TeJrbHo
6onee
BbIcoKHX
Harlopax,
r{eM
fioBoporno-,ro-
rracrHbre-,
H
paccqHTanbr
Ha
caMbrft
6o"nruoft
AHana3oH
KoJre6auus,
wa-
flopa
H3 Bcex cyuecrByrculux
rnrroB ru4poryp6uH.
Pa6o.rne
KoJreca
oTHx
ruAporyp6nu aeroraB.IlHBalorcfi
AHaMeTpoM
or 1,8
Ao
9,0 rvr.
24.3. noAcop
ocHoBHoro oEopvAoBAHHg
r5'
n
NO
TNABHbIM YHHBEPCAJIbHbIM
XAPAKTEPHCTHKAM
llaoaMernhr
ocHoBHoro
o6oovnoBauHfl
fOC.
florvqeHHbIe
tto Ho-
"--'J
MeHKJIaTypHbrM
AaHHbiM,
MOIKHO
AOnOJTHHTb
H
yTOqHHTb
C nOMOITIbTO
rJr
a
B
Hbrx
yH
H Be
p
c
a
JIb HbI
x
x
ap
a
K r e
p
H cr H
K tHAp
o-
T
y
p
6
a u.
Anq
3rlro
npelKAe Bcero onpeAeJ'Iflrorcfl
Bce Bo3MolKr{bre
Txnbr. H
cepHH rlrAporyp6uti,
Koropbte
tvloryr
pa6oraro
B 3aAaHHoNI
AHana3oHe
H3MeHeHHfl Harropa.
nns
oAHornnHbrx
ruaporyp6nu
seo6xoAptlto
coflocTaBurb IvIex(Ay
codoft
HX
TJIaBHLJe
yHnBepcanbHble xapaKTepHcrHKH
H
Anfl
Aa.ruanefi-
Ixero
paccMoTpeHHfl ocTaBHTb
Bapl{aHTbI,
KoTopHe
cooTBeTcTByIoT
uas6o.ns[reMy
KliA
B
onruMyMe
xapaKrepncrnKu,
HaHJIyqTIHM KaBH-
TarrHoHHbrM
KaqecrBaM
H
Has6onruiett
nponycxHofi cnoco6Hocra.
floa6op o6opya.oBaHHfl
c Hcnonb3oBaHHepI
rJIaBHbtx
yHHBepcanb-
Hbtx xapaKTepHCTHK
cocrol{T B
ToM,
t{To6u
lls
Ka)KAoro
paccMarpll-
BaeMoFo
TH[a
ruApoTyp6sH
HalteTHTb
raKIIe
BapHaHrbI
AHaMerpa
pa-
6oqero xo"reca
D1
H
cnnxpontrofi
qacroTbr
Bpau{eHnfl.
n, npH Koropblx
e obIacrH
AonycTnMb{X
peX(HMoB no
Haliopy H
pacxoAy BoAbi
IIpoeK-
rHpyerv{as f3C
pa6orana
6u c
Hau6o.nblilHM
KnA
npH
MHHHMaTIbHoM
sar.ny6.neHHH H
KoJrHqecrBe'
ycraHoBJreHHbrx
arpera
ton. O
nr u'wananatil
sapua.HT ocHoBHoeo
o1opgdolaHufl
F?C 6gder
coorlercrloBorb
rttlt-
Hu,flA,vg cgfr{rrapHbt
x, npueedeflHblx
sarp&T no. eHepeocucreJue.
O6racrn
AorIycrHMb{x
pex{HMoB pa6oru
rpoeKrHpyeuofi
f3C
o6uqno HasbrBaercfl
peIKHMHbIM
tIoJIeM
no
pacxoAy
H
Ha-
nopy
(puc.
24.4). Bepxnefi f
paHnqeri
pex(HMHoro norlfl
flB-
Jreercr
11
aropHafl xapaKrepHcrHKgl_p_H
pa6ore
-fOC
c
Ha-
tloJrHeHHbIM BoAoxpaHHnHqeM
Ao
oTMeTxu
H[IV,
H LI
]K
H
e il r
p
a_qH_-
uefi-Hanopnas
xapaKrepHcrHKa
nprl
pa6ore f3C
c BoAoxpaHHrIHnIeM,
-cpa6oTaHHbtM
Ao
orMerKH
yMO.
llocrpoeHne
sTHX
XapaKTepHCrr{K
Bblno,ilHsercfl
no cneAylouleMy
ypaBHeHHIo:
Hrx(Q.ec)
:
zs.6(U"p"o)
_
2n.6(Q".u)-
AH".r, (24.3)
rAC Ze.o(U"p"o)
-oTMeTKa
ypOBHs
BOAH B
BepXHet{
BOAgXpaHHJIRI[e,
KoTopafl H3MeHfleTcg
B 3aBHcHMocTH
ot
o6'reua
cpa6orrn
{/cpao_
oT
Hny
Ao
VMO;
z".o(Q'.0)
-oruerna
ypoBHfl
BoAbI
B HHX(HeM
6le-
Qe
B 3aBHcgMocrrr or
pacxoAa
Qx.oi
Af/"."
-
norepg
Hanopa
B
Bo-
AOn
poBoAnulPrx
cooPyH{eH
Hfi x.
florepu
Hanopa AH"..
Ao
nu6opa
rHAporyp6uuHoro
o6opyno-
BaHHfl
Moryr 6urs
yrrreHbr
roJIbKo
npn6"rrHX(eHHo
B
BHAe npeABa-
pHTenbHo
rrpHHflToro
cpeAHero
3HaqeHHff,
nocKoJIbKy
cocTaB,
KoM-
466
l;',i;#
I
oo.:TJfi;"'
none
npoerrapveuon
r3c
no
oAflIIIHX
cooPYxeHufi
3aBHcfr
or
rtIHr
fOC.
florePrr
HanoPa
Yroq-
lJIe
pacqera
napaMerpoB
no
tHA-
-
HMHoM
noJle
(Pnc'
24'4,
JIHHHfi
t
-2)
flBrrffercfi
MHH'Malluuf,r
pacxol
BoAbI
#s:
^-o:3--.l..nseivtulit
3aAaHHbtM
ofpaHHqeHHeM
no
ycnoeunu
QyHxuuoHtIpOBaHI'Ifl
BO'['OXO-
ssftcreeFrnoro
KoMn.r'leKca
HJIn
bco6exuocrhlns
pexuloon
pa6oiut
f3C
B
rpaQHrax
HarPY3KH.
