Mark James E. (ed.). Physical Properties of Polymers Handbook

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Sequence Length The number of repeat units of a specific

type joined to each other contiguously in a polymer

chain.

Solubility A measure of the extent to which two pure

components can be mixed homogeneously.

Spherulite An aggregation of crystallites as a spherical

cluster, consisting of fibrillar crystalline lamellae radiat-

ing from the center of the spherulite.

Spinodal The line on a temperature versus com-

position phase diagram of a mixture of two compo-

nents that separates the two phase region from a

metastable single phase region between the binodal and

spinodal.

Spinodal Decomposition A process of phase separation that

occurs when the temperature of a homogeneous mixture

of two components is rapidly changed, so that the system

is brought to a state in which both the spinodal and

binodal have been crossed.

Star Polymer Three or more chains linked at one end

through a central moiety.

Stress Intensity Factor A factor relating the magnitude

of the stress components in the vicinity of a crack tip

to the crack and specimen geometry and the overall

stress.

Stress Relaxation The relatively slow decay of the stress

when a viscoelastic material is held at a constant strain

after being rapidly stressed initially.

Supercooling The temperature difference between the equi-

librium melting temperature and the temperature of crys-

tallization.

Supermolecular Structure Polymer structure features ob-

servable at a level above that of individual polymer

molecules. These include crystal structure, crystallite,

multilayer, crystalline, fibrillar, spherulitic, and fibrous

morphologies.

Surface Tension The force per unit length acting in the

surface of a liquid that opposes spreading.

Sustained Release The systems that only prolong thera-

peutic blood or tissue levels of the drug for an extended

period of time.

Swelling The first step in the solubilization of a polymer.

The degree of swelling depends on the polymer–solvent

interaction parameter and the molecular weight of the

polymer. In the case of a cross-linked polymer, solubil-

ization cannot take place, and an equilibrium degree of

swelling is attained.

Tacticity The tacticity of the polymer is concerned with the

different possible spatial arrangements. In isotactic

polymers, all the repeat units have the same configur-

ation, whereas in syndiotactic polymers, the con-

figuration alternates from one repeat unit to the next.

Atactic polymers have a random placement of the

two configurations. For example, in a vinyl polymer,

 [CH

CHR]

, where R is a substituent group, three

distinct configurational arrangements of the repeat unit

exist as follows:

Terpolymer A polymer consisting of three different mono-

mers.

Thermal Conductivity The ratio of the heat flow across

unit area of a surface to the negative of the temperature

gradient in the direction of flow.

Thermal Degradation Degradation induced by exposure to

an elevated temperature.

Thermogravimetric Analysis A dynamic thermal analysis

technique in which the weight loss of a sample is meas-

ured continuously while its temperature is increased at

a constant rate.

Thermoplastic Elastomers Polymers capable of behaving

as elastomers with the domains having physical cross-

links. They are thermoformable, i.e., moldable and

remoldable.

Thermoplastics Thermoplastics are linear or branched

polymers that can be melted upon the application of

heat. They can be molded and remolded into virtually

any shape.

Thermosets Thermosets are rigid materials having short

network polymers in which chain motion is greatly

restricted by a high degree of cross-linking. They are

intractable once formed and degrade rather than melt

upon the application of heat.

Theta (Q) Solvent A solvent for a polymer system that

exhibits a theta temperature.

Theta (Q) Temperature (Flory Temperature) The tem-

perature at which, for a given polymer–solvent pair, the

polymer exists in its unperturbed dimensions. Under

these conditions, the long-range forces between polymer

molecular segments that cause contraction are just bal-

anced by the polymer–solvent interactions that cause the

polymer molecular coil to expand.

Tie Molecule The intervening section in a polymer mol-

ecule that has started to crystallize independently in two

different crystals.

Toughness The ability of a material to withstand fracture.

∼C−C−C−C−C−C−C−C∼

isotactic structure

syndiotatic structure

atactic structure

DEFINITIONS / 1055

Unit Cell The basic unit for describing the ordered arrange-

ment of atoms in a crystal.

Unperturbed Dimensions The dimension of a polymer coil

in dilute solution at the u temperature.

Viscoelasticity The ability for a material to exhibit viscous

and elastic responses to deformation simultaneously.

Viscosity The ability of a fluid to resist flow.

