McGinty Brian. Lincoln and the Court
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
82. Beale, Diary of Edward Bates, 244; RBT to Clifford, August 2, 1862, Nathan Clif-
ford Collection, Maine Historical Society.
83. Donald, “We Are Lincoln Men,” 124.
84. Medill to Trumbull, July 4, 1862, LTP-LC.
85. King, Lincoln’s Manager, 20–35.
86. Davis to William Orme, January 27, 1862, DDP-LC.
87. Davis to Usher, May 15, 1862, DDP-LC.
88. King, Lincoln’s Manager, 195–196.
89. Donald, “We Are Lincoln Men,” 125.
90. Swett to Mrs. Swett, August 10, 1862, DDP-LC.
91. AL to Davis, August 27, 1862, DDP-LC.
92. Davis to AL, September 1, 1862, DDP-LC.
93. King, Lincoln’s Manager, 199.
94. Washington appointed Thomas Johnson in 1791 and John Rutledge in 1795.
Adams appointed Bushrod Washington in 1798; Jefferson appointed Brockholst
Livingston in 1806; Monroe appointed Smith Thompson in 1823; Van Buren ap-
pointed John McKinley in 1837; Polk appointed Levi Woodbury in 1845; and Fill-
more appointed Benjamin R. Curtis in 1851.
95. Bates to AL, October 15, 1862, ALP-LC.
96. King, Lincoln’s Manager, 199–200.
5. The Prizes
1. CW, 4:338–339.
2. USC, Art. I, Sec. 8, provides (in relevant part): “The Congress shall have power to
lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for
the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, im-
posts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States.”
3. CW, 4:338.
4. Ibid., 4:346–347.
5. USC, Art. I, Sec. 8, cl. 11, gives Congress power to “declare war, grant letters of
marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water.” Let-
ters of “marque and reprisal” (more often called “letters of marque”) are govern-
ment licenses authorizing private citizens to engage in reprisals against enemy ves-
sels. When properly issued by competent government authorities, they have the
effect of legalizing conduct that would otherwise constitute piracy. Piracy is gener-
ally any robbery, kidnaping, or other criminal violence committed at sea. In his
proclamation of April 19, Lincoln gave notice that any person who, “under the
pretended authority” of the seceding states, molested a United States ship or the
persons or cargo on board would “be held amenable to the laws of the United
States for the prevention and punishment of privacy.” CW, 4:339.
Notes to Pages 112–120
ﱟﱟﱗﱟﱟ
332
6. See Scott to Seward, March 3, 1861, ALP-LC (“you as chief of his Cabinet”);
Elliott, Winfield Scott, 724 (“Scott’s Anaconda”).
7. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, 91–92.
8. William C. Davis, Jefferson Davis, 304–305.
9. Welles, Lincoln and Seward, 122–123.
10. CW, 4:265.
11. Ibid., 4:338.
12. Wheaton, Elements of International Law, 8th ed., 564–565.
13. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, 1:263.
14. Newton, Lord Lyons, 1:36.
15. Act of August 6, 1861, chap. 63, Sec. 3, 12 Stat. 326.
16. Act of July 13, 1861, chap. 3, Sec. 4, 12 Stat. 255, 256.
17. Welles to AL, August 5, 1861, ALP-LC.
18. Segal, Conversations with Lincoln, 114.
19. Pease and Randall, Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, 1:488–489.
20. Welles, Lincoln and Seward, 124.
21. Adams, Great Britain and the American Civil War, 1:88, 94–95.
22. United States Naval War Records Office, Official Records of the Union and Confed-
erate Navies in the War of the Rebellion., Series I, 5:784.
23. See USC, Art. III, Sec. 2 (judicial power of United States extends to “all cases of
admiralty and maritime jurisdiction”); Act of September 24, 1789, chap. 20, Sec.
9, 1 Stat. 73 (district courts to have “exclusive original cognizance of all civil
causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, including all seizures under laws
of impost, navigation, or trade of the United States”); Act of June 26, 1812,
chap. 107, Sec. 6, 2 Stat. 759 (district courts to have original cognizance “in the
case of all captured vessels, goods, and effects which shall be brought within the ju-
risdiction of the United States”).