OrpiauuueHgeNt
cnpaBa
Ha
pex(tiMHos{
noile
flBJIferc'
"ILIttHfi
pac-
,{erHofr
ycraHoBaeHuoii
*,outnoirn
(34),
ypaBHeHHe
xoropofi
Ii}leer
cre4yrcutuit
BLIA:
ff!"'
:
A*
Q.r"H.r",
(24'4)
rAe
kN
-xoa$QuUHeHT
i!{oUIHocTH,
H3lt{eHq}Ouafrcs
B
npeAexax
oT
..g,0
Ao
8,8
B
3a.BHcHMocrH
or
npHHflToro
3HaqeHHfl
cpeAHero
KnIt
-1
,2'-
j'-[
f
3C
lrec'
Hrxe
roqKa
pacqerHoro
Hanop-a-
per(HMHoe
noJle
.nnsnefi
nponycr<*oir
cnoco6ttocrn
f3C
(4-5),
Koropafl
ryp6nrrHoio
o6opyloeaHHr
Moxer
6utrl
nocrpoeHa
n'o
3ABHCHMOCTH:
orpaHHqeHO
Ao
eu6oPa
c.ne4yrcueti
Qrac:
QT3t'
VH;.|{
o':
,
(24.5)
rAe
AF3tr
-
MaKcHMaJrbHaff
nponycKHafi
cnoco6uoctl
f3C,
coorBer-
Grvilrili"
puooi"
iaC
nprr
pacrrerHog
no
Mou{Hocrg
Hanope
Hpn'
llolyueuHYro
o
6.n
a c r
b
A
t
6oru
npoeKrHpYe*rofi
f3C
flo
Ha
r{ecTH
Ha
rJIaBrIbIe
yHHBepcaJIbHbl
MeqeHHbIX
K
paccMorperlHlo
THnOI
BapHTeJIbHo
HeofxoAtlt"to
B
Kaqec
rrRTb
MaKcHMalsHufi AHaMeTp
pa6OuerO
Ko,leca
trnn
KaIKAOTO
THna
rHAporYp6srt,
HcxoAq
H3
yc.noeHfi
llx
H3ForoBreHllfl
II
AocraBKH
Ha
fAC,
i^
nu
rflaBHbrx
yHHBepcaJIbltbtx
xapaKrepLrcrl'Kax
3aAarbcn
30'
167
,f
o"r\
i
o,/^
R
rus
l.v
ltl
t"
-
l$o
)t\
,{t
l^$
Ia"'
so
l$
-'l6t
+'
\r
/t00
6t
Puc.
24.5.
faasHas
6tttt-ur, coB
MeuteH
r{ afl
800 /000
/200
- /+00
1600
yHHBepcanbHan
xapaKrepHcrHKa troBoporHo-.'ronacrHoft
c
pell(HnnbrM
noneer npoeKrHpyerroft
f3C
Ha
pnc.
24.5
n
24.6
nPuBeAeHb
TepHcTHKH
TIOBOpOTHO-,,'lonacrHOfi
U
coBMeUleHHbIe
c
pelKHMHhlM
IIOilel
n'r
H
Q'r.
llo,rYueuHoe
coBMeuler
I.IHCM
OITHMAJIbHOft
3OHbI
KIIA
B T
noJIfl
H
RBilflercfl
BnoJIHe
yAoBAeTBOpHTeJIbHbIM'
orrueffia
pacnoJrox(ellHfl
pa6oqero
KOJIeCa
ErLfl
O6ecneqegufl
ero
6ecxael4raunoHHofi
pa6orbl
onpele"rraercn
no
Qoptuy'ne
Y
zp.r:Y
z,.o(Q-.u)
*H,,
(24' I
I
)
rAeYz^.o(Q".0)_-oTMeTKaypoBH'IBoAbIBHHX(HeM6leQeIIpHpac-
XOAC
Q*.0,
COOTBeTCTByIOUIHe
pacqe
Pac'IeT
HIINIH
ycJIoBHflMH
f
BJIri(
BHflM
KaBHTaqHH
pex(HMbI
Pa6oTI
K)Ke
pa6ora
BCex
arperaToB
npH
pacqerHoM
no
MOU{HOCTH
Hanope'
Bucora
orcacblBaHHn
Hs
Bbltlncrsercfl
no
Qopuy'ne
H
r:6
-
V
z"'qlQ"'o)
-
kooH,
rAe
B
-6aporvrerpHqecKoe
AaBJIeHI
QHqtteHr
3anaca
ro
KaBHTaUHH
nl
6"Ho
K
uarYPHofi,
nPHHHMaeMblft
qHeHT
KaBHTaU,HH,
OnpeAenffeMblft
)AY
BoAbil
Qt
-o'
H,
Bbl6HPanr
TaKoe'
Koropoe
ieHHI,O
O6OpyAoBaHHfl,
T'
e' o6ec-
pa6oru
B
o6lactrn AonycrHMblx.
3C.
napar'rerpu
rHAporyp6nsHoro
ooopyAoBaHHfl
no3BO-
JrgloT
HaMeTHTb
cooTBeTCTBytoqHe
BapHaHTbI
napaMeTpoB
rHApore-
ilft";;;.
-H;
fOC
o6uqso
ycraHaBrHBalorcr
rpex6a3Hue
cuu-
xpoHr{Lile
rHAporeHeparopbl
cepHfiHOrO
rHna
BePTHKaJIbHOTO
HJIH
ro-
pH30HTarbHoro
HcnoJIHeH
l{fl .
OcuonnuUu
napaMeTpaMI'I
rgAporeHepaTopa
gBJItlIOTcfl
nOJIHatl'
HJIH
Kax(yilIaffc'I,
MoIIIHocTb,
HanpflX(eHHe,
cHHxpoHl{afl
tlacToTa
Bpa-
uleHHfi,
KO30sHIrHeHT
MOUIHOcTH
AeficrBtlfi.
CuHxPoHHaff
qacrora
BP
crore
BpauleHHtl
pa6oqero
KoJIeC
MOIIIHOCTH
O6bIqHO
H3MeHfleTcfl
B
I]l
flonHafl
MourHocrb'onp(
t000
4i'nlc
rHAporyp-
{24.t2)
400
s00
/000
//00
/200
fJ00
/+00
el,nlc
Pnc- 24.6.
haeuas
yuHBepcanbHafl
xapaKrepHcrHKa panuanbHo-oceeor?
rn,u,poryp6u-
Hbr,
coBuernerrHar
c pexnMHbrM
noreM
npoeKTnpyeuofi
f3C
174
Sr:N./cos
q,
FAe Na
-
ycraHoBileHHaf
MOIIIHOCTb
afperara'
(24.13)
471
s5{/o
omilHa\
fu4poreuepaTop
noa6apaerc.H
rro
cnpaBOrrHbrM
AaHHbrM
cepaft-
HbIX
THiIOB
no
pacqeTHbIM
3HaqeHHflM
ero
nolnoft
MoIIIHocTH
H
cHH-
xpoHHOr?
qacroTe
BparqeHrifl.
flonHaq
MoqHocTb
nu6paHHOfO
Ce_
pnfiHoro
rHAporeHeparopa
o6utqHo
[peBbrriaer.
ee
pacqeTHoe
3Ha-
qeHHe.