Wetting The process in which a liquid spontaneously

adheres to and spreads on a solid surface.

1056 / CHAPTER 62

CHAPTER 63

Units and Conversion Factors

Shuhong Wang

DuPont Dow Elastomers L.L.C., One Innovation Way, Suite 400, Newark, DE 19711

TABLE 63.1. SI prefixes.

Multiplication factor Prefix Symbol

1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 ¼ 10

yotta Y

1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 ¼ 10

zetta Z

1 000 000 000 000 000 000 ¼ 10

exa E

1 000 000 000 000 000 ¼ 10

peta P

1 000 000 000 000 ¼ 10

tera T

1 000 000 000 ¼ 10

giga G

1 000 000 ¼ 10

mega M

1 000 ¼ 10

kilo k

100 ¼ 10

hecto h

10 ¼ 10

deca da

0.1 ¼ 10

1

deci d

0.01 ¼ 10

2

centi c

0.001 ¼ 10

3

milli m

0.000 001 ¼ 10

6

micro m

0.000 000 001 ¼ 10

6

nano n

0.000 000 000 001 ¼ 10

9

pico p

0.000 000 000 000 001 ¼ 10

15

femto f

0.000 000 000 000 000 001 ¼ 10

18

atto a

0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001 ¼ 10

21

zepto z

0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 ¼ 10

24

yocto y

TABLE 63.2. SI base and supplementary units.

Quantity SI unit SI symbol

Length meter m

Mass kilogram kg

Time second s

Electric current ampere A

Thermodynamic temperature kelvin K

Amount of substance mole mol

Luminous intensity candela cd

Plane angle radian rad

Solid angle steradian sr

TABLE 63.3. Derived units of SI that have special names.

Quantity Unit Symbol Formula

Absorbed dose gray Gy J/kg

Conductance siemens S A/V

Electric capacitance farad F C/V

Electric charge coulomb C A s

Electric potential volt V W/A

Electric resistance ohm V V/A

Energy, work, heat joule J N m

Force newton N (kg m)=s

Frequency hertz Hz 1/s

1057

TABLE 63.3. Continued.

Quantity Unit Symbol Formula

Illuminance lux lx lm=m

Inductance henry H Wb/A

Luminous flux lumen lm cd sr

Magnetic flux weber Wb V s

Magnetic-flux density tesla T Wb=m

Pressure, stress, vacuum pascal Pa N=m

Power, radiant flux watt W J/s

TABLE 63.4. Additional commonly derived SI units.

Quantity Unit Symbol

Acceleration (linear) meter per second

squared

m=s

Acceleration

(angular)

radian per second

squared

rad=s

Area square meter m

Concentration mole per cubic meter mol=m

Current density ampere per square

meter

A=m

Density (mass) kilogram per cubic meter kg=m

Electric-charge

density

coulomb per cubic meter C=m

Electric-field strength volt per meter V/m

Energy density joule per cubic meter J=m

Entropy joule per kelvin J/K

TABLE 63.4. Continued.

Quantity Unit Symbol

Heat capacity joule per kelvin J/K

Luminance candela per square

meter

cd=m

Magnetic-field

strength

ampere per meter A/m

Molar energy joule per mole J/mol

Molar entropy joule per mole-kelvin J/(mol K)

Molar heat capacity joule per mole-kelvin J/(mol K)

Moment of force newton-meter N m

Permeability henry per meter H/m

Permittivity farad per meter F/m

Radiance watt per sq. meter-

steradian

W=(m

sr)

Radiant intensity watt per steradian W/sr

Specific-heat

capacity

joule per kilogram-kelvin J/(kg K)

Specific energy joule per kilogram J/kg

Specific entropy joule per kilogram-kelvin J/(kg K)

Specific volume cubic meter per

kilogram

=kg

Surface tension newton per meter N/m

Thermal conductivity watt per meter-kelvin W/(m K)

Velocity (angular) radian per second rad/s

Velocity (linear) meter per second m/s

Viscosity (dynamic) pascal-second Pa s

Viscosity (kinematic) sq. meter per second m

Volume cubic meter m

TABLE 63.5. Some quantities and units commonly used in polymer science.

