Moran M.J., Shapiro H.N. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics
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816 Figures and Charts
Figure A-4 Generalized enthalpy correction chart. Source: Adapted from G. J. Van Wylen
and R. E. Sonntag, Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, 3rd. ed., English/SI, Wiley,
New York, 1986.
Figures and Charts 817
Figure A-5 Generalized entropy correction chart. Source: Adapted from G. J. Van
Wylen and R. E. Sonntag, Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, 3rd. ed.,
English/SI, Wiley, New York, 1986.
818 Figures and Charts
Figure A-6 Generalized fugacity coefficient chart. Source: G. J. Van Wylen and R. E. Sonntag,
Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, 3rd. ed., English/SI, Wiley, New York, 1986.
Figures and Charts 819
Figure A-7 Temperature–entropy diagram for water (SI units). Source: J. H. Keenan, F. G. Keyes,
P. G. Hill, and J. G. Moore, Steam Tables, Wiley, New York, 1978.
820 Figures and Charts
Figure A-8 Enthalpy–entropy diagram for water (SI units). Source: J. B. Jones and G. A.
Hawkins, Engineering Thermodynamics, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 1986.
Figures and Charts 821
Figure A-9 Psychrometric chart for 1 atm (SI units). Source: Z. Zhang and M. B. Pate, “A
Methodology for Implementing a Psychrometric Chart in a Computer Graphics System,” ASHRAE
Transactions, Vol. 94, Pt. 1, 1988.
Answer to Selected Problems
1.10 2551
1.11 9.5, 98.1
1.13 6.131
1.14 3.92, 0.125
1.16 29.62
1.18 68.67
1.21 (a) 1.33, 0.67
1.26 (a) 0.2, 2.67
1.27 58 (vacuum)
1.28 decreases
1.29 A: 2.68, B: 1.28
1.30 0.8
1.32 1.893 Mpa, 14.73
1.40 71.6
1.41 33.33, 166.67, 1.5
1.42 no
2.2 97.8
2.3 4800
2.4 (a) 56,520, 489,000 (b) 162.8
2.6 210 kJ
2.7 (b) 32.57 10
4
, 91.4
(c) 0.5 m, 53.01
2.16 0.02
2.19 150, 100 k, 0.125
2.17 40
2.18 80.47
2.20 1.843
2.22 300, 9.42
2.26 1.96
2.31 0.842
2.33 0.064
2.37 350 kJ
2.44 109.8
2.45 1.747
2.46 (a) 112.6 Kpa
(b) 68.89 J
(c) 131.39 J
2.49 (b) 8.28 kJ (c) 18.78 kJ
(d) 36.9 kJ
2.50 15 kJ, 30%
2.56 300 kJ, 200 kJ
2.57 1.34 kW
3.1 (a) two-phase, liquid–vapor
mixture, (b) superheated vapor,
(c) subcooled (compressed)
liquid, (d) superheated vapor,
(e) solid
3.8 1.36
3.9 23.4
3.10 6.189
3.11 0.025
3.14 0.188, 10.5
3.16 140, 0.8520, 0.002
3.18 33.86, 153.13
3.19 0.0296
3.24 73.4
3.27 10.4, 32.31
3.30 1.6386 10
3
m
3
/kg,
274.26 kJ/kg
3.32 1751.1
3.34 2.392 kJ/kg, 20.23
3.37 52.1, 42.0
3.41 24, 239.8
3.42 66.7, 105
3.45 49.3
3.47
3.48 (a) 0.79 (b) 0.791
3.49 0.103
3.50 7.88 10
3
, 148
3.52 (a) 6.685 (b) 6.973
3.57 460
3.62 425.6, 2.462
3.64 297.9, 24.1, 1167.7, 0
3.65 1.041
3.69 (a) 252.4, (b) 245
4.3 35.3, 4.17
4.4 tf 15.36
4.8 0.3717, 6.095
4.10 5.04, 0.65
4.14 0.73, 0.042
4.17 44.6
4.18 (a) 664.1, (b) 17, 6.2
4.20 25.3 kJ/kg
4.22 319.6 K
4.23 102.5
4.24 7.53, 0.108
51 exp31hA
mc2t46
T1t2 T
0
1W
#
hA2
mc1dT
dt2 hA1T
0
T 2 W
#
,
4.25 25 bars