Kax,q,uft
rr-rApore'eparop
HMeer
cBoro
pa6ouyro
xapaKrep
HcrrrKy
B
BHAe
QyHxi(rra
H3MeFreHHfi
ero
KnA
or
Harpy3KH,
Bbrpaxensorl
B
OTHOCHTC"IIbI{bIX
CllHHHUAX.
Ann
3KoHorvrHqecKoro
conocTaB.,'reHHfl
BCex
KoHKypHpyrorlrnx
Ba-
pHaHroB
ocHoBHoro
o6opy^toe
aHtfl,
rloMHMo
paccivroipenHlrx
Bbrirre
pacqerHhix
ilapaMerpoB,
seodxoAnnto
otrpeAenHTb
cp-elgevruoroJreT-
Hroro
nupa60rxy
3rreKrp03H_qpilH
npoexiupyeuoft
f3c
c
yqeroM
QaxrHvecxoro
repeMeHscro
KIIA
o.nouno.o
"o6opyaouu""".
b
n;;:
BoM
npu6nuxeH[IH
B
Kar{ecrBe
cpeAueMHoroJreTHeii"
uotpa6orra
Mox{-
HO
IIPHHfiTb
BbIPA6OTXY
3/ICKTPO3HCP|HH
C-
YCCTOM
HC
BCC.O
HMCrc-
r(erOcfi-
rHIpO,rOr;IqecKoro
pflAq.
paCXoIoB
Bolbr,
a
Toilbr(o
Anfr
ycnosufi
pacqerHoro
roAa
cpeaHer?
eolriocrs.
Aas
onpeAe'reHHfl
sroft'
snrpa6orxri
sJreKrposHeprgH
Heo6xoAsr"ro
BocrroJrb3oBarbcfl
ucxoAHoft
lHgOpuaquefi
o
xapaKrepHbrx
pex(HMaX
pa6orsr
npoer(rHpyer*roft
f3c
(.".
s
24.r)
H
pesyrrbraraM'
BoAlio-
3HeprerHqecKoro
pacqera
peryJrHpoBaHH.fi
CroKa
Ailfr
cpeAHeBOAHOfO
roAa.
flo
3THM
AaHHbrM
HsBecrHbr
ts
KalKAoM
pacrrerHoM
HHTepBaJre
Qrec
n
iy'p36
vr
coorBercrByio^lr{afl^H}r
npH
nocroflHHoM
KnA
cpeA_
yII_H
pa6ovan
MorqHocrH
f3C.
Oueen4rio,
qro
eci,rn
QaxrauecxHft
KnA
oc*oBHoro
o6opyAoBaHHfl
6yaer
or""uurocs
or npHHflroro
pa-
Hee
cpeAHero
ero
3HaqeHHfl,
To npH
Tex
)Ke
Haflope
H
pacxoAe
B
AaH-
HOM
pacqerHoM
HHTepBane
MouIHOCrb
H
aupa60ixa
sHep.orn
TaKX(e
6yayr
orruLiarbcfl.
,,,,^n*{.on1l^.A.j^.1nx_
QaxruqecKoro KnA,
c
KoropbrM
o6opytoea-
HHE
I
JU
PAOOTACT
B
AAHHOM
^PACqCTH.ON{
HHTCPBAJIE,
HCOd}bArrUO
cooTBeTcrByrorrlHe
3HaqeHHfi
.
Q.:g
tt Hrec
nepecqHTaTb
B
npHBe_
AeHHbre
floKa3areJru
Q,,
fi
trrL
iltts
nepecu"ia
Qrsc
Heo6xoAauo
rlpeABapHTeJIbHO
OIIpeAeJIHTb
qHcJIO
BK.[rcqeHHbrx
af
peraToB
KaK
qacrHoe
or
AeJreHH.rr
pa6ovefi
MouHocrH
fOC
Ha
y.ir*ro"neHHyro
MOUIHocTb
OAHOTO
arperaTa
H
BbreHC"r-rHTb
pacxoA
OAHOTO
arperaTa.
flolyueHurre
siraqegrg
Q',
H
tL'r
"unoa"r'a"
Ha
rnaBHyro
yHHBep-
canbHylo
xapaKrepHcrHKy
n
B
srofi
roqKe
orrpeAeJ,rflercfl
Qirrnub-
cxHft
KnA
MoAeJIH,-
xoropurl
flepecqHrhrBaercfi
Ha
HarypHbre
noKa-
sarelr.H.
I-Io pa6ouefi
xaparrepHcrHKe
-rHAporeHeparopa
H rroJryqeH-
noft
Qaxr'.recxoft
ruonl'ocrx
rulporyp6agai
onpeAenflercrr
ero
KnA.
Tarnu
o6pasor*,
s
KaxiAoM
pacqeTHoM
HrrrepBaile
yrorrHffercfi
pelKHFl
pa60rri
npoeKrHpyeuofi
isC
H
BbrriHcrffercfi
ee
foAoBan
n
up
a6orKa
3JreKrposueprlln.
MeroA
nor6opa_o6opyaoBan'fl
ro
rJraBHhrM
yHHBepcaJrbHbrM
xa-
paKTepHcrIIKaM
ryp6HH
gBJIffeTcff
aHaJIHTHqecKHM
Ir{eToAoM.
On
o6na-
iiy:in;.
AaeT
nocrarorlHo srlcorofi
TorlHocTblo,
Ho
He
HMeer
HarJIgAHo
crnr-'"'{'
nocKOJIbI(y
aHaJIH3
BCeX
I(OHKypHpyroI]IHX
BapHaHTOB
BbrnoJrHfleTCq
NO
TJIABIIbIM
YIIHBCPCAJIbHbIM
XAPAKTCPHCTHKAM
OAHOTO
ATPC|ATA
6CA
paccMoTper{Hff
cTaHr{HOHHbrx
xapaKTepHCTHK.