Quantity Notation Commonly used unit

Second and third virial coefficient A

mol cm

Chain transfer constant for monomer C

—

Chain transfer constant for solvent C

—

Chain transfer constant for polymer C

—

Characteristic ratio C

—

Diffusion coefficient D 1/s

Tensile storage compliance D’ 1/Pa

Tensile loss compliance D’’ 1/Pa

Complex tensile compliance D* 1/Pa

Young’s modulus E Pa

Tensile storage modulus E ’ Pa

Tensile loss modulus E’’ Pa

Complex tensile modulus E*Pa

Shear modulus G Pa

Shear storage modulus G’ Pa

Shear loss modulus G ’’ Pa

Complex shear modulus G*Pa

Free energy of mixing DG

kJ/mol

Enthalpy of mixing DH

kJ/mol

1058 / CHAPTER 63

TABLE 63.5. Continued.

Quantity Notation Commonly used unit

Shear compliance J 1/Pa

Shear storage compliance J ’ 1/Pa

Shear loss compliance J’’ 1/Pa

Complex shear compliance J* 1/Pa

Molecular weight per cross-linked unit M

g/mol

Number average molecular weight M

g/mol

Molecular weight of a polymer chain unit M

g/mol

Viscosity average molecular weight M

g/mol

Weight average molecular weight M

g/mol

z-average molecular weight M

g/mol

Refractive index n —

Reactivity ratio of monomer A r

—

Permeability coefficient P cm

cm=(cm

s Pa)

Mean-square end-to-end distance < r

> A

Unperturbed mean-square end-to-end distance < r

Radius of gyration s A

Sedimentation coefficient S 1/s

Solubility coefficient S cm

=(cm

Pa)

Configurational entropy S

conf

kJ/(mol K)

Entropy of mixing DS

kJ/(mol K)

Brittleness temperature T

Crystallization temperature T

Temperature of fusion T

Glass transition temperature T

Melting temperature T

Supercooling DT 8C

Molar volume v cm

=mol

Volume fraction of species iv

—

Weight fraction of species iw

—

Mole fraction of species ix

—

Number average degree of polymerization x

—

Weight average degree of polymerization x

—

z-average degree of polymerization x

—

Elongation, linear deformation a —

Shear strain g —

Birefringence D —

Solubility parameter d (MPa)

1=2

Loss angle d rad

Tensor strain « —

Apparent viscosity, dynamic viscosity h

Pa s

Complex viscosity h



Pa s

Intrinsic viscosity [h] ml/g

Theta temperature u 8C

Thermal conductivity k W/(m K)

Deformation ratio l —

Poisson ratio y —

Osmotic pressure p,P Pa

Stress s Pa

Shear stress t Pa

Relaxation time t s

Retardation time t

Flory–Huggins parameter x,j —

UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS / 1059

TABLE 63.6. Conversion factors for commonly used qualities.

Acceleration

(linear)

m=s

km/(hr s) mil/(hr s) ft=s

cm=s

1 3.600 2.237 3.281 1:000  10

Acceleration

(rotational)

rad=s

rad=min

revol=s

revol/(min s) revol=min

13:600  10

1:592  10

1

9.549 5:730  10

Area m

sq. in. sq. ft sq. yd area

11:550  10

1:076  10 1.196 1: 000  10

2

Coefficient

of expansion

kg/(m

K) kg/(m

3 

C) kg/(cm

3 

C) g/(cm

8C) lb/(cu. ft 8F)

1 1.000 1:000  10

6

1:000  10

3

3:468  10

2

Concentration

(mass/volume)

kg=m

(or g/l) grains/gal(US) grains/gal(UK) ppm lb/gal(US)

15:842  10

7:016  10

1:001  10

8:345  10

4

Concentration

(mole/volume)

mol=m

kmol=m

(lb mol)/gal(US) (lb mol)/gal(UK)

11:001  10

3

8:345  10

3

1:002  10

2

Density (mass) kg=m

lb/cu. ft lb/cu. in. lb/gal(UK) lb/gal(US)

16:243  10

2

3:613  10

5

1:002  10

2

8:345  10

3

Electric charge C (or A s) Electronic charge Statcoulomb

16:241  10

2.99810

Energy, heat,

work

J (or N m) kcal Btu kgf m erg

12:388  10

4

9:478  10

4

1:020  10

1

1:000  10

Force N kgf lbf dyn tonf(US)