24. Bernath, Squall Across the Atlantic, 8.
25. Adams, Richard Henry Dana, 2:415; Shapiro, Richard Henry Dana, Jr., 117–118.
26. Decisions of Hon. Peleg Sprague, 2:131.
27. See USC, Art. II, Sec. 2.
28. Decisions of Hon. Peleg Sprague, 2:134.
29. Ibid., 2:160.
30. See Browning, From Cape Charles to Cape Fear, 263
31. Bates to AL, February 9, 1863, ALP-LC.
32. Dana to Welles (endorsed by Sprague), May 18, 1863, ALP-LC; Shapiro, Richard
Henry Dana, Jr., 118.
33. Blatchford, Reports of Cases in Prize, 4.
34. Ibid., 16–22.
35. Ibid., 22–23.
36. Marvin, A Treatise on the Law of Wreck and Salvage.
Notes to Pages 121–131
ﱟﱟﱗﱟﱟ
333
37. Silver, Lincoln’s Supreme Court, 107.
38. Philadelphia Public Ledger, July 1, 1862, p. 1.
39. Swisher, Taney Period, 883–884.
40. Washington Republican, February 12, 1863, as quoted in NYT, February 15, 1863,
p. 2.
41. Adams, Richard Henry Dana, 2:268.
42. Swisher, Taney Period, 887.
43. Preciat v. United States, 17 Law. Ed. 459, 462 (1862).
44. Swisher, Taney Period, 886.
45. Beale, Diary of Edward Bates, 281.
46. Preciat v. United States, 17 Law. Ed. 459, 465–468 (1862).
47. Adams, Richard Henry Dana, 2:269.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid., 2:270–271.
50. Ibid., 2:266–267.
51. Ibid., 2:267.
52. See United States v. Castillero, 2 Black (67 U.S.) 17, 166–169 (1863).
53. Prize Cases, 2 Black (67 U.S.) 635, 666–667 (1863).
54. Ibid., 635, 670.
55. Ibid., 635, 671.
56. NYT, March 13, 1863, p. 4.
57. “Downward Steps to Despotism,” New York World, May 15, 1863, p. 4.
58. Adams, Richard Henry Dana, 2:415.
59. Ibid., 2:269.
60. Warren, Supreme Court in United States History, 2:381.
61. Adams, Richard Henry Dana, 2:264–265.
62. Ibid., 2:274.
63. Ibid., 2:273–274.
64. Henry Wheaton, Elements of International Law, 8th ed., edited, with notes, by
Richard Henry Dana, Jr. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1866).
6. The Boom of Cannon
1. Although the 1858 cable broke after a brief period of service, Cyrus Field was suc-
cessful in laying a permanent cable in 1866.
2. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Arts. VIII and IX, provided that absentee Mexi-
can landholders would have their property “inviolably respected” and others would
“be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty and property.”
See Richard Griswold del Castillo, The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: A Legacy of
Conflict (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990), 62–63.
3. “Correspondence between Mr. Justice Field and the Other Members of the Court
Notes to Pages 132–177
ﱟﱟﱗﱟﱟ
334
with Regard to His Retiring from the Bench,” Appendix, 168 U.S. 713, 715
(1897).
4. Holzer, Lincoln at Cooper Union, 106, 147, 243.
5. Kens, Justice Stephen Field, 35.
6. Field to AL, October 25, 1861, ALP-LC.
7. Swisher, Taney Period, 829.
8. Silver, Lincoln’s Supreme Court, 91.
9. Field, Personal Reminiscences, 115.
10. Act of March 3, 1863, chap. 100, 12 Stat. 794.
11. Field, Personal Reminiscences, 116; Kens, Justice Stephen Field, 97; see Milton S.
Latham, James A. McDougall, Frederick F. Low, A. A. Sargent, and Timothy G.
Phelps to AL, February 27, 1863, ALP-LC.
12. Field, Life of David Dudley Field, 196.
13. Beale and Brownsword, Diary of Gideon Welles, 1:245.
14. Field, Personal Reminiscences, 116.
15. See Swisher, Stephen J. Field, 115–116 (closeness of vote in Prize Cases and appre-
hension that future cases might be “sabotaged” by judges not committed to success-
ful prosecution of war led to demand that Court personnel be changed so “the
country would be in no further danger from that quarter”); Silver, Lincoln’s Supreme
Court, 84 (prudence “dictated a packed Court”); Rehnquist, Supreme Court, 209–
213 (Lincoln’s appointments amounted to “packing the Court”); Kens, Justice Ste-
phen Field, 95 (Republicans “wanted to pack the Court with judges who would
‘help keep the power of the Court right’”).