472
24.4. nOAEOp
OEOPvAOBAt-tltrl
r3C C HCfiOJIb3OEAHHEM
TOTAPHOMHTIECKOI,I ChCTEMbI
HOOPAI,IHAT
f
paQuqecxlrfi
MeroA
pacqera
Ha
ocHoBe
lorapxSlctqeoxor?
cncreMbl
KoopAHHar
lgH-lg
Q
uoxer 6urt
ucnoJrb3oBaH B
Tex
cJryqaflx,
KorAa
seo6xoAltvo
6ucrpo
r4
HarJrffAHo
rrpodHflr'rusprpoBarb 6ornuroe
qHcJlo
KoHKypnpyroulrrx
BapHaHroB
6es
gucoxori
roqgocrn
oueHKH
noKa3areJleit raxAoro
H3
HHx.
Hseectno,
qro
ap6aR
KpliBarr,
nocrpoerrHafi
B
JrorapnQuuuecxnx
KoopAltHarax,
npa
H3MeHeulrn a6c(lrcc
rr opAHHar Bcex
ee
roqeK
nepeMeu{aercf B
HoBoe no,'tox(eHne,
He
H3MeHflq
cBoax
pa3MepoB
u
Qopr'ru.
Cxeva,rorapucpltnqecxofi
cHcreMil
B KoopAH-
Harax lg H-lg
Q,
Ha
Koropyro
HaHeceHbr
rr3oflnHrrH
craHAaprHbIX
AHaMerpoB
II cHH-
xpoHHb[x
qacror
BpaqeHrrfi, a raK)*(e H3o"ruHn!I
rvtou{HocrH
trpn
nocroflrJHoM
KnA
oSopyaosanHx f3C,
rpeAcraBfieHa
Ha pnc. 24.7.
vragauHoe
csor?creo,rrorapricp'lilrqecrorl crrcreMb[
n03BoJrger
oAHH
pa3 nepe-
crpourb rnaBHyro
yHHBepcanbHyio
xapaKreprrcrHKy
rnaporyp6nnrr B
KoopAuHarbt
lg tr-lg
Q
fiprr KaKoN{-,ru6o
coveranuu
D1
H n
(rouxa
I), a
3areM
A"rrfi
;lpyrono
rux coqeraHaff, rpyloelrraft
[epecqer
3a]reHnrb
npocrL{M
nepeMelr{enueM xapaKrepn-
crHKH
rulporyp6HHbr B
HoByio
ror{K}'
(rouxa
2),
?rw
rosKn o6r,tquo
Ha3brBaror
3a-
KpennflIorrIHMr.r.
HsMeHeHae Koopr,HHar
Bce.\
roqeK xapaKTepHcrBKB
6yget coorBercrBoBarb
H3b{erieHrrro KoopAHHar rorrttri
I
(Ht,
Qr)
npu
nepexoAe
B ToqKy
2
(Hr,
Qr).
3saqenrR H
u
Q
e
xa;xAori
lI3
3rH.\
ToqeK onpeAenflrorcr no
usoecruun
Qop-
MynaM
noAo6r:ii
:
/
nrDt,
('4
I
I
j
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
;1,
H2
Hl
t
l
i
t-l
ttl-
Q.: Q;4
rl-;
Qs: Q'r1r+
(24.15)
nI
nl
BupaaHv
fioryqeirHLJe
HoBb{e
3HaqeHHfl
Koop,q,}rHaT Hz,
Qz
qepe3
Hx HaqarbHoe
cocroflHae
Ht,
Q(
H"
_
(nrDrr\'.
Lr
_Lr
(
nrDr,
\'.
HL-
\rrDrr/'
"e-"t\nrDr,
)'
+:f(#)''
Qr:Qr?(,#)'
BeeAev
o6oeHaqeHHq
!:
n2ln1;
6:Dnl
D11
H
IIoCJO
no.I.CTaHoBKH
Hx
B
(24.16)
E
(24.17),
norryqul{ ypaBHeHHt
Hz:Hfi262;
Qz- Qrv63.
flpoaora
p
lr
Q
u H
p ye
r'.r
(2a.18):
lg
Hr:lg
Htl2lg
vf2
lg
d;
lg
Qz:lg
Qr*lB
vf3
lg
6.
)',
Hz:(T)"
(24.
t4)
(24.
l6)
(24.17l}
li
tt
fI
tt
II
i,l
il
tl
il
ti
M
rg,v
I
(24.
I 8)
BbIp a )KeH
Hfl
(24.
I
e)
(24.20)
TaxHlr
o6pasov,
n
loraprrQvnqecxofr
crrcreMe
KoopAilHaT
npr{
nepexoAe
oT
oAHoro
coqerarrHn
Dt
il n
K
ApyroMy
Puc.
24.7. I'l:o,rattstt
AttaMerpoB,
qa-
cToT Bpaiueilfig
lr }{oulllocTH B IIoJle
Jlo-
raprr(run,rccxH.r
Koop.n,HJ{ar
473
Bce
roqKH
xaPaKTepHcTHKH
rHAporypdHHbr
cMerrlaroTcf
[apanneJrbHo
ocH
Ig H
ua
2 lg vf2
lg
0 n raparrrerbHo ocu
1g
Q
Ha
lg v-F3
lg 6.
llpn aroM
rv{acrxra-
6u
oceli
KooPAHHar,
tpopua
H
pa3Mepbr
xapaKrepHcrHKn
He
HsMen-rrorcfl
H
He
3aBr{-
cfiT or
npHHffToro
coqeraHHfl D1
H n.
B
qactuott
cJlyqae,
ecau
-D1
ocraercff nocrofiHHbtM,
a l.t3MeHfercfl
TonbKo
n,
T.o
d:l
u KoopAHHarbr
HoBbrx
roqeK 6ylyr
oflpeAenflTbcfi ypaBHeHIrflMH:
lg Hr:
lg
H1f2
Ig
v;
lg
Qr:lg
Q1f
lgv,
T.
e.
Bce
roqKH xapaKrepHcrflKH
nepeMecrflrcfl
napannenbHo
ocH lg H
napannenbHo
ocH ls
Q
Ha
ig
v
BAotrb
npnuoft
c
yrnoM
HaKJroHa
a
I^,,^ o/ 7\
\pHc.
z.r.r/,
raHrei{c
iioToporo
paBeH:
tso-
4El-:r.
rgv
lIpH
nocroaHHofi
qacrore
Bpar{esnr
n
H nepeMeHHor{
4uaverpe
D1
H3MeHeHHe
KoopAHHar
roqeK
6yler
onpe.q,enflrbcfl
ypaBHeHHqMH
lg H,:
lg
H1f2lg
6;
(24.29)
Ig
Qr:lg
Q1f3lg
6,
e4.24)
T. e-
Bce
roqKH xapaKrepHcrHKH
nepe.vecrflTcrr
flapanneibHo
ocH lgH
aa
2lgd
n
n&parrr€JrbHo
ocH lg
Q
ra
3lg0 eAort
npauori
c
/ffloM
HaK,'roHa
p
K
ocH
lg
Q
(puc.