11:020  10

1

2:248  10

1

1:000  10

1:124  10

4

Luminous

intensity

cd candle(UK) carcel unit hefner unit lumen/steradian

19:600  10

1

1:041  10

1

1.111 1.000

Length m in. ft yd mil angstrom

13:937  10

3.281 1.094 3:937  10

1:000  10

Mass kg lb ton(UK) ton(US) once

1 2.205 9:842  10

4

1:102  10

3

3:527  10

Power W (or J/s) Btu/h HP(UK) erg/s kcal/hr

1 3.412 1:341  10

3

1:0  10

8:598  10

1

Pressure,

vacuum, stress

Pa (or N=m

) bar atm torr (or mmHg) psi (or lbf/sq. in)

11:0  10

5

9:869  10

6

7:501  10

3

1:450  10

4

Surface tension N/m lbf/in. kgf/m dyn/cm

15:710  10

3

1:020  10

1

1:0  10

Temperature K 8C þ 273.15 8F þ 459.67 R

1 1.000 1.800 1.800

Thermal

conductivity

W/(m K) kcal/(m h 8C) Btu/(ft h 8F) Btu/(in. h 8F) Btu in./(sq. ft h 8F)

18:598  10

1

5:778  10

1

4:815  10

2

6.933

Time s min h (or hour) day year (365day)

11:667  10

2

2:778  10

4

1:157  10

5

3:171  10

8

Torque N m N cm dyne cm kgf m in. lbf

11:000  10

1:000  10

1:02  10

1

8.851

Velocity (linear) m/s km/h mile/h ft/min ft/s

1 3.600 2.237 1:969  10

3.281

Viscosity

(dynamic)

Pa s (or N s/m

) poise centipoise dyne s/cm

g/(cm s)

11:000  10

1:000  10

Viscosity

(kinematic)

=scm

=s stoke sq. ft/s sq. ft/hr

11:000  10

1:000  10

1:076  10

3:875  10

Volume m

l(or litre) cu. in. gal(US) gal(UK)

11:000  10

6:102  10

2:642  10

2:200  10

1060 / CHAPTER 63

TABLE 63.7. General data and constants.

Quantity Symbol and equation Value

Atomic mass unit 1u ¼ 10

3

kg mol

1

1:66057  10

27

Avogadro’s number L,N

6:02204  10

mole

1

Bohr magneton m

¼ eh=2m

9:27408  10

24

1

Bohr radius a

¼ a=4pR

5:29177  10

11

Boltzmann constant k ¼ R/L 1:38066  10

23

1

Electronic charge e 1:60219  10

19

Electron magnetic moment m

9:284832  10

24

1

Electron mass m

9:10953  10

31

Electronvolt eV 1:60219 10

19

Faraday constant F ¼ Le 9:64846  10

C mole

1

Gravitational constant G 6:6720 10

11

2

Gyromagnetic ratio of proton g

2:67520  10

1

Neutron mass m

1:67495  10

27

Nuclear magneton m

¼ eh=2m

5:05082  10

27

1

Permeability of vacuum m

4p  10

7

1

Permittivity of vacuum «

¼ (m

)

1

8:85418782  10

12

1

Planck constant h 6:62618  10

34



hh ¼ h=2p 1:0545887  10

34

Proton mass m

1:67265  10

27

Rydberg constant R

¼ m

=8h

1:09737  10

1

Speed of light in vacuum c 2:99792  10

1

Universal/molar gas constant R 8.31441 J K

1

mol

1

1.98717 cal K

1

mol

1

Standard molar volume of ideal gas V

¼ RT

2:241383  10

2

mol

1

TABLE 63.8. Greek alphabet.

