Magill J., Galy J. Radioactivity Radionuclides Radiation

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

254 Index

Isotope(s) (continued)

–

165,166,167

Ir 79

–

Kr 81

–

81m

Kr 118

–

140

La 51

–

Li 72

–

Li 46

–

Li 46, 86

–

Li 46, 86, 87

–

150

Lu 79

–

151

Lu 79

–

Mg 31

–

N30

–

Na 80

–

Na 71

–

90m

Nb 90

–

Ne 31

–

Ni 138

–

239

Np 57

–

O 30, 31

–

O30

–

P30

–

P29

–

233

Pa 57

–

208

Pb 31, 33

–

147

Pm 138

–

210

Po 138

–

212m

Po 31

–

146

Pr 52

–

239

Pu 57

–

240

Pu 82

–

223

Ra 81

–

226

Ra 50

–

228

Ra 138

–

Rb 118

–

160

Re 79

–

187

Re 85

–

S30

–

105

Sb 79

–

Si 82

–

Si 138

–

Si 82

–

128

Sm 82

–

151

Sm 138

–

100

Sn 79, 82

–

102

Sn 82

–

121

Sn 138

–

132

Sn 82

–

Sr 138

–

156

Ta 79

–

99m

Tc 90, 118

–

111

Te 81

–

226

Th 82

–

232

Th 33

–

201

Tl 118

–

204

Tl 138

–

146

Tm 79

–

146m

Tm 79

–

147

Tm 79

–

147m

Tm 79

–

233

U57

–

235

U74

–

238

U 52, 57, 63, 64, 73, 234

–

178

W31

–

133

Xe 118

–

Y 102

Isotopic abundance 20

ITU Colour Scheme 231

Jackson 77

JAERI 32, 33, 36

– Colour Scheme 231

Japanese (JAERI) nuclide chart 34

Java applet software 229

Jena high repetition rate tabletop laser 96

Jena tabletop laser 93

JIMO (Jupiter icy moon orbiter) 126

Jones 81

Jupiter icy moon orbiter (JIMO) 126

KAPL (Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory)

32, 33

– nuclide chart 34

Karlsruhe

– Chart of the Nuclides 40, 243–248

– Colour Scheme 231

– nuclide chart 32, 33

Karlsruher Nuklidkarte 34, 243–248

Kelvin-Thomson “plum pudding” atom 6

Kerala 146

Kirchhoff 7

Klewe-Nebenius, H. 41

Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory (KAPL)

32, 33

Index 255

Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute

KAERI 36

Kronan cannon 156

Landmines 132

Laser 99

– activation 101

– induced ﬁssion 90

– matter interactions 93

– production of protons 100

– transmutation 92, 103

Laser-driven photo-transmutation

of Iodine-129 96

Laser-induced heavy ion fusion 97

Laser-induced radioactivity 95

Lavoisier 3

Leaching 182

– rates 159

Lead-208 82

Lead-lead method 111

Leak detection 126

Lepton(s) 12, 182

LET (linear energy transfer) 140

Lethal dose 183

Leucippus 2–4

Level gauging 132

Light water reactors 236

Line of stability 14, 82

Linear chains 49

Linear energy transfer (LET) 140

Linear non-threshold

(LNT) model 144–146

Lithium-6 16

Lithium-7 16

Lithium-8 (β

−

2α)80

Liver 141

LNT hypothesis 147, 149

Locher, G. L. 120

Lord Kelvin 6, 109, 110

Lorentz force 94

Lund/LBNL 37

Lung 141

LWR 236

Lyell 109

Magic numbers 33, 82, 83, 183

Magic radioactivity 82

Magnetic momentum m

Magnetic quantum number 10

Magnetic resonance imaging 118

Malignant tumour 120

manSv 142

Marsden 7

Mass

– defect 24, 25, 183

– excess 26

– number 14, 183

– yield 75

Matroschka 131

Maximum permissable doses (MPD) 151

Maxwell 4

McGill University 43, 118

Medﬂy 135

Meitner 73

Melting point 194–196

MEMS (microelectromechanical systems)

137

Mendeleev 4

Metastable state(s) 32, 67, 235

Mg28 235

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)