16. CG, 40th Cong., 2nd sess., 1868, 498.
17. “Correspondence between Mr. Justice Field and the Other Members of the Court
with Regard to His Retiring from the Bench,” Appendix, 168 U.S. 713, 715
(1897).
18. Kutler, Judicial Power and Reconstruction Politics, 19. Kutler argues that the timing
of the decision in the Prize Cases and the creation of the tenth Supreme Court seat
was coincidental. Kutler points out that Franklin D. Roosevelt’s proposal to add up
to six new members to the Supreme Court in 1937 was opposed by Republicans
and “disenchanted” Democrats, who “united and fought tenaciously against the
bill.” Roosevelt’s proposal, unlike Lincoln’s, was recognized as a genuine court-
packing plan.
19. Swisher, Stephen J. Field, 117.
20. Ibid., 118.
21. Ibid.
22. “Correspondence between Mr. Justice Field and the Other Members of the Court
with Regard to His Retiring from the Bench,” Appendix, 168 U.S. 713, 715
(1897).
23. Swisher, Stephen J. Field, 118.
Notes to Pages 178–182
ﱟﱟﱗﱟﱟ
335
24. “Correspondence between Mr. Justice Field and the Other Members of the Court
with Regard to His Retiring from the Bench,” Appendix, 168 U.S. 713, 715
(1897). Inter arma silent leges is a quotation attributed to Cicero.
25. Klement, Limits of Dissent, 21, 39, 41, 42.
26. Curtis, “Lincoln, Vallandigham, and Anti-War Speech in the Civil War,” 113.
27. Klement, Limits of Dissent, 90, 106.
28. Klement, Copperheads in the Middle West.
29. Weber, Copperheads, 2, 9, 48.
30. Ibid., 81–82.
31. Ibid., 27.
32. Ibid., 76.
33. Klement, Limits of Dissent, 66.
34. OR, Series I, 23 (Pt. 2): 237.
35. Klement, Limits of Dissent, 152.
36. Ex parte Vallandigham, 28 Fed. Cases 874, 875 (1863).
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid., 874, 875–876.
39. Ibid., 874, 924 (1863).
40. Klement, Limits of Dissent, 160.
41. Ibid., 175.
42. CW, 5:436–437.
43. Klement, Limits of Dissent, 175–176.
44. OR, II, V, 657; CW, 6:215–216.
45. The writ of certiorari is usually used to examine questions of law.
46. Swisher, Taney Period, 928–929.
47. Luther v. Borden, 7 How. (48 U.S.) 1 (1849); for discussion, see Chapter 3.
48. Ex parte Vallandigham, 1 Wall. (68 U.S.) 243, 254 (1864).
49. Ibid., 243, 254.
50. Klement, Limits of Dissent, 259; see also Klement, “The Indianapolis Treason Trials
and Ex parte Milligan,” 111.
51. OR, Series I, 23 (pt. 2): 386; Series II, 5:723–724.
52. AL to Erastus Corning and others, June 1863 (Copy No. 1), ALP-LC.
53. Ibid.
54. Erastus Corning and others to AL, June 30, 1863, ALP-LC.
55. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 525.
7. The Old Lion
1. “Correspondence between Mr. Justice Field and the Other Members of the Court
with Regard to His Retiring from the Bench,” Appendix, 168 U.S. 713, 715
(1897).
Notes to Pages 182–193
ﱟﱟﱗﱟﱟ
336
2. Swisher, “Mr. Chief Justice Taney,” 228.
3. Campbell to RBT, April 29, 1861, Maryland Historical Magazine, 5 (1910): 35.
4. In the Taney Papers in the Library of Congress, this memorandum has been labeled
(apparently by an archivist) “Fragment of a Manuscript Relating to Slavery in the
United States.” The memorandum recites that six states had left the Union. Loui-
siana was the sixth state to secede, on January 26, 1861. Texas became the seventh
state when it seceded on February 1. Thus it is possible to date the memorandum
between those two dates. See Fehrenbacher, Dred Scott Case, 711n5.