A a alpha N n nu

B b beta J j xi

G g gamma O o omicron

D d delta P p pi

E « epsilon P r rho

Z z zeta S s sigma

H h eta T t tau

Q u theta Y y upsilon

I i iota F f phi

K k kappa X x chi

L l lambda C c psi

M m mu V v omega

UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS / 1061

Subject Index

Abbe refractometry 799

Ab initio calculations 702

ABS-braking 604

Absolute units (cm

1

), scattering 408,

413–415, 418–419

Absorption coefficient 943

Activation energy 600, 1011

Acrylics

Structural adhesives 481

Pressure-sensitive adhesives 483

Activation energy 218, 219

Adhesive 477

Adhesive energy 529

Adherend 477

Adhesive bond 477

Adhesive joint 477

Adhesion 477

Adhesion and van der Waals forces

477–478

Adhesion and surface roughness 478

Adhesion and diffusion

477–478

Adhesion and surface energy 477

Adsorption 529

Adsorption heat 545, 546

Adsorption of block copolymers 346

Air-oven test 910

Alpha relaxation 391

Affine network 70

Aggregate growth 542

AMBER force field 59

Amorphous carbon 545

Amorphous polymers 607–609

Density 93–10

Polymer-solvent interaction

parameter x 233–257

PVT Properties 91–101

Amino acids 769

Amplitudon 393

Amylose 25, 526

Andrade creep 193

Antenna effect 689

Antiferromagnetism 763, 764

Antioxidant 909

ASTM D542 799

Atacticity 366

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) 523

Atom transfer radical polymerization 5

Avrami

Equation 621

Exponent 622

Azopolymer 528

Babinet compensator 800

Ballistic cluster-cluster aggregation

542

Ballistic deposition 543, 544

Band assignment 395

Barex 1017

Barrer 1014

Barrier properties 565

Becke line technique 799

Bending testing 432

BET surface area 539

Beta-peptides 695

Beta relaxation 218, 391

Biaxial extension 555

Binary blend phase diagrams 342

Binding free energy 529

Binodal curve 340

Biodegradable polymers

915–923

Biopolymers 695, 768, 769

Birefringence 800

Bisphenol A polysulfone 25

Blends 408, 414, 416–417, 419

Block copolymers 378

Bond dissociation 905

Bond reactivity 905

Bond rotational potential 69

Bond state probability 70

Bragg’s Law 407

Braun-Kovacs equation 191

Brittleness 442

Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy

(BDS) 385

Brownian dynamics 74

Brownian motion 76

Buckingham potential 59

Buffer 524

Building blocks for controlled structured

materials 578

Octafunctional POSS 578

Well-defined nanocomposite 578

Hydrosilylation reactions 578

Network structure 581

C NMR 366

Capillary condensation 540

Carbon black 417–418, 442, 595–600,

602–604

Carbon black formation 537, 542,

543, 544

Carbon black networking 537

Carbon black processing 542, 543, 544

Carbon dioxide, supercritical 320,

328–334

Carbon nanotube composite fibers

Melt spun 586

Solution spun 586

Electro-spun 586

Draw ratio 586

Carbon nanotube composite films

Pressing 586

Casting 586

Spinning 586

Carbon nanotubes 11, 583

Type 583, 589

Diameter 593

Mechanical properties 584

Enhancements in composites 588

Cardo polymer 1021

Carrrageenan 526

CCA-model 698

Cellulose 25, 526

Permeability 1016

Cellulose acetate 25, 404

Permeability 1016

Solutions of, interaction

parameter x 235

Cellulose nitrate 25, 1016

Solutions of, interaction

parameter x 235

Ceramic char 963

Ceramic composition 963

Ceramic conversion 977

Ceramic precursors 958

Boron-containg 975

SiC 961

968

Ceramic yield 960

CFF force field 60

Chain collapse 77

Chain conformation 408

Chain depolymerization 903

1063

Chain dimensions 407, 445

Polyacrylics 448

Polydienes 447, 448

Polymethacrylics 448

Polyolefins 447

Temperature dependence 449, 450

Thermoplastics 448, 449

Chain relaxation capability 423

Chain stiffness 197

Chain terminators 909

Chain with fixed bond angles 67

Characteristic properties 200

Characteristic ratio 42, 51, 66–68,

260, 445

Polyacrylics 448

Polydienes 447, 448

Polymethacrylics 448

Polyolefins 447

Characterization techniques 550

CHARMM force field 59, 61

Chemical adsorption 524

Chemical potential