137

Micromechanics 137

Micro-particles 102

Micro-spheres 101

Milesian school 1

Miletus 1

MinBR (%) 234

Minor actinides 183

Mixed decay modes 60

Mixed modes 59

Mixing times 128

Modern atomism 3

Molecular weight 20

Monoclinical antibody 119, 122

Mosely 136

MPD (maximum permissable doses) 151

Multiple particle emission 60

Mururoa atoll 158–161

Mutant carnation ﬂowers 134

Münzel, H. 40, 41

Nano-encapsulation 101

Nano-radiotherapy 101

Nanotechnology 137

NAS 148

Natural analogues 155

Natural ﬁssion reactors 158

Natural transmutation 90

Nautilus scrobiculatus 131

NCRP 152

Ne24+Ne26 235

256 Index

Needle’s Eye 157

Neon-24 82

NEUTRA 129, 131

Neutrino(s) 17, 65, 183

Neutron(s) 11, 12, 17, 20, 55, 56, 61, 183

– activation analysis 132

– beam-lines 129

– drip-line 86

– emission 79, 80

– ﬂux 236

– halo 86

– number 15

– radiography 129

– reactions 56

– rest mass 189

– separation energy 27

– to proton ratio 32

– transmission radiography 129

Neutron-induced ﬁssion 56

Non-Hodgkin’s-lymphoma 123

Non-power applications 125

Normal form 154

Normal form materials 153

NUBASE 197

Nuclear 19

– batteries 126, 135–137

– ﬁssion 73, 181, 183

– force 11

– forensic science 114

– fusion 16

– isomer 31

– isomerism 31

– masses 20

– powered MEMS 138

– reactions 35, 43, 52, 53, 55, 56

– reactors 80

– tests in the South Paciﬁc 158

– units 19

– waste 155

– waste disposal 155

Nucleon separation energy 26

Nucleonic gauges 132

Nucleons 184

Nucleosynthesis 16, 184

Nucleus 6, 184

Nuclide 15

– chart(s) 31–42

– chart viewer 233

– stability diagram 32

Nuclides.net 38, 39, 65, 68, 69, 74, 76–80

Oak bark extract 145

Oasis Ballad Seet 112–114

Oesophagus 141

Oklo 109

– natural ﬁssion reactors 157

Orbitals 13

Oxygen 17

Packaging 153, 154

Pair production 184

Parent nuclide 59

Parity 30, 31

Parmenides 1, 2

Partial decay constant 47

Paterson 111

Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) in Switzerland

129

Peptides 119

Periodic table 4, 13

Periodic table of the elements (IUPAC)

239–241

PET (positron emission tomography) 118

Petrzak 73

Petten 121

Pfennig, G. 40, 41

Phosphorescence 5

Photo-ﬁssion 95

Photoelectric effect 8

Photon 8, 184

– induced reactions 90

Physical constants 189

Pitchblende 157

Planck 8

Planck’s constant 8, 184, 189

Plastic explosive 132

Plato 2, 3

Plum pudding 6

Plutonium particles 108

Poenaru, D. N. 81

Poincaré 5

Polonium 5, 7

Portland cement 156

Positron 184

– decay 81

– emission 69

– emission tomography (PET) 118

Positron-electron annihilation 69

Preﬁxes 189, 190

Prehistoric cave art 111

Priestly 3

Primarily excess cancers 146

Index 257

Primordial

– elements 16

– radionuclides 184

– substance 1

Probabilistic interpretation 13

Project Prometheus 126

Promethium 16

Prompt neutrons 74

Properties of the elements 194–196

Prostate cancer 119

Prostate implantation 119

Protactinium-231 82

Proton 6, 12, 61, 100, 184

– decay 41, 59, 79

– drip-line 87

– emission 60, 77, 80, 81

– emitters 77, 78

– masses 20

– radioactivity 79

– rest mass 189

– rich 77

– to neutron ratio 77

Proton-neutron model of the nucleus 32

Proust 3

Pure decay modes 60

Pythagoras 2

Q-value 28, 29, 52, 63, 66, 69, 70, 79

Quality factor 140, 184

Quantum 8

– number 8, 10, 12, 13, 30

– of energy 8

– theory 8

Quantum-mechanical tunnelling 82, 89

Quark(s) 12, 16, 184

r-process (rapid process) 16, 185

Rad 185

Radiation

– exposure 149

– hormesis 144

– processing 126, 133, 134

– sterilising 134

– weighting factor, w

185

– workers 151

Radiation-induced mutation 133

Radiation-resistant microbes 152

Radioactive

– bullets 121

– capture 56

– decay 44, 47, 90

– disequilibrium 108

– equilibria 49

– equilibrium 185

– series 185

Radioactivity 4, 43, 185

Radiobiological studies 146

Radiocarbon dating 111

Radiography 126, 128

Radio-immunotherapy 119

Radioisotope 185

Radioisotope tracers 126

Radioisotopes in medicine 117

Radiological Dispersion Devices (RDDs)