4.28 10,400
4.31 14.08 kW
4.32 0.14
4.36 15.98
4.40 56.1
4.42 (a) 3.673 kg/min
(b) 615.3 kJ/min
4.46 18
4.53 54.7
4.61 143.5
4.64 (a) 47.4 kg
4.66 83.39
4.69 2.9, 1043
5.15 decrease T
C
5.16 (a) (T
H
T
C
)2,
(b) (T
H
T
C
)
12
5.17 (a) (1
max
) 1, (b) 1
max
5.20 (a)
5.21 (a) (b)
5.23 952
5.27 75
5.29 (a) 6.7%
5.30 possible but uneconomical
5.34 no
5.36 900
5.39 3.33, 0.41
5.40 no
5.46 (b) 1–2: 2914, 330, 2–3: 0,
983.0, 3–4: 2140.2, 167.1,
4–1: 0, 373.0, (c) 26.5
6.1 (a) 0.667, imp
(b) 0, internally reversible
(c) 0.667, possible,
and irreversible
6.2 (a):
6.6
6.10 (a): W mp(v
g
v
f
), Q
m(h
g
h
f
)
6.12 F, T, F, F
Q
#
s
11 T
0
T
s
2
11 T
0
T
u
2
W
R
W
1
T
C
T
C
T¿
C
6
T
H
T¿
H
T¿
H
T
H
T
C
T
H
T¿
H
T¿
C
,
T
C
T
H
T
0
T
H
T
0
T
C
822
Answer to Selected Problems 823
6.15 (c):
6.16 (b):
6.19 4.9128, 0.4337, 0.97515,
22.163
6.22 6.9, 4.12, 0.188
6.24 25.224
6.28 471.5, 2391.8
6.29 (b): 153.81, 153.81
6.34 (b): 28.6, (c) 68.2%
6.36 18.1%, 26.5%
6.37 ,0,, , , indeterminate
6.39 0: 56.20
6.41 no
6.45 no
6.49 .057 W/K
6.52 436.7, 1.189, 0.428, 0.762
6.56 (a); 0.3709
6.60 0.59
6.62 equal, less, greater,
indeterminate, greater
6.66 from right to left, 1741
6.71 12.75
6.74 1
6.87 (a): 0.2223, 0.217
6.91 0.8146, 1.3394
6.96 (a)
6.99 354.8
6.101 1020.5, 89.8%
6.104 809.7
6.108 (a): 207.9, 0.0698
6.111 (b): 162.17, 30.66
6.114 (pump work/compressor work)
0.34%
6.119 no
6.120 629.7, 81.7
7.2 (a) 542.27, (b) 12.51, (c) 21.94
7.5 (a) 17.86 (b) 3.53 (c) 3.04
7.9 (b)
7.10 CO
2
7.14 51, 711
7.16 0, 153.6, 29.53
c
p
T
0
c
T
T
0
1 ln
T
T
0
d
c1 a
p
2
p
1
b
1k 12
k
db
1
2
aV
2
1
2kRT
1
k 1
mc3T
H
T
C
21T
H
T
C
2
1
2
4
Q
H
c1
T
C
T
H
d
7.17 411.2, 339.2
7.19 40.14, 13.42
7.25 1.87 10
4
7.28 0.481, 0.044
7.36 101.9
7.43 21.6%, 0.9%
7.48 173.3, 2.8
7.54 $40,900/year
7.56 25.06, 27.73
7.62 5.6%
7.67 (a) 1927, 340.8, (b) 85%
7.70 382.9, 8.94 10
4
, 45.9%
7.77 (b): Capital, 75%
7.80 (b): 0.59
8.1 (a) 4.01 10
5
, 258.4 10
3
,
158.4 10
3
, 38.7
8.6 921.6, 2339.5, 39.4, 1417.9
8.10 25
8.11 24, 59.7, 1304.2, 990.9
8.13 33.6, 3.38 10
5
, 8.48 10
6
8.18 44.2
8.23 235 10
3
, 42.5, 5.825 10
6
8.29 1268.3, 47.6, 1394.1
8.30 1100.7, 41.4, 1558.3
8.31 2.43 10
5
, 41.2, 6.14 10
6
8.34 36.8, 1.17 10
6
8.36 1218.6, 45.6, 1453.8
8.37 1062.2, 39.7, 1610.1
8.39 43.18, 3.375 10
5
8.42 39.2, 1.1 10
6
8.45 43.9
8.50 (a) 9.529 10
8
, 236, 500,
3.032 10
9
8.52 (a) 191 10
3
kW (b) 133.2
10
3
kW (c) 57.8 10
3
kW
(d) 69.7%
9.1 721.12, 51.5%, 949.2, 2331 K
9.2 805.2, 57.5%, 1060 KPa, 2656 K
9.13 23.19, 2.19, 59.7%, 975
9.14 22.01, 2.081, 65.7, 883
9.18 r
c
1.5: 1301.5, 189.2, 297.5
59.4
9.19 7.389, .543, 727.6
9.26 37.47, 14.26, 31.44, 20.29, 60.8
9.27 pressure ratio 6: 37.7%,
0.345, 2218.6
9.30 372.6, 833.3, 55.3
9.33 pressure ratio 8,
t
c
80%, (a) 24.1%, (b) 0.582,
(c) 1271.9, (d) 186.6, 255.1
9.36 pressure ratio 8,
t
c
80%, (a) 36.4%, (b) 0.582,
(c) 1271.9, (d) 65.64
9.40 (a) 365.68, 370.94, (b) 365.7,
(c) % increase 15.2
