North, Gerald R., Erukhimova Tatiana L. Atmospheric Thermodynamics: Elementary Physics and Chemistry
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ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS
Elementary Physics and Chemistry
This textbook presents a uniquely integrated approach in linking both physics and
chemistry to the study of atmospheric thermodynamics.
The book begins by explaining the classical laws of thermodynamics, and
discusses Gibbs energy and the elementary kinetic theory of gases with special
applications to the atmosphere. Individual chapters focus on various fluid systems,
including vapor pressure over flat and curved surfaces of pure liquids and solutions,
and examine the vertical dependence of temperature and pressure for environmental
sounding and moving air parcels. Recognizing the increasing importance of
chemistry in the meteorological and climate sciences, a chapter is devoted to
chemical thermodynamics and contains an overview of photochemistry.
Although students are expected to have some background knowledge of calculus,
general chemistry and classical physics, the book provides set-aside refresher boxes
as useful reminders. It contains over 100 diagrams and graphs to supplement the
discussions. It also contains a similar number of worked examples and exercises,
with solutions included at the end of the book. It is ideal for a single-semester
advanced course on atmospheric thermodynamics, and will prepare students for
higher-level synoptic and dynamics courses.
gerald r. north received a Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Wisconsin
in 1966, and has been a Distinguished Professor of Atmospheric Sciences at Texas
A&M University for over 20 years. His notable research career includes receiving
the Outstanding Publication Award, National Center for Atmospheric Research in
1975, the Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal for NASA in 1983, and the
Jule G. Charney Award from the American Meteorological Society in 2008.
tatiana l. erukhimova received a Ph.D. in Physics from the Institute of
Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, in 1999, and is now a Lecturer in
the Department of Physics at Texas A&M University. Her areas of research include
large-scale and mesoscale atmospheric transport and mixing, atmospheric wave
dynamics, atmospheric ozone, and remote sensing.
ATMOSPHERIC THERMODYNAMICS
Elementary Physics and Chemistry
GERALD R. NORTH AND TATIANA L. ERUKHIMOVA
Texas A & M University, USA
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
First published in print format
ISBN-13 978-0-521-89963-5
ISBN-13 978-0-511-51677-1
© G. North and T. Erukhimova 2009
2009
Information on this title: www.cambrid
g
e.or
g
/9780521899635
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the
provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part
may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy
of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
eBook
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hardback
We both wish to dedicate this book to our families, who have
kindly endured our long preoccupation with the project.
Contents
Preface page xi
1 Introductory concepts 1
1.1 Units 2
1.2 Earth, weight and mass 3
1.3 Systems and equilibrium 7
1.4 Constraints 12
1.5 Intensive and extensive quantities 13
1.6 System boundaries 14
1.7 Thermodynamics and atmospheric science 16
Notes 17
Notation and abbreviations 18
Problems 18
2 Gases 20
2.1 Ideal gas basics 20
2.2 Distribution of velocities 29
2.3 Flux of molecules striking a wall 35
2.4 Moles, etc. 36
2.5 Dalton’s Law 39
Notes 41
Notation and abbreviations 41
Problems 42
3 The First Law of Thermodynamics 44
3.1 Reversible and irreversible work 47
3.2 Heating a system 48
3.3 Ideal gas results 51
3.4 Enthalpy 61
3.5 Standard enthalpy of fusion and vaporization 63
vii
viii Contents
Notes 65
Notation and abbreviations 65
Problems 66
4 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 69
4.1 Entropy 73
4.2 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 76
4.3 Systems and reversibility 77
4.4 Additivity of entropy 78
4.5 Extremum principle 82
4.6 Entropy summary 87
4.7 Criteria for equilibrium 88
4.8 Gibbs energy 89
4.9 Multiple components 93
Notes 95
Notation and abbreviations 96
Problems 96
5 Air and water 99
5.1 Vapor pressure 99
5.2 Saturation vapor pressure 102
5.3 Van der Waals equation 103
5.4 Multiple phase systems 105
5.5 Phase boundaries 107
5.6 Clausius–Clapeyron equation 109
5.7 Integration of the Clausius–Clapeyron equation 110
5.8 Mixing air and water 112
5.9 Wet-bulb temperature, LCL 117
5.10 Equilibrium vapor pressure over a curved surface 121
5.11 Isobaric mixing of air parcels 130
Notes 131
Notation and abbreviations 131
Problems 132
6 Profiles of the atmosphere 134
6.1 Pressure versus height 134
6.2 Slope of the dry adiabat 138
6.3 Geopotential height and thickness 141
6.4 Archimedes’ Principle 143
6.5 Stability 145
6.6 Vertical oscillations 147