5. “Fragment of a Manuscript Relating to Slavery in the United States,” RBTP-LC.
6. Richardson, Compilation, 7:3161–3162, 3166–3167; for discussion, see Chapter 1.
7. “Fragment of a Manuscript Relating to Slavery in the United States,” RBTP-LC.
Fehrenbacher, Dred Scott Case, 553–554, describes this memorandum and states
that it was acquired by the Library of Congress in 1929. See also discussion in
Chapter 1.
8. RBT to Pierce, June 12, 1861, in American Historical Review, 10 (1905): 368.
9. Taney’s opinion that secession was unconstitutional is discussed in Fehrenbacher,
Dred Scott Case, 553–555; Tyler, Memoir of Roger Brooke Taney, 418; Lewis, Without
Fear or Favor, 465; Allen, Origins of the Dred Scott Case, 220. Fehrenbacher ana-
lyzes the question in persuasive detail. Simon, Lincoln and Chief Justice Taney, 3,
112, 194, confuses Taney’s opinion as to the constitutionality of secession with his
view that “a peaceful separation” was “far better than...acivil war with all its
horrors.” Simon supports his conclusion that Taney believed secession was consti-
tutional with authorities that do not support his conclusion, and he overlooks the
eight-page memorandum in the Library of Congress that states the contrary.
10. Swisher, “Mr. Chief Justice Taney,” 212, 226–227, 228.
11. Swisher, Roger B. Taney, 466.
12. Ibid., 466–469.
13. Ibid., 557–558.
14. Ex parte Merryman, 17 Fed. Cases 144, 145 (C.C.D. Md. 1861); see Chapter 3.
Fairman, Mr. Justice Miller and the Supreme Court, 90.
15. Swisher, Roger B. Taney, 558.
16. Ibid., 559.
17. Baltimore Sun, June 20, 1863, p. 1.
18. The salaries were fixed by statute in 1855. See Act of March 3, 1855, chap. 175, 10
Stat. 643, 655.
19. RBT to SPC, January 1863, handwritten copy in DMPP-MHS.
20. RBT to Perine, July 18, 1861, DMPP-MHS.
21. Swisher, Roger B. Taney, 570–572, refers to these writings as “opinions.”
22. Act of February 25, 1862, chap. 33, 12 Stat. 345; for discussion, see Chapters 8
and 10.
23. RBT, “Paper Money Made a Legal Tender in the Payment of Debts by Acts of Con-
Notes to Pages 193–203
ﱟﱟﱗﱟﱟ
337
gress:—Is the Law Constitutional?—Thoughts upon That Subject,” eight-page
handwritten document, in bound volume “Opinions of Chief Justice Taney,”
DMPP-MHS.
24. NYT, February 20, 1863, p. 4.
25. RBT, “Thoughts on the Conscription Law of the U. States,—Rough Draught Re-
quiring Revision,” twenty-two-page handwritten manuscript, in bound volume
“Opinions of Chief Justice Taney,” DMPP-MHS.