9.45 49.68, single stage: 60.11
9.53 (b) 1009 m/s
9.55 1080
9.56 766.5, 1348
9.57 10, 296.4
9.60 3635, 78.6, 0.214
9.62 (a) 4.19 (b) 69% (c) 5.89
9.63 37.95 (opposite to direction of flow)
9.65 48.33
9.69 1007 N, 1.452 kW
9.73 inlet: 0.054, 340.2, 15.01
exit: 0.819, 340.2, 9.67
9.76 (a) 418.2, 4.238
(b) 446.6, 4.456
(c) 432, 4.344
9.79 (a) .4047, .5943
9.84 (a) 1.81, (b) 2.87, (c) 461,
(d) 5.94 10
2
10.1 25.8, 3.85, 151.94, 6.92
10.2 7.251, 1.062, 6.83
10.3 2.21, 3.62, 5.75
10.7 4.05, 15.51
10.10 3.73, 3.4, 3.21, 0.71, 0.58
10.14 0.241, 5.647, 0.0606,
6.227, 0.9743
10.16 6.61, 6.86, 2.61
10.17 (a) 55.3, 10.7 (b) 44.66, 4.85
(c) 3.57
10.20 2.126, 7.055, 19.53
10.24 1.868, 1.687
10.26 16.0, 43.86, 2.74, 6.75
10.34 46.2, 60.48
11.1 125.29, 80.1, 79.5, 79.2,
100
11.2 79.5, 80.1, 79.5, 79.2, 79.35, 85.53
11.5 767.5, 1145.7, 1076.5
11.11 b
v¿
R
v¿
R
1
8
27
64
v¿
R
T
2
R
824 Answer to Selected Problems
11.16
11.19 (a) positive, (b) zero, (c) negative
11.22 p RTv, s R ln(vv)
c ln(TT)
11.27 271.3 K, 269.5 K
11.29 0.292
11.33 (a) 0.0424 bar, (b) 36.19C
11.36 c
p
c
v
R
11.39 (a)
(b)
11.44
11.49
11.50 (b)
(c)
11.54 no
11.57
11.66
11.71 29.7
11.75 349.7 (table: 369.8)
11.79 221.7, 148.5, 166.9
11.80 0.031
11.85 0.1125, 0.1163
11.88 95.1, 1.96
11.94 101.1
11.98 18.2, 6.37
12.3 (a) N
2
: 50.61%, CO
2
: 39.76%;
O
2
: 9.64%, (b) N
2
: 0.06, CO
2
:
0.03, O
2
: 0.01, (c) 37.3
12.4 (a) C
3
H
8
: 0.5365, C
2
H
6
: 0.3659,
CH
4
: 0.0976,
T
2
R
a
dB
dT
R
b p
R
, p
R
d1T
R
B2
dT
R
T
inv
2a
bR
c1 a
b
v
bd
2
a c
1
v
2
1
v
1
d
u
2
u
1
2
c
v
1T 2dT
R
1 2a1v b2
2
RTv
3
,
c
p
kR
k 1
4 3Z
2
k
1
p
1
Z
a
0Z
0p
b
T
b
1
T
1
Z
a
0Z
0T
b
p
,
R ln
p
2
p
1
3AR
T
4
3p
2
p
1
4
p
2
RT
c
R
p
3AR
T
4
d,
p
RT
v b
cons tan t
(b) C
3
H
8
,C
2
H
6
: 0.4, CH
4
: 0.2,
(c) 26.71
12.7 0.337, 4.84
12.9 291.46, .3159
12.11 3014, 8.485
12.14 110.8, .0505
12.21 440.2, 6.295, 0.175
12.22 387, 3.628, 2510.3, 3010.3
12.24 234, 2.094
12.27 claim invalid
12.29 15.5%
12.30 no
12.32 .00865, 2.0234
12.33 10.4
12.39 2.24, 228.1
12.40 537.3, 0.1774
12.41 3.7%, 30.3, 0.022
12.42 7.08, 3.3 10
3
12.43 (a): 68%, 0.0182, 76.3
12.45 20, 68%
12.49 (a) 38.31, (b) .007.7
12.51 12.3, 0.0144 (removed)
12.56 52%, 32
12.58 (a) 81.8%, 14.4 (b) .048
12.59 290.8, 11338
12.60 82.65, 28
13.1 162
13.5 (b) 8.25, 12.05
13.8 SO
2
: 0.029 kg/kg(O
2
)
13.11 0.116, 9.777
13.14 0.038
13.17 C: 7.0322, H: 15.61, 1.361
13.18 (b) 9.19, (c) CO
2
: .15, CO: 0.1,
N
2
: .75
13.19 (c) CO
2
: 5.54%, CO: 11.09%,
N
2
: 83.37%
13.23 115%, 51
13.26 (b) CO: 5991, SO
2
: 666
13.29 1.269 (rich)
13.31 2.19 10
6
13.34 0.037
13.37 82,670
13.39 1,299, 202, 1.68
13.41 45,720, 49,500
13.43 849,100, 46,810
13.47 89.2%, 10.8%
13.50 (a) 1859, 6.42 (b) .9985,
5.343 10
6
13.52 165.3
13.57 (a) 800, 770 (b) 800, 792
13.59 8.18 10
5
13.64 (b): (a) 34,212, (b) 116,554,
(c) 51,756
13.68 (a) 544.5, (b) 546 Model 1 546.7
13.74 (a) 275,364, (b) 226,105,
(c) 49,259, (d) e 82.1%
13.80 (a) 0, (b) 0.31, (c) 1.97