Polymer solutions 233–234

Chemical shift 362

Chemical shift anisotropy 373

Chemically amplified photoresist 941

Chimeras 705

Chloroprene in rubber-based

adhesives 482

Class II force fields 60, 62

Coefficient of thermal expansion 93,

95, 97

Coexistence curves 321

Collapse transition 78

COMPASS force field 60, 62

Compliance functions at T

204

Composite interfaces, nanotubes

Interfacial sdhesion 588, 589

Interfacial shear strength 590, 592

Interfacial failure 592

Polymer crystallization 591

Differential scanning calorimetry 591

Nanotube-nucleated crystallinity 591

Polymer sheathing 591, 592

Interfacial region 592

Composites 485, 486

Composition fluctuations 638, 642

Compressibility 95, 100

Compressive testing 431

Compton scattering 409, 413

Concentration dependences 190

Condis crystals 650

Conditional bond state probability 70

Cone calorimeter 564

Configurational partition function 69, 71

Conformational asymmetry 638

Conformational partition function 44–45

Constants 1037

Constrained-chain model 73

Constrained-junction model 72

Contour length 525

Contrast 408–411, 417

For X-rays 413

For neutrons 411, 413–414, 416

Conversion factors 1036

Copolymer architecture 950

Copolymerization 946

Copolymers, solubility in supercritical

fluids 323–326

Correspondence principles 424, 432,

435, 440

Co-solutes

Effect on theta temperature 283

Core-shell model for polymer latexes

413

Correlation length 414–415, 417

Corresponding states theory 540

2D-COSY 371

Coulomb forces 59, 764

Coupling model 204

Crack propagation 664

Rapid 428

Slow 429

Crankshaft motions 224, 230

Crazes 427

Creep 433

Recovery 434

Creep compliance 193

Critical molecular weight 446, 449

Cross-coupling parameters 58

Cross-link density dependences 192,

194, 195

Cross-polarization 375

Crystal structures 615

Crystalline melting temperature 218

Crystalline polymers 607–609

Crystallinity 608, 609

Crystallization 410, 414, 416

Kinetics 621–636

Cubic lattice 74

Curie temperature 763, 764, 767

CVFF force field 62

Cyclic polymers 12, 14–16

Debye-Bueche model 414, 419

Plot 414

Decomposition temperature 912

Decoupling (heteronuclear) 367

Decoupling (homonuclear) 366

Definitions, 1027–1032

Degradation 903

Degradation: chemical factors

904, 905

Degradation mechanism 905, 906

Degradation monitoring 909, 910

Degradation: physical factors 904

Degree of crystallinity 196

Dehydroabietic acid (DHAA) 203

Delta relaxation 391

Denaturation 701

Density 553

Temperature dependence 93–96

Pressure dependence 95, 98–100

Density definition 607

Density fluctuations 410, 413

Density general trend 607

Density measurement 609

Density values (table) 610–613

Dendrimers, polymeric 18–20

Desorption 529

Deuterium labeling 417

Deuterium substitution effect on

thermodynamics 346

Diads 365

Diamagnetism 763

Diffused-constraint model 73

Diffusion 1009

Diffusion coefficient 1010, 1010, 1011

Doolittle viscosity equation 425

Dielectric properties 537

Differential scanning calorimetry 554

Dipolar coupling 362

Dipolar decoupling 375

Dipole CH-pi p interaction 701

Dipole moments 50, 52, 59

Directly measured solid surface free

energy 991

Dispersion 799

Dispersion of nanotubes 584

Melt mixing 584

Sonication 584, 585

In situ polymerization 584

Stress concentration 585, 588

Surfactants 585

Functionalization 585

Nitric acid 585

Epoxide 585

Amine 585

PMMA-grafted 585

Entanglement 585

Bird’s nest 585

Dispersion quality 585

Optimum sonication 585

Dissolution inhibition 946, 951

Dissolution properties 943

DL_POLY 62

DNA 695

DNA collapse 78

DREIDING force field 60, 61

Dual-mode sorption 1012, 1013

DUV (248 nm) resists 943, 948

Dynamic mechanical analysis 217, 438

Dynamic mechanical properties 557

Dynamic process 530

Elastic free energy 70

Elastic modulus 486

Elastic scattering 408, 410

Elastic stiffness tensor 766

1064 / SUBJECT INDEX

Elastomers 440

Electrets 767

Electric field effects 660

Electric polarization 765, 767