26. Swisher, Taney Period, 962.
27. Tyler, Memoir of Roger Brooke Taney, 482.
28. Howard, Recollections, 327.
29. Swisher, Roger B. Taney, 571–572.
30. Swisher, Taney Period, 963.
31. RBT to James Mason Campbell, September 13, 1861, JEHP-MHS.
32. RBT to James Mason Campbell, September 18, 1861, JEHP-MHS.
33. RBT to Roger Brooke Taney Campbell, September 13, 1864, JEHP-MHS.
34. Beale, Diary of Edward Bates, 204–205.
35. RBT to Wayne (“copy made from recollection Jan. 2, 1862”), RBTP-MHS.
36. Beale, Diary of Edward Bates, 358.
37. Logan, Thirty Years in Washington, 413.
38. RBT to Perine, August 6, 1863, DMPP-MHS.
39. Beale, Diary of Edward Bates, 79.
40. Burlingame and Ettlinger, Inside Lincoln’s White House, 76–77.
41. Brooks, Lincoln Observed, 138.
42. Swisher, Roger B. Taney, 576–577.
43. Ibid., 577.
44. Delaplaine, “Lincoln after Taney’s Death,” 151.
45. Beale, Diary of Edward Bates, 418.
46. Strong, Diary of George Templeton Strong, 251.
47. Beale and Brownsword, Diary of Gideon Welles, 2:177.
48. Delaplaine, “Lincoln after Taney’s Death,” 154–155.
49. Beale, Diary of Edward Bates, 419.
8. A New Chief
1. Niven, Salmon P. Chase, 373.
2. Ibid.
3. Bates to AL, October 13, 1864, ALP-LC.
4. Burlingame and Ettlinger, Inside Lincoln’s White House, 241.
5. SPC to Charles D. Cleveland, February 8, 1830, in Niven, Salmon P. Chase Papers,
2:48.
Notes to Pages 203–215
ﱟﱟﱗﱟﱟ
338
6. Act of February 12, 1793, chap. 7, 1 Stat. 302. Under Section 4, any person who
harbored or concealed another person, after notice that he or she was a fugitive
from labor, was subject to a penalty of $500, recoverable by the person claiming
the fugitive in an action of debt.
7. Jones v. Van Zandt, 5 How. (46 U.S.) 215, 231 (1847).
8. Niven, Salmon P. Chase, 152.
9. Ibid., 187.
10. Schurz, Reminiscences, 2:169–172.
11. Niven, Salmon P. Chase, 221.
12. CW, 4:171.
13. Niven, Salmon P. Chase, 250.
14. Act of August 5, 1861, chap. 45, 12 Stat. 292, Sec. 49.
15. Act of July 1, 1862, chap. 119, 12 Stat. 432, Sec. 90.
16. Act of June 30, 1864, chap. 173, 13 Stat. 223, Sec. 116.
17. Larson, Jay Cooke, 106, 107.
18. Niven, Salmon P. Chase, 297.
19. Act of Feb. 25, 1862, chap. 33, 12 Stat. 345; Act of July 11, 1862, chap. 142, 12
Stat. 532; Act of March 3, 1863, chap. 73, 12 Stat. 709.
20. Niven, Salmon P. Chase, 338.
21. Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln: A History, 9:395.
22. Act of February 25, 1863, chap. 58, 12 Stat. 665.
23. Burlingame and Ettlinger, Inside Lincoln’s White House, 133.
24. Hart, Salmon Portland Chase, 318.
25. Burlingame and Ettlinger, Inside Lincoln’s White House, 77.
26. CW, 6:12.
27. Burlingame and Ettlinger, Inside Lincoln’s White House, 103.
28. Beale, Diary of Edward Bates, 310.
29. Burlingame and Ettlinger, Inside Lincoln’s White House, 103.
30. King, Lincoln’s Manager, 201.
31. Ibid., 213.
32. Burlingame and Ettlinger, Inside Lincoln’s White House, 78.
33. Ibid., 212, 213.
34. CW, 7:419.
35. Niven, Salmon P. Chase, 366.
36. Beale and Brownsword, Diary of Gideon Welles, 2:63.
37. Beale, Diary of Edward Bates, 381.
38. Smith, Francis Preston Blair Family in Politics, 2:271.
39. Niven, Salmon P. Chase, 371.
40. Ibid., 373.
41. Bates to AL, October 13, 1864, ALP-LC.
Notes to Pages 217–229
ﱟﱟﱗﱟﱟ
339
42. Sumner to AL, October 12 [sic], 1864, ALP-LC. Since Taney died late in the eve-
ning of October 12, Sumner’s letter was either misdated or written in anticipation
of the chief justice’s imminent death.
43. David Dudley Field to AL, October 14, 1864; Bryant to AL, October 14, 1864;
Medill to AL, October 15, 1864; Low and Stephen J. Field to AL, October 15,
1864; Sherman to AL, October 22, 1864; Colfax to AL, October 23, 1864, ALP-
LC.
44. Sherman to AL, October 22, 1864, ALP-LC.
45. Medill to AL, October 15, 1864, ALP-LC.
46. Chandler to AL, October 15, 1864; Hamlin to AL, October 15, 1864; Hale to AL,
October 16, 1864; Brewster to AL, October 14, 1864, ALP-LC.
47. Spalding to AL, October 13, 1864; Tod to AL, October 17, 1864; Moorhead to
AL, October 19, 1864; Butler to AL, October 18, 1864; Davis to AL, October 18,
1864, ALP-LC.