24.7),
raureHc
Koropofo
paBeH:
(24.2t'.
(24.22\
na
2lgv
u
K
ocn
IgQ
(24.25)
(24-26)
/0
J
d
Coeorcgnnocrb
u3outtlurt
crandaprHbtx
dua,xerpoo
D1
u cuHxpoHHbrx
qacror
n,
HA3uBAe.#An
toeapu$,uuqecrcoil
cerrcoi Dr-n,
cosiler\eHHafl
C noeapuQxuaecrcuil,
na-
'te.u
lg H-lg
Q,
npednaen.qer
co6oil
noaapuLxuaecKgn
cucTeilg rcoopdunar
dnn eot-
6opa eapuaH?og
ocHosgoeo
o6opgdoaaHun
ftpoegrupgexort
t3c
(puc.
24.s).
Jlorapx$uHqecKylo
ceTKy Dt-n
orHocHTenbHo
aorapnQvuqecKoro
noJrff
Ig fl-lg
Q
s
o6u{eu
cnrlae
Mox{Ho
coBMerqarb
npoH3BoirbHo,
Ho
qenecoo6pasuo
3To
Aei:lrb
TaK,
qro6ut
B
noJle
aorapuQuttqecKax
Koopi(HHar pa3Merr{aJtcfl
Becb
AHa-
tra3oH
H3MeilellI{f
CTallAaprHL{K
AHaMerpon
D1
H
cHH.xpoHHblx
qacToT
Bpau{eHfifr.
n.
.[rs
notrHorbl
lttt$opua(rs
na
,norapuQuHrteoKoe
none
lg
H_lg
Q
Hagocflrcfl
lf3oruHHH
t'tou-tuocrefi
N
npn
nocroflt{Hou
KtiA.
Pacnoaoxer{He
r{3or'rHuHft
r*ouHo"
crH ollpeAenflercfl
ypaBHeHHeM,
nonyceHHbru
B pe3ynbrare
aorapxQruHpoeanlrn
Qop-
Mynb{
MorrrHocrn
QaA):
/00
'50
MRr
I IUI
'
&o1
q/
/o
Jq
t'"
Pnc.
2.1.8. PexnyHoe
none
npoexrupyeuoir
f3C
e
noraprrQr*anecxofi
cHcrere
Koop-
T,IIHAT
crlpaBa
rBJrrrercfi
J]HHHfl
p
acqerHol?
ycral{oB.IleHHol?
Molr{HocrH
do
H
nponycxHofi
croco6HocrH
oe
npoeKrnpyel\.{ofi
f3C.
To'{xa
o
co-
oTBercrByer
pacqerHoMy
no
MouIIIocrH
Harlopy.
PexHultoe
nOJIe onpeAeJlffeT
AHaIIaSoFI
H3MeHeHHfl
Hanopa
npo-
eKrHpyeMoft
f3C, no KoTopoMy
ttah.{eqaForcn
trJlfl.
EaltbHefituero
aHa-
JrH3a
BO3MOX(HbIe
rHnbl rHAporyp6HH.
llepecrpoelrHe
rJIaBHbrx
yHHBepcairbHbrx xapaKTepHcrHK
B JIora-
pHQMHqecKHe KoopAHHarbl
lg H-lg
Q
YAo6iro.
Bblno'Tnnrb
c
no-
MoII{bIo
JIorapHSMHqecKoro
noJls
lg n'r-19
Q'r
(pnc. 21.9),
Koro-
poe
trocrpoeHo c
yqeToM
Tofo,
tlro6bl
MacuJTa6
no
oqH
lg
n't coor-
BercrBoBaJI
Macllrra6y
ro ocH
lg H, a flo ocll
lg
Q'I'
-
Macura6y
no
ocn
lg
Q
norapn$NtHqecKoro
norlfl lg H-lg
Q.
CooreercrBue
Macixra60B
Heo6xoAHMo
Anfl
Bo3MolKHocrn
AanbHefitxero
rteperlte-
rrIeHHfi
repecrpoeHHofi
.xapaKrepHcrHKH
fHAporyp6Huu
npH
pa3JIllq-
Hbrx coqeTaFrHHX Dr H
n
B nofapH(prv{Hqecr(or'r
cHcTeMe
KoopAHllaT.
Ha
aorapuQMrrqecKoe
noJre
lg n'1-19
Q'r
HaHeceHa
raKx(e 3al(pen-
Jrflroular{
roqKa
I c npirHflTbrMH
paHee
KoopAHHarailrH
H
H
Q,
KO-
Topbre
coorBercrBylor B
AalrHoM
npHMepe ftt1:f$
o6/r"ruH
!I
Q"-
-0,395
m3f c
(pnc.
24.9).
Taxstvt
o6pasou,
nepecrpoelrHe r,rannori
yLrHBepcaJrbHori
xapaK-
reprrcrHr(rr B
JrorapHQMHqecKHe
KoopAHrrarbr
lg
I/-lg
Q
ocyqecr-
475
+0
20
tgF:#
2
|
-
I
llrsta
trout{ocmu
y'/'
lg
rV:lg An*lg
Q*lg
ff,
mKy.q,a npx
flocrosnrJux
3HaqeH]rflx
N
u
kN
cJleAyer,
qro
lg
Q*lg
H:corst,
T;
e.
H3oJrltHHH
Mouluocreft
npeAcraBfinror
co6oft npffDrbre
c
yrnoM
HaKnoHa
K ocu
lg
Q,
paeHurq
135'
(puc.24.7).
PexrrruHoe
noJre
raK x€,
KaK
H B paBHoMepHofi
cncreMe
Ko-
opAHHar,
OrpaFIHqeHo
cneBa
nnHr.teft
Mr{rrHMaJrbHoro
pacxoAa
a.b,
cBepxy
H
cHH3y
-
rranopHbrMrr
xapaKTepHcrHKaMH
f3c
COOrBer-
crBeHrro
npH padore
c
orMerKaMH
Hny
H
yMo.
orpaHaqeHHeM
474
nj,
od/nun
0,4
0,5
0./
80
qn
/00
//0
/20
4Zn
/+0
750
160
170
160
/90
?00
?rJ
0r4
0r5 0,6 0,70,849/rq /,5
Plrc. 24.9. XapaxrcpucrnKa
rrraporyp6HHbr
B
2,0 2,5
Q|,n31c'
.aorap
rrQrl{qecKr.t
x
Koop.{.KH ara x
2,O
2,5
60
70
BiIf eTCfl
[epeHOCOM TOqeK c
KOOpAHHaTaMH
fL't,
Q't
Ha JIO|
aptiQ-
MHqecKoe
roJre lg n'1-lg
Q'r.