14.3 (a) 5.018
14.5 (a) 2.224, (b) 2.224,
(c) 4.448
14.9 (b) 5.018
14.16 (a) increase, (b) no change
14.21 CO
2
: 0.528, CO: 0.472,
O
2
: 0.736, N
2
: 3.76
14.25 CO
2
: 45.54%, CO: 21.43%,
O
2
: 33.04%
14.30 CO
2
:2,H
2
O: 1.428, NO: 0.1134,
O
2
: 0.9433, N
2
: 13.1033
14.34 593,269
14.35 (a) 322,386, 31,816
14.37 (a) 139.18, (b) 139.66
14.39 108%
14.40 4.04
14.42 4.89
14.44 Est.: 278,100
14.48 0.84
14.52 0.015
14.54 CO
2
: 0.28808, H
2
O: 0.71105,
CO: 0.71192, O
2
: 0.000435,
H
2
: 0.28895
14.59 0.072%
14.65 (a) 3, (b) 4, (c) 5
825
Index
Absolute entropy, 648–651, 653, 655, 657,
661, 670
Absolute pressure, 12, 99, 102
Absolute temperature scale, 191
Absorption refrigeration cycle, 469
Acid rain, 329
Activity, 547, 548, 646, 694, 695
Additive pressure, rule of, 532, 533, 535,
536, 545, 564
Additive volume, rule of, 533, 546, 564
Adiabatic engine,
Adiabatic Flame temperature, 641, 642,
643, 645, 669, 695
Adiabatic Process, 14, 45, 196, 197, 198,
218, 224, 226
Adiabatic-saturation temperature, 588, 589,
590, 593
Adiabatic wall, 14
Afterburner, 415
Air
atmospheric, 560, 609
for combustion, 272
dry air, approximate composition of, 560
excess, 404, 623, 624, 625, 628, 669
ideal gas properties of, 756
moist air, 603, 604, 606
percent of theoretical, 623, 627
saturated, 580
theoretical (stoichiometric), 622, 645
Aircraft engines, 137, 418
Air-fuel ratio, 622
Air-standard analysis
for gas turbines, 388
for internal combustion engines, 373
Air-standard cycles:
Brayton cycle, 389–390
Diesel cycle, 381–383
dual cycle, 385–388
Otto cycle, 375–379
Air-water vapor mixtures, 558, 579–580,
587, 611
Allotropic transformation, 120
Amagat model, 562, 564, 611
Ammonia, properties of, 76, 81, 82, 84, 85,
211, 356, 465, 469, 470, 471, 663, 664,
710
Area interpretation, 38, 218
Atkinson cycle, 446
Atmospheric air, 175, 388, 560, 609, 610
Atmospheric Pressure, standard, 12
Atomic and molecular weights, table of, 719,
767
Availability, see Exergy
Back pressure, 432, 433, 434, 435, 438, 439,
441, 442, 444, 445
Back work ratio, 329, 331, 332, 333, 356, 390,
392, 393, 394, 397, 399, 403, 412, 414
Base unit, 8, 9, 18, 41
Beattie-Bridgeman equation of state, 493
Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state, 493
table of constants, 762, 812
Bernoulli equation, 255
Berthelot equation of state, 490
Binary vapor power cycle, 356
Biomass, 371
Boiler, 149, 197, 198, 310, 311, 312, 313,
314, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331,
332, 333, 334, 335, 337, 338, 339, 340,
343, 346, 352, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360,
361, 362, 363
Boltzmann’s constant, 231
Bore (of cylinder), 373, 374
Boundary, 4
Brayton cycle, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394,
395, 397, 399, 401, 404, 405, 444, 445,
454, 474, 478, 479
Capacity, refrigeration, 458
Capillary tube, 15
Carnahan-Starling-Desantis equation of state,
550, 554