48. C. Tower to AL, October 14, 1864 (recommending Sumner); Davis to AL, Octo-
ber 22, 1864; Waite to AL, October 22, 1864, ALP-LC. Morrison R. Waite (1816–
1888) was appointed chief justice by President U. S. Grant in 1874. He served for
fourteen years, until his death in 1888.
49. Pease and Randall, Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, 1:686–687.
50. Ibid., 688.
51. Fairman, Reconstruction and Reunion, 12.
52. David Davis to AL, October 22, 1864, ALP-LC.
53. Beale, Diary of Edward Bates, 428.
54. Sumner to AL, October 24, 1864, ALP-LC.
55. Niven, Salmon P. Chase, 374.
56. Goodwin, Team of Rivals, 677.
57. Niven, Salmon P. Chase, 374.
58. Brooks, “Personal Reminiscences of Lincoln,” 677.
59. Niven, Salmon P. Chase, 374.
60. Brooks, Lincoln Observed, 153.
61. Brooks, Washington in Lincoln’s Time, 177.
62. Boutwell, Reminiscences of Sixty Years in Public Affairs, 2:29. The authenticity of
this quotation has been challenged, mainly by participants in later contests over
Supreme Court appointments. Boutwell is apparently the only witness who re-
ported that Lincoln said that “we cannot ask a man what he will do.” To the extent
that Lincoln seems to be saying that Supreme Court nominees should not be ques-
tioned about their views on controversial issues, those who favor intense question-
ing have called the statement foolish, or “un-Lincolnian.” To the extent that the
statement merely means that a nominee should not be asked to prejudge an issue
likely to come before the Court, it seems to be reasonable and in character. Lin-
Notes to Pages 229–234
ﱟﱟﱗﱟﱟ
340
coln did know (or at least thought he knew) Chase’s opinions on emancipation
and legal tender and thus did not have to question him about those issues. In the
end, he proved to be wrong on legal tender, but Chase himself may not have
known his constitutional view on that issue at the time he was appointed. Under-
stood in context, this quotation does not seem to be less credible than many other
Lincoln statements remembered by only one person. The extent to which a judi-
cial nominee may legitimately be questioned during the confirmation process was
not widely discussed in the nineteenth century, and there is no reason to suspect
that Boutwell manufactured this comment out of thin air. Don E. Fehrenbacher
and Virginia Fehrenbacher, Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln, 38, have as-
signed the statement a grade of C on a scale of A to E, suggesting that although it
was not recorded contemporaneously it may nevertheless be authentic.
63. See AL, “Response to a Serenade,” CW, 8:254; see also Guelzo, Lincoln’s Emancipa-
tion Proclamation, 198, 211, 229.
64. It is worth noting that Lincoln never considered the possibility that Chase might
recuse himself from cases in which he had personally been involved. In later years,
a Supreme Court justice would decline to participate in such a case. In Lincoln’s
and Chase’s time, however, there was no ethical bar to full participation.
65. Beale and Brownsword, Diary of Gideon Welles, 2:196.
66. SPC to AL, December 6, 1864, ALP-LC.
67. Niven, Salmon P. Chase, 375.
68. AL to Simon Cameron, August 19, 1961, CW, 4:491–492.
69. Donald, Lincoln, 186–187.
70. Julian, Political Recollections, 211–212.
71. “Memoranda,” 2 Wall. (69 U.S.) ix–xii (1869).
72. Brooks, Washington in Lincoln’s Time, 175, 176.
73. White, Lincoln’s Greatest Speech, 180–181.
9. A Law for Rulers and People
1. Niven, Salmon P. Chase, 376.
2. CG, 39th Cong., 1st sess., 1866, 1718.
3. John B. Alley, in Rice, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, 586. Vorenberg, Final
Freedom, 180, says: “No piece of legislation during Lincoln’s presidency received
more of his attention than the Thirteenth Amendment.”
4. CW, 8:254.
5. Ibid., 8:399–405.
6. Fairman, Reconstruction and Reunion, 96.
7. Niven, Salmon P. Chase, 395, 408–410.
8. Ibid., 378.
Notes to Pages 234–241
ﱟﱟﱗﱟﱟ
341