Ilnurll
onpaHuqeHHfl
nporiycKHofi
cnoco6gocrg rnAporyp6lrH
nu6upaiorcf
Ha
ocHoBe
npHHUHnoB, H3-
JIox(eHHbrx
B
$
24.3.
fiepecrpoeHHaff
B norapnQutnuecxne
KoopAHHarbr
xapaKrepEcrl{-
KA
ryp6anlr
nepeHocHTcfl
Ha
KaJrbKy
BMecre
c 3aKpenJrfrouefi
Toq-
xofi
I,
Koropafl
3aretvt coBMeu{aercq
c oArrnM H3 Bo3Mox(Hbrx
co-
rreraHHft
Dt
H
n
B no".'re lorapuQMlrqecKofi
cHcreMbr lgH-lgQ
(prtc.
24.lA,a)
npH
BE{noJrHeHHrr
citeAyrou{HX
peKorvreHAarIHir:
I
)
pex(HMIIoe
noile
AoJIX{r{o
noKpL,rBarbcfl
eoHofi
HaH6oilbuero
KtlA
xapaKrep
HCruKr-r rr{Aporyp6nuu
;
2)
r{HC.r-ro
arperaToB
Aonx(Ho
onpeAefiqrbcfl
nepeMeu{er{HeM
xa-
paKrepgcrHKr{
rlrAporyp6uHui
BMecre
c 3aKpernflrouefi
ToqKofr
Bnpa-
BO
nO
fopH3ol-lra.rlH
or HaqaJIbt-iofo
rroJlo)fieFlr{fl,
onpeAenfleMoi-o
npH-
HflTbIM
coqeraHlieM
Dt I'I
n H
coorBeTcTByloulero
o;THoMy arperary,
Ha lg 2,
lg
3
n r.
A.
(rour<n
2,3,4
Ha pHc.
24.10,a).
VeeraqeHHe
.{ircna
arperaroB
6yler ocyulecrB"flffrbcfl
Ao
rex ilop,
iloKa
ilwHtfl,
orpaHHqelllIfl
nponycxttofi
cnoco6ttocrN
Typ6HHbr
He
coBMecrHTCrr
c
_ro,{ror?
o, coorBercrByrouerl
pacqerr{oMy
no
ilrou{FrocTH
Haflopy
f3C.
B
3Tor"r
ro(lKe rreo6xoAlrl,ro
Bbrqrrc*rrurb
c
yqeroivt
ipanrnuecxnx
napaMerpon pacxoAa
rr
I(nA
Mou{nocrb
ar-perara (no
24.6)
H
ycra-
uoB.,ler{H}to
Mou{r{ocru
f3C,
Koropafl
AoJrxifra
6lrrs
He Merree
ee
476
d=0r25
7rJ
0,J50,+
0r4t
Btrt.
2
aep.
6uz.J
aep. flnn.4 azp.
u1
v
-u,r
Z47,P1
Q8
gi
zu.6(U)
g5
y+
200 J00
40c
600
a2c
/000
.\
oj
Pnc.
24.10. CraHuuosuas
(a)
w KaBHraunonuan
(6)
.\apaKrepHcrt{Kl-t npoexrnpyerlot?
f3C
aes
BapHanra
ryp6uHrroro
o6opy,u,oBaHr{tt
a
nolapHrfr}lHttecKl{x
KoopAHfl
ara.(
pacr{eTHofo
3HaqeHlifl'
C'reg1'er
oTil'leTt{Tb,
tlTo
I'I3-3a
I{€JIotlHcJIeH-
rrocTLI
lt3rueHeHrifi
qHCJIa
arperaToB
yKa3al-lHoe
coBMeuleHHe
ile BCe-
rAZ
Bo3Mox(Ho.
B 3ToNr cnyqae
AonycKaercfl,
q'ro6ut
ycraHoB.IleilHafi
Mox{HocTb
npoel{rttpyerrorl
f3C
6u,,ra Ha
L-2
olo
fi6n6rtre
pacqer-
rroro 3HaqeHHfi,
qro
6y,rer
coorBeTcrBoBarb
nepeceqeHHlo
JII{HHH
pacrreTHoro
Hafiopa
H nponycxnofi
cnoco6HocTH
ryp6rII'lbI
npaBee'
TOTIKII O;
3)
qHCJro
arperaroB no
Bo3MoxiHocrH
AoJIx(Ho
st't6upaTbcfl
Ta-
r(r{M,
trTo6bl
ofpaHHqel{He no
NttII'lHMaJIbHOMy
paCXOAy
pzicnoJlaraJlocb
B
pa6oqefi soHe
xapat(repncrrlKu rlrAporyp6nrtnt.
I-lp"
nocrpoer{Hrr
I'raeuofi
yHrrBepcanoHoil xapat(repttcrt-tKIt
rrtA'
poryp6Hnu
lte
yrrutrbtBa"ilacb
nonpaBKa
IIa
flpllBe;1€lltl)'lo
rla'
cToTy Bpau{eHIIfl
npll
nepexoAej
oT MoAeJIII
K tlaType.
B cBtl3ll c
3THM npHlrffTbtft
Bapr{arrr
cirrrxpoHr.roir
qacrorbl
Bpa[ietnttt
Ao.'t;'t<etl
477
"A0n
k,
T
I
I
I
(t'
'
t-6=0,8
,'
u,/
2,0
6uts
yror{HeH
no,
Qopuyne
c
yrleroM
yxasaHHofi
nonpaBKH
L.n't,
tsbrqHcJIffeuofi
,,
Ln1
-
l1t
(24.27\
rAe n'1-
rrpHBeAeHHag
qacrora
BpaIrIeHHfl
rIpH
pacr{erHoM
rlaflope;
T",
rlu
-
KnA
ryp6unnr
H MoAeJrH
B onraMyMe
Hx
xapaKrepncruK.
flocle
yToqHeHHfl
qacTora
BpauleHrlfi OKpyruIfercfl
Ao
cranAapT-
Horo
3HaqeHHf
cHHXpoHHori
qacrorbr.
