Murray John, Smyth Sarah. Intermediate Russian: Grammar and Workbook
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
Short form neuter adjective/adverb as predicate
Lexis: бывать
Impersonal constructions
14 Pronouns 146
Structuring discourse: linking parts of speech
The reflexive pronoun себя
The reflexive possessive adjective свой
The reflexive pronoun сам
The reciprocal pronoun друг друга
‘Any’ (любой)
‘The same’ (одно и то же)
15 Compound nouns and imperfective gerund 158
Lexis and word building: compound nouns
Imperfective gerund
Lexis and idioms: wearing and wears
16 Aspects and perfective gerund 166
Aspects in foregrounding and backgrounding
Irregular nouns
Comparative degree of adverbs
Perfective gerund
Aspects in the past tense
17 Negation and numerals 178
Negative pronouns
Negative adverbs: некогда/никогда
Word building раз-/рас-
Declension of numerals
18 Participles 192
Present active participle
Past active participle
Present participles as nouns
Present participles as adjectives
Key to exercises 200
Index 215
x Contents
INTRODUCTION
This grammar and workbook is intended for learners of Russian at an
intermediate stage or for those who want to refresh their knowledge of the
grammar. It is suited for people studying on their own and for those partici-
pating in language courses. Intermediate Russian is not intended to replace a
course book or indeed a reference grammar, but to be an additional resource
for teachers and learners. The focus of this book is to provide scope for
practising and consolidating Russian structures.
Intermediate Russian is divided into three parts, each of which is made up
of six units containing concise explanations of grammatical points which are
illustrated and then tested in exercises. Alongside sentence-length exercises,
which focus on particular grammatical points, all units contain at least one
extended passage, enabling the student to engage with continuous text taken
from a variety of genres.
The main focus in Part 1 is on the norms of social interaction. The sample
texts have been selected to illustrate the norms of interaction between various
groups of people in both written and spoken discourse. The units in this part
are structured according to functional principles, that is to say according to
the uses to which language can be put. Each of the six units in this part looks
at aspects of the following:
• establishing and maintaining a relationship with your speaker
• politeness formulae and appropriacy
• seeking and giving information/advice
• offering to do things
• expressing wishes and desires.
In Part 2 we look at various genres of narratives: diary entries, memoirs,
anecdotes, biographies, news reports. The main focus in this part is on the
structuring of narratives, i.e. the telling of stories. The texts have been
selected to illustrate differing degrees of formality and differing relationships
between the author, the events narrated and the readership. Each of the six
units in this part looks at aspects of the following:
• the sequencing of events: aspects, adverbs, adverbial phrases, adverbial
clauses, co-ordination
• verbs of motion: prefixed and unprefixed; adverbials of place after verbs
of motion
• word order: the positioning of adverbial phrases and clauses
• punctuation between clauses
• expressing cause and purpose
• establishing and maintaining a relationship with one’s audience.
In Part 3 we look at various ways of describing objects, people and events.
Whereas in the previous part the focus was on narrative – which presupposes
change and a certain dynamism – in this part the focus is both on the lin-
guistic means available in Russian for conveying the static and on the features
which characterise (as in a still) the participants and their environment. The
units in this part are structured according to syntactic categories, and each
unit looks at the various parts of speech used to describe objects, people or
events. Each of the six units looks at aspects of the following:
• the use of noun phrases: compound nouns, numerals and nouns, prep-
ositional phrases
• the use of adjectives: degree, predicative and attributive adjectives
• the use of verbal forms: participles, gerunds, aspects, impersonal con-
structions, negation.
In reading the extended texts and doing the exercises that follow, students
will not only consolidate their knowledge of grammatical structures, but also
develop their vocabulary in a wide variety of areas related to Russian life.
The material used in both explanations and exercises is taken largely
from contemporary Russian publications and literature. The answers to all
exercises are provided in the key.
While the areas of language covered in each section overlap to some extent,
it will be seen that each deals with the grammatical, functional and discourse
characteristics of the particular text types in question. Cross-references are
supplied where appropriate, both within Intermediate Russian and to Basic
Russian.
Learners at both intermediate and advanced level will find Intermediate
Russian beneficial for reference and revision.
xii Introduction
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Gratitude is due to Irina Mogilina for her careful proof-reading and helpful
comments. Thanks are due to Caroline Brooks, Alison Cowie, Aoife Doherty,
Annest John, Charlotte Lary, Sarah Marcus, Maeve Moore, David Murphy,
Linda Murray, Brid Higgins Ní Chinneide, Deirdre Nic Ruairi and Kieran
O’Reilly, all former or current students of Russian, who between them read
and commented on the manuscript. Thanks also to current students who
piloted the exercises and provided useful feedback.