Carnot corollaries, 186, 187, 190, 193
Carnot cycle, 196, 197, 198, 199, 218, 335,
336, 425, 426, 456, 472
engine, 199
heat pump, 198, 199, 200, 201
power, 197, 198, 199
refrigeration, 198, 199
Carnot efficiency, 192, 193, 194, 196
Cascade cycles, 467, 468, 479, 480
Cavitation, 271
Celsius (Centigrade) temperature scale, 18, 19
Chemical equilibrium, 7, 558, 648, 652, 679,
683, 684, 687, 695, 696, 700, 706, 711
Chemical exergy, 620, 655, 656, 657, 658,
659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 664, 665, 666,
667, 668, 669, 670
Chemical potential, 539, 540, 547, 548, 681,
682, 683, 685, 687, 694, 706, 707, 708,
709, 710, 711
as escaping tendency, 707
for ideal gas mixtures, 547, 548
for ideal solutions, 547, 548
for pure substance, 682, 683
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) compounds,
120, 465
Choked flow, 433, 434, 444
Clapeyron equation, 504, 505, 506, 507, 520,
521, 548, 705, 706
Clausius, inequality of, 177, 206–208, 220,
506, 706
Clausius-Clapeyron equation, 706
Clausius statement of the second law, 177
equivalence with Kelvin-Planck
statement, 200
Closed feedwater heaters, 350, 352
Closed system:
Definition, 3
energy balance for, 48–58
entropy balance for, 220–222, 652
exergy balance for, 283–285
Coefficient of performance:
heat pump cycle, 61, 184, 188,
190, 192
maximum for two reservoirs, 192–196
refrigeration cycles, 60, 189, 456
Coefficient of volume expansion, 514
Cogeneration, 308, 310, 311, 312, 313, 315,
356, 357, 358, 365, 519, 647
Combined cycle, 399, 419, 420, 421, 424,
467, 667
Combustion,
air for, 632, 633, 642
complete, 620, 649, 669
products of, 620, 645, 649, 669
Compressed liquids, see Liquids
Compressibility:
isentropic, 513–515
isothermal, 513–515
Compressibility chart, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99,
101, 110, 141, 147, 488, 491, 493, 533,
535
Compressibility factor, 94, 95, 96, 99, 100,
102, 114, 487, 488, 490, 491, 524, 525,
528, 532, 533, 535, 543
Compressible flow, 373, 426, 427, 429, 430,
437, 444
Compressible flow functions, table of, 437,
438
Compression ratio, 374, 377, 378, 379, 382,
383, 384, 386, 444, 445
Compression with intercooling, 404, 406,
407, 408, 425, 444, 445, 467, 468, 479,
480
Compressor, 247, 306, 389
isentropic efficiency of, 247–249, 252
Condenser, 2, 144, 145, 148, 149, 198, 238,
239, 240, 302, 303, 326, 327, 328, 329,
330, 331, 333, 334, 335, 337, 338, 340,
341, 342, 344, 346, 348, 349, 350, 351,
352, 353, 354, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360,
363, 364, 365, 366, 419, 421, 423, 424,
455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 462,
463, 464, 466, 467, 468, 469, 470, 471,
472, 473, 610
Conduction, energy transfer by, 20, 45, 46,
55, 62, 184
Conservation of Energy, 18, 20, 29, 32, 33,
49, 58, 59, 62, 121, 128, 129, 174, 175,
187, 188, 228, 254, 326, 327, 351, 358,
359, 564, 587, 589, 620, 629, 631,
633, 635, 637, 639, 642, 648, 679,
684