Miller Margaret-Louise. Archaeological Approaches to Technology
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Archaeological Approaches
to Technology
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Archaeological Approaches
to Technology
HEATHER M.-L. MILLER
Anthropology, University of Toronto
AMSTERDAM
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BOSTON
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HEIDELBERG
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LONDON
NEW YORK
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OXFORD
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PARIS
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SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO
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SINGAPORE
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SYDNEY
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TOKYO
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This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Copyright © 2007, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
All illustrations © Heather M.-L. Miller, except the following, approved
for use in this volume: Figure 2.3 © Patrick Lubinski; Figures 3.3, 3.7, 4.13
and 4.14 © Lisa Ferin; Figures 3.22, 3.24 and 3.25 © Roger Ivar Lohmann;
Extracted translation text in Chapter 3 © Roger Ivar Lohmann.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Miller, Heather M. L.
Archeological approaches to technology/Heather M. L. Miller.
p. cm.
ISBN 0-12-496951-8
1. Social archaeology. 2. Technology–Social aspects–History.
3. Prehistoric peoples. 4. Material culture–History.
5. Archaeology–Methodology. 6. Archaeology–Field work.
7. Antiquities–Collection and preservation. I. Title
CC72.4.M554 2007
930.1028–dc22
2006036457
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 13: 978-0-12-496951-3
ISBN 10: 0-12-496951-8
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CONTENTS
List of Figures ix
Dedication xiii
Preface and Acknowledgements xv
1 Introduction: Archaeological Approaches to Technology 1
Terminology 3
Archaeology and Technology Studies 7
Overview of Volume 9
2 Methodology: Archaeological Approaches to the Study
of Technology 13
Archaeological Field Techniques: Discovery/Recovery 16
Survey 17
Excavation 19
The Examination of Archaeological Remains 21
Simple Visual Examination and Measurement 22
Complex Examination of Physical Structure and Composition 25
Ordering and Analyzing Data 27
Reconstructing Production Processes; Chaîne Opératoire 29
Analogy and Sociocultural Interpretation 30
Experimental Archaeology 34
Ethnography, Ethnoarchaeology, and Historical Accounts 36
3 Extractive-Reductive Crafts 41
Classification of Crafts 43
Stone/Lithics 46
Collection and Preliminary Processing 47
v
vi Contents
Shaping and Finishing Methods 54
Knapping 54
Cutting (Sawing, Drilling, Groove-and-Snapping) 57
Pulverizing (Pecking) 58
Abrading (Grinding, Smoothing, Polishing, Drilling) 59
Production Stages 59
Organization of Production; Consumption 61
Fibers: Cordage, Basketry, Textiles 65
Collection and Preliminary Processing of Fibers 68
Production of Strands and Cordage 72
Fabric Production 75
Ornamentation and Joining 81
Organization of Production and Scheduling Demands 85
Wood, Bone, and Other Sculpted Organics (Antler, Horn,
Ivory, Shell) 89
Collection and Preliminary Processing 91
Shaping and Finishing Methods 94
Organization of Production; Use and Reuse of Hard
Organic Objects 98
4 Transformative Crafts 101
Fired Clay 103
Collection and Preliminary Processing; Formation of
the Clay Body 109
Shaping Methods 113
Drying and Surface Treatments 118
Firing 121
Post-Firing Surface Treatments and Second Firings 128
Vitreous Silicates: Glazes, Faiences and Glass 128
Collection and Preliminary Processing 130
Creating the Vitreous Silicate Mixtures; Fritting; Melting
of Glass (Glass Making) 135
Shaping of Faience and Glass Objects 138
Application of Glazes to Faience and Other Materials 141
Firing of Faience and Glazed Objects; Annealing of Glass 143
Post-Firing Surface Treatments 144
Metals: Copper and Iron 144
Collection, Including Mining 147
Processing of Ores and Native Copper; Fuel and Fluxes 150
Smelting 152
Refining and Alloying 156
Shaping and Finishing Methods: Casting and Fabrication
(Including Forging) 159
Casting 159
Fabrication 162
Contents vii
5 Thematic Studies in Technology 167
Technological Systems: Reed Boat Production and Use 168
Reconstructing Reed Boats and Exchange Networks
in the Arabian Sea 169
Reconstructing Reed and Plank Boats and Exchange
Networks in Coastal Southern California 173
Innovation and the Organization of Labor 180
The Case of the Grain Harvesting Machine 181
Divisions of Labor, Women’s Roles, Specialization, and
Mass Production of Pottery 185
Technological Style 191
Style and Technological Style 191
Technological Traditions: Metal and Bone Working in
North America 195
6 Thematic Studies in Technology (Continued) 203
Value, Status, and Social Relations: The Role of New Artificial
Materials in the Indus Valley Tradition 203
Uses of Artificial Materials 204
Status Differentiation and the Development of Vitreous
Materials 206
Determining Relative Value 212
Social Relations and the Relative Value of Indus
Talc-Faience Materials 217
Artificial Materials and Cultural Value Systems 225
Technologies of Religious Ritual in the American Southwest 226
Religious Mural Construction, Use, and Discard 228
Archaeological Identification of Religious Ritual 232
7 The Analysis of Multiple Technologies 237
Cross-Craft Perspectives 237
Technological Style and Cross-Craft Interactions 239
Bibliography 247
Index 283
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LIST OF FIGURES
Additional information about the illustrations is provided in this list, which is not
provided in the figure captions.
2.1 Sorted fired clay fragments at the Indus urban site of Harappa.
The only fragments indicative of high-temperature firing are in
the small pile to the far right. 14
2.2 Surface survey, with flags used to mark objects until they are
mapped, recorded, and/or collected. (Heather M.-L. Miller and
Sayeed Ahmed Haderi at Harappa, Punjab, Pakistan) 18
2.3 Excavation; shovel-skimming the base of a trench in a plowed
field. (Patrick Lubinski, American Midwest) Photo courtesy of
Patrick Lubinski. 20
2.4 Fired clay object types from Harappa, including debris from
high-temperature production, nodules, and lower-fired clay
cakes and balls. 24
2.5 (a) Pottery kiln remains from Mohenjo-daro, in relation to
(b) number and distribution of drips. (Redrawn after Pracchia
1987.) 25
2.6 Example of a generalized production process diagram for copper
and iron (greatly simplified). Explained further in Chapter 4. 29
2.7 Example of an idealized site with hearths between buildings. 31
3.1 Generalized production process diagram for stone (greatly
simplified). 48
3.2 Products and some debris from stages of production for
agate/carnelian beads produced in Khambhat, India; progression
of production stages is from left to right. Materials courtesy
of J. Mark Kenoyer. 51
ix