For generous permission to use material from their publications,
we are extremely grateful to ‘Druzhba narodov’, ‘Moskovskie novosti’,
‘Nezavisimaya gazeta’, ‘Ogonek’ and ‘Ptyuch’.
We are most grateful to the editorial and production teams at Routledge
for their encouragement and support. We accept full responsibility for the
errors and infelicities that no doubt remain.
John Murray and Sarah Smyth
Trinity College, Dublin
SOURCES
PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS
«Дружба народов»
«Московские новости»
«Независимая газета»
«Огонëк»
«Птюч»
Dictionaries
Denisov P.N. and Morkovkin V.V. (eds), Учебный словарь сочетаемости
слов русского языка, «Русский язык», Moscow, 1978
Lopatin V.V. and Lopatina L.E., Русский толковый словарь, «Русский
язык», Moscow, 1998
Melts M.Ya., Mitrofanova V.V. and Shapovalova G.G., Пословицы
поговорки загадки, «Академия наук СССР», Moscow/Leningrad, 1961
Rozanova V.V. (ed.), Краткий толковый словарь русского языка, «Русский
язык», Moscow, 1988
Shanskiy N.M. (ed.), 4000 наиболее употребительных слов русского
языка, «Русский язык», Moscow, 1978
Wheeler Marcus, The Oxford Russian–English Dictionary, Clarendon Press,
Oxford, 1972, 2nd edn 1984
Zolotova G.A., Синтактический словарь, «Наука», Moscow, 1988
Grammars
Borras F.M. and Christian R.F., Russian Syntax, 2nd edition, Clarendon
Press, Oxford, 1979
Pulkina I. and Zakhava-Nekrasova E., Russian, translated from the Russian
by V. Koroty, 2nd edn, «Русский язык», Moscow, (no date)
Unbegaun B.O., Russian Grammar, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1957
Wade Terence, A Comprehensive Russian Grammar, Blackwell, Oxford, 1992
Course books
Akushina A.A. and Formanskaya N.I., Русский речевой этикет, 3rd edn,
«Русский язык», Moscow, 1982
Akushina A.A. and Formanskaya N.I., Этикет русского письма, 3rd edn,
«Русский язык», Moscow, 1986
xvi Sources
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF ENGLISH-LANGUAGE ABBREVIATIONS
acc. accusative case
dat. dative case
f. feminine
gen. genitive case
impf. imperfective aspect
inst. instrumental case
m. masculine
n. neuter
nom. nominative case
p. person
pf. perfective aspect
pl. plural
prep. prepositional case
sg. singular
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS OF PERIODICAL
PUBLICATIONS AND AUTHORS’ NAMES
Periodical publications
ДН «Дружба народов»
МН «Московские новости»
НГ «Независимая газета»
О «Огонëк»
Пт. «Птюч»
Authors’ names
Кв. Валериан Квачадзе
Окуд. Булат Окуджава
Поз. Владимир Познер
Сад. Екатерина Садур
Сем. Пëтр Петрович
Семëнов-Тян-Шанский
Сл. Алексей Слаповский
Триф. Юрий Трифонов
Хург. Александр Хургин
UNIT ONE
Naming, greeting and congratulating
NAMING
There are a number of ways to address a person in Russian, each of which
depends on the relationship between the people concerned:
First name
Includes the following forms:
• Diminutive form (Витя, Володя, Катя, Серёжа, Оля, . . .) is used to
address children and friends (from one’s peer group). One would also use
the pronoun ты with these groups of people.
• Long form (Виталий, Владимир, Eкатерина, Сергей, Ольга, . . .) is
rarely used and is one way in which foreigners can be identified.
• Long form and patronymic (Виталий Максимович, Владимир
Петрович, Eкатерина Михайловна, . . .) is used by younger people to
address older or senior people whom they do not know very well or with
whom they are on formal terms. It is normal for the older person to
decide when it is appropriate to change how the younger person
addresses them. It is not unusual for the older person to address the
younger person by the first name only. The first name and patronymic is
also used between adults who do not know one another well or who wish
to remain on formal terms. When addressing someone by his or her first
name and patronymic, the pronoun Вы is used.
Surname only
(Сидоров, Мартынов, Образцова, . . .) Restricted to special areas such as
education, where a teacher or lecturer might address a student in this manner.
In post-primary and higher education it is usual in such cases for the pronoun
Вы to be used. Officers may also address subordinates (privates) by their