Ecllt
noilpaBKa
cocraBJIfler
ruenee
3
%
npHBeAeHHofi
qacToTbl
BpauIeHHs
n't, To
oHa
MoX(eT
He
YIIHTbIBATbCg.
PaCcuorpeHHblM
BbIIIe
IvIeToAoM
FlaMeilaeTcfl
pflA
KoHKypHpyroUIHX
BapHaHroB ocHoBHoro
o6opy4onaHHfl
fAC.
A"ns
Kax(Aoro
KoIlKy-
papyloqero
BapHaHTa
o6opylon
arrfl..
paccr{HTblBaercn
roAoBafl
BbI-
ira6i,rxa
srextpo:Heprntr
(.tt.
S
24:3).
3iia'ieHrls
firzc
H
Qroc
l"Ilfl
xapaKTepHbrx
pelrHMoB
pa6oru f3C
HenocpercrBeilHo
HaHocflrcr
Ha
peX(HNrHoe
no"rye
6es' npel,BapuTeJlbuoro
H,\ nepecqeTa
B
IIpHBe-
AeHHbre
noKa3arelu
(rourin
1, 2, 3,4
sa
puc. 24.8).
Orr,nerxy
pacnoJrolKeHHfl
rHAporyp6nHu
HaH6oi-Iee o6ocHoeasHo
MOX{HO OnpeAeIHTb
Ha ocHoBaHHH
IIOCTpOeHHff
H
aHa",'IH3a
K a B
H-
T
a r{Ho
H
io
ft
xapaKrep
HcrrIKH
f3C
(puc.
24.10,6).
Aflq
3roro
KpHByIo CBfl3I{
HHx(Hero
6oeQa
z,t.a(Q'.0)
rlenecoo6pa3Ho
no-
crpoHrb
B rroayJlorapnQrrrnuecKofi
cucreMe
KoopAHHar
z".o-lg
Q
jtJrfl
Bo3Mox(Hocrti
coBMeqeHHfi
inKanbl
pacxoAoB c norapnQunuecxuvt
no,'reM
lg
ff-lg
Q.
I-locr<o,rrry
Hau6olsulee
sar,ry6leuue
rI'IAporyp6uust
Ailn
6ec-
KaBHTaquouHoft
ee
pa6oru
coorBercrByer
Han6o",tttunvt
HaIIop
aM
T'3C,
To
rrocrpoeHne
KaBHTarIHonHoft
xapaKTepHCrHKH
Heo6xornvo
BbrnorrHflrb
Anfi
yc.nonnft pa6oru
f3C
npH orneixe
Hfly,
r.
e.
c
HC[Oirb3OBaHHervr
HanOpXOft
XapaKTepHCTHKH,
ffBJiflol]{eftCff
BepXHHM
orpairHr{eHHeM
pex(HMHofo
noJIfl.
'Bucora
orcaco,""ut{q
H,
paccqarbtBaercq no
(24.12)
B ToqKax
nepeceqeHuq
HsofiHHIafi
xoaQQauuenra
KaBHTaqHH o'
c_ e_epxHeft
HE:
nopuofi xapaKTepHctrlxoti
n
nHuuefi orpaHHqeHHr
f3C ro
ycra-
Hoererruofi
MorrlHocrr{.
flo.noxureJlbHbte
3Har{eHHfi
Ht
orKJIaAbIBa-
rorcfl
BBepx or
xpnnofi
cBflSH
z*.0
(Q*.0)
,
OTpHqareJIbHbIe
-
BHH3
(puc.
24.10,6). B
roqKax nepeceqeHHfl
Hanopuofi
xapaKrepHcrHKH
fOC
c
JTHHHflMH
BKrtorreHHs
arperaroB,
Koropafl
fiocrpoeHa
rlo
TOqKaM fiepeceqeHHfl
Hsor]HHHfi
paBHHX
KnA,
KaBHTaIIHOHHafl
Xa-
paKrepHcrHKa HMeer
pa3pbIBbI
HeIIpepbIBHocrH.
flocxo"nuxy
npH
tsKJrtoqeHHr{
Kax{Aoro
nocneAyrcr.qero
arperara xoeQQNqHeHT
KaBH-
Tar(sa
pe3Ko
cHHx{aercs. no cpaBHeHHn
c npeAI{AyxIHM
ero 3Ha-
qeHrreM
yKa3aHHarr
xapaKrepHcrHKa
6ynet HMerb
cxa.Ixoo6pasuufi
x.aPaKrep.
Hs aHaJrH3a
npnne4eHrofi Ha
pnc. 24.10,6
KaBHraqnosHoft xa-
paKrepHcrHKH
caeAyer,
qro
pacnoJloxeHue rHAporyp6Huu
Ars
o6ec-
Treqenlrr ee decxanurat1rronuofi
pa6orsr
AoJI]r(Ho
6urr He Bbr[re
ot-
MerKH
2,A
coorBercreyroueft
lrarpy3Ke oAHoro arperaTa
Ao
Molrl-
Hocrn, npH xoropori
npolrcxoAHT
BKrIorIeHHe BToporo
arperara.
478
OAuaxo
B
pffAe
cryrraeB
Hau6o.nee
onacHoit
no
ycJIoBHflM
Ka-
BHTaUHH
MOIKST
OI(a3aTbCff
pa6Ora oAHOI'o
arperaTa
c
yCTaHoBJIeH-
Hor? N{oIIIHocrbro
nb
JIHHHIl
orpaHHqeHHfl
d'pP1
rtpH
orMeTKe
Hny
paCqeTHo.M
.
Hanope,
TO
neOfiXOAUvrO
FIaJIOX(HTb
OrpaHnqerlae
Ha
pa6ouylo'MoulHocrb oAHoro
arperara
no
yc,rloBHflM
KaBHTaIIHH' Ao-
nycrHMoe sHaqeHge
6OOSSnUHeHTa
I(aBI'ITaqHH
B 3TOM
C/'iyqae
BbI-
qucJlflercs
IIo
Qop
tuY"re
*
{,
Zq-
B-
-^'o
-H,
900
"
!,on
-
k
"H
rgc
(24.281
floA6op
o6opy4,osaHrrr
B,,rorapr-iQrvrHuecitoit
ct{creMe
KoopAHHar
ilo
cpaBHeHHIo
c
no46opolt
no
TJIaRI{bIM
yHHBepcaJIbHblM
Xap-aKTe-
pn.tri*uM
o6naAaer
6o.rriureft
Har,{rAuocrbto
H
Bo3Mo}I(HocrbIo
6onee
ilo;-rHot-O
aHa.,tH3a
H
yqeTa
pex(tiN,loB
pa6orst
npoeKTHpyevroft
f3C.