Electrochemical potential 528

Electron microscopy 550

Electronic wires 9

Elongation 486

Elongation at break 443, 444

End-to-end distance 42, 50

End-to-end distance in the melt 445

Polyacrylics 448

Polydienes 447, 448

Polymethacrylics 448

Polyolefins 447

Thermoplastics 448, 449

End-to-end vector 42, 50, 66–68, 70

Energy conversion 528

Engineering strain 431

Engineering stress 430

Entanglement criterion 445, 446

Entanglement molecular weight 446

Polyacrylics 448

Polydienes 447, 448

Polymethacrylics 448

Polyolefins 447

Temperature dependence 446

Thermoplastics 448, 449

Entanglement overlap parameter 446

Polyacrylics 448

Polydienes 447, 448

Polymethacrylics 448

Polyolefins 447

Thermoplastics 448, 449

Entanglement strand volume 446

Entanglements 446, 602

Entanglements, trapped 602

Entropic interactions 700

EPDM 602–603

Epoxies as structural adhesives 481

Epoxy resin curing 195, 196

Epoxy resins 193

Equation of state 321–326

E-SBR 600

Ethyl cellulose 1016

Solutions of, interaction

parameter x 235–236

Ethylene-propylene copolymers

Growth kinetic coefficients 635

Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer as a

hot-melt adhesive 482

Ewald summation 58

Excluded volume effect 75

Exponents 85

Failure mechanisms, nanotube

composites

Stress transfer 589

Pull-out 589

In-situ TEM straining 588

Crack bridging 588

Fatigue 439, 569

Fatigue life 589

Ferroelectric liquid crystals 768

Ferroelectrics 767

Ferromagnetic organic polymers 764,

765

Ferromagentism 763, 764

Fick’s law 1010

Fictive temperature 189

Filler network 537, 595, 597–598,

600– 601, 603

Filler-filler bonds 697–698,

601–602

Fillers 417, 549

Fingerprinting 526

Flame retardancy 563, 564

Flexural strength 492

Flexural modulus 492

Flexure testing 432

Flocculation 595, 597–598,

601–604

Flory approximation 85

Flory theta temperature 234

Flory-Huggins free energy of mixing

340, 700

Flory-Huggins interaction

parameter x 233–257, 339, 637

Flory-Rehner 567

Fluctuations of junctions 71, 72

Fluorinated materials 700

Fluorinated polybutadiene 355

Fluorinated polyisoprene 355

Fluorohectorite 568, 569, 570

Foldamers 20, 696

Force curve 524

Force field parameterization 57

Force induced conformation

transition 526

Form factor 409, 411, 413

Fourier transform (FT) 364, 365

Fox-Loshaek equation 193

Fractal analysis 537

Fractals 83

Fracture

Brittle 437

Ductile 437

Mechanics 426

Free energy 697

Free volume 1013

Fracture test for adhesives 479

Freely-jointed chain 66, 525

Freely-rotating chain 67

Free induction-decay (FID) 364, 365

Free radicals 904

Free volume model 199

Friction, static and dynamic 658

Fullerene, dendrimer 12

Fullerene, side chain 11, 12

Fullerenes 543

Gamma relaxation 221, 391

Gas permeability 218

Gas solubility 1010

Gauche effect 370

Gauche states 370

Geminal coupling 366

Genetic algorithm 77

Gibbs-Adams-DiMarzio (GAD)

Model 199

Gibbs free energy 233

Glass transition 217, 596, 597, 600

Head -to-head chains 8

Glass transition temperature 187, 588,

949, 1013

Reduction by supercritical fluids 327,

331–332

Glassy compliance 194

Glassy polymers

Density 95, 96

Tait equation 95, 99

Glucose 526

Goldstone mode 391

Graphitic planes 545

Greek alphabet 1037

Green tire 597

GROMACS 61

GROMOS force field 59, 61

Guinier plot 409, 411, 413

Gyromagnetic ratio 359

Half-decomposition temperature 910

Halpin-Tsai 561–563

Havriliak-Negami relaxation 385

Head-to-head defects 5

Head-to-head polypropylene 353

Heat of condensation 1011

Heat of solution 1011

Heat capacity 145

Solid amino acids 105–111

Solid poly amino acids 113–132

Solid proteins 133–136

Heat-resistant polymers 905, 907–909,

911

Heat stabilizer 909

Hectorite 569

Hierarchical structures 654

Helical nomenclature 703

Henry’s law 1010, 1012, 1013

Henry’s law constant, polymer

melts 327–328

Heptads 369

2D-Hetcor 379

Hexafluorobisphenol-A

polycarbonate 1015

Hexafluoroisopropylpropylidene

group 222

HMDS 368

H NMR 365

SUBJECT INDEX / 1065