OAuaxO,
KaK
II
.ryro6Ofi
rpaQuuecXrrir
MeToA,
HMeeT 3HaqflTeJIbHyto
nOrpeulHocTb,
KoTOpafl
oco6euHo
Cyu{eCTBeHHo
Bo3pacTaeT
c
yBeJIH-
r{eHHervr
tlHc.ila
afpefaToB.
B cBfl3H
i
3Tl{M npH
qHC-{e
afperaToB
6o;ree
l0-
l2
pacclrrorpeunorfi
MeroA
craHoBt{Tcr
IpaKTHqecKH
I{e-
np
HIleHHMbrM.
24.5"
OCOEEHHOCTH
BbIEOPA
OCHOBHOTO
OSOPy.qOBAHHq
rA3C
OcHoeHHe
oco6eHHocrH
aor6opa
o6opyeoBaHHR
fASC
onpeAe-
JIRrorcfl
pex(HMoM
pa6oru
3rHX 3,,'lsKrpocraHqufi,
LoIgpJIe
oTJIHqa-
roTCfl
or
o6bIriFIbtx
f3C
ilpex(.{e
Bcero TeM,
qro
fA3C
He
Bblpa-
6arntsarcr
OJIetiTptlttecKyto
3t{eprH}o,
a flepepacttpeAeJIfltoT
ee
Bs
BpeMeHH,
pa6Orar Cliar{afla
B
HaCOCHOM
peX(HMe, a
3aTeM
B
Typ-
6nsnou.
Ha ocHoBaHHH
onbrra
rIpoeKTIrpoBa
FIHr,
crpoIITeJIbcrBa
]{ 3Kc'
nJIyaratIHH
f A3C B KaqecrBe
ocnoBHoto
o6opy4oBaHHfl
peKoMeH-
AyroTcfl
o6p
aTHMbIe
PaelIa.{bHo-oceBbie
H
AHaro-
H
aJ.'IbHbIe IIoBopoTHo
-JI
O I
a
CT H
bl e
rHA
p
o M
auI
H FI bI
C
c H
HXpOHHbI
M
H
AB
Hf
aTeJI flM
H
-
r e H
e
p aTo
p
a
M H
c
OAH-
Haxonofi
.racroroft
BparqeHgfl
B
HacocnoM
14 ryp6HHHovt
pex(HMax-
B
HacrofiU{ee
BpeMg B
Hauefi
cTpaHe
paspa6oraHot
ABe
MapKrI
o6parurvlttx
rHApoMauHH:
o6parnuan
paAHanbHo-oceBafl
Ha
MaKcH-
MaabHbrfi
Hanop 115 M
rxra OPO115i
812
H o6pl1tlan.
MaroHarlb-
Hafl
noBoporno-nonacrHas
Ha Harop
100
r'r rnna
OAIII{100/7.
f.rrae*
Hbde
yHHBepcaJIbHbIe H
MoAenbHble
xapaKJePHCTHKH
3TIIX
rHApoMa-
rrrHH
npeAcraBfieHbI
Ha
pHc.
24.11_24.13.
Kpor're
roro,
paspa6a-
TbrBarorcs
6o.nee coBepueHHbre
MoLeJIH
o6partl'r,totx
AHaroHaJIbFIblx
rHApoMa[IHH
na Hanopbl
50 u 100
t't.
Oreqecreeuuofi
npoivrbrru.[errHocrbro
H3roroBJlert]l-
o{P
arl4Mble
p a-
AHaJrbrro-oceBbre
rHApoMarrHrrbr AAfl
I(Hescroti
rA3C
c
ycralloB-
479,
n:t"
g0
//,n
/6
nn
a/o)
\ t'
t\
,Y(q)
.1
Y x
20
^tl
ao=241
RS
- 2
o/o)
a
/,
\
ao=r/6
nn
20
2+
\\
/6\
d
q,J
170
q2
fto
q/
40
U
20
60
00
/00 /20
/40
760
/00
O,nfc
p
arH a.'16Ho
-ocen
ol't
ru.l,p
9
11s1x
p111
61
n:700
o6/ur.rH)
(21.2s)
(24.30)
Puc.
2.1.12.
&Iole.'rluafl
xapaxrepricrnKa
o6parr:rtoii
rHna
OP0ll5i8l2
e
Hacocuo.u pexcr)te
(D:0,3J7
lr,
7?0
J00
+00
500' 600 700
Pnc.
24.1l.
frasuar
yHHBepcanbHan
xapaKrePHcrnKa
o6parHvoft
rrApoMauruHbr
rHna
OP0l
l5/812 n ryp6HuuoM
pex(Hilre
480
PexHMHoe
no",re
rAoc
orJr'qaercq
or
rorq
foc
reM,
qro
ero Bep-\Hefi
H rtnxHel't
rpaHHqaMH
ff8.,'IffrOTCfl
He
HaIIOpHbte
.xapaKTepHcrHKH,
a
JITTHHH
nocrorrHrrbrx
HanopoB
Ajtfl
o6onx
pelKH-
MoB
(pnc.
24.14).
BepxHflfi
rpaHHr{a
AJrfl
Hacocnoro
pe}KH-
Ma
-
MaKcnNranrHtrfi
Hanop
npH
3apflAe HI:f"
A;rfl
ryp6nHuoro
pe){(HMa
-
MaKcHuanrHmfi
Hano.p
npH pa3psAe
//#I'.
3rn
Hanopbr
onp
eAeJr
s
lorcfl
rro
c,,'r€[]rc
ilIH
]r
Sop
rrrya a
u
:
Q|
,
n/c
paAHanbfro-oceBoH
Hil:I"
-
vrxfu
vry.To-Affu.".p".i
l/yfJ'
-
v
rISv
v.YTo+
AH,.".,u0,
rAe
Y.X3",
v tY.To
-
ori\{erKa
ypoBHfl
BoAbr
coorBercrBeHHo
B Bepx-
HeM
6accefise
rrp'
Hny
H
HnxHeu
6acceftHe
rrpH
yMo;
AH"...pr.,
Aff"...."p
-
noTepH
Hano?a_
E
B-oAOnpoBoAffU{HX
COopy)KeHI{flX
pex(H-
Ma
pa3p.qAa
lr
3apfAa
fA3C.
3rn
norepH
3aBrrcflr
or KoHcrpyKrlHH
H
napaMeTpoB
BoAonpoBoAstr{Hx
coopyx<errufi
H
Ao
eu6opa
ocuoB_
3t
-&
l0
48r
50
50
95o/o
/'/nps6
eo= /2
HM