162, 185

Radioluminescent light sources 137

Radionuclide(s) 15, 185

– heat sources 135

– migration 157

– tracers 126

Radiotherapy 117

Radiotoxicity 142, 143

Radium 5

Radium-222 82

Radium-224 82

Radium-226 82

Radon 147

– gas 147

– progeny 147

Ramsar 146

Range 64

Rb/Sr dating method 107, 108

RDD, Radiological Dispersion Devices

162, 185

RDE, Radiological Dispersion Event 185

Reaction

– index 236

– path 233

– path simulator 233, 236

– processes 35

– products 237

Red bone marrow 141

Reference man 185

Reference person 144

Relative abundancies 111

Relativistic mechanics 23

rem 186

Repository 155

Republic of Gabon 158

Resonance 12

Rest energy 186

258 Index

Rest mass 28, 186

– of a proton 24

– of an electron 24

Rest-mass energy 23

Rhodes, C. K. 94

Risk factor 186

roentgen (R) 186

Roentgen’s X-ray 128

Roman cement 156

Roman nail 156

Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad 5

Rose 81

rp process 16

Rubidium-strontium dating 107, 108

Rutherford 5, 6, 8, 11, 53, 55, 89, 110,

111, 125

Rutherford’s planetary model of the atom 6

Rutherford, Ernest 43

Rydberg constant 9

s-process (slow process) 15, 186

Sandulescu, A. 81, 82

Schrödinger 12, 13

– equation 13

Scientiﬁc atomism 3

Screwworm ﬂies 125

Secular equilibrium 50, 51

Seelmann-Eggebert, W. 40, 41

Segr`e, E. 90

Shell model of the nucleus 186

Shihoro potato irradiation facility 135

Shipping regulations 153

SI units 19, 186

Sievert (Sv) 140, 141, 143, 150, 186, 190

Silicon 15

SIMS 115

SINQ 129, 131

SIRIUS 86

SIT (sterile insects technique) 125

Skin 141

SNAP 126, 135, 186

Soddy, Frederic 12, 43, 110, 111

Solar

– ﬂares 150

– system 17, 108

– wind 150

Sommerfeld 10

Source terms 47

Spallation 16, 56, 99

– nuclear reactions 99

– sources 129

Spalled 99

Special beta-decay processes 59, 61, 79

Special form 154

Speed of light 189

Spent fuel 187

Spin 11, 30

– quantum number 30

Spontaneous emission 187

Spontaneous ﬁssion (SF) 59, 61, 73, 74,

81, 82

Spontaneously ﬁssioning nuclides 76

Springs of Misasa 148

Stability line 16

Stable isotopes 32

Standard model 12, 182

Standing waves 12

Stellar burning 17

Sterile insects technique (SIT) 125

Sterilisation 134

Stochastic effects 139, 187

Stochastic mutation 133

Stomach 141

Stoney, G. J. 4

STP 187

Strasbourg

– Colour Scheme 231

– nuclide chart 32–34

Strassmann 73

Strong interaction 187

Sublimation temperature 194

Sulphur 17

Superheavy elements 91

Supernova 17, 108, 109

– remnants 108

Supernovae type II 187

Sv 190

Sv/s 190

Swipes 115

Synthesis of the elements 15

Syst`eme International d’Unit´es 19

Table of atomic masses 197–227

Table of isotopes 38

Table of the elements 191–193

Tag techniques 126

Tagged radionuclide tracers 127

Technetium 17

Th232 236

Thales 1, 2

Therapeutic baths 148

Therapeutic effects 148

Index 259

Therapeutic radon centres 148

Thermal neutron spectrum 236

Thickness gauging 132

Thomson 12

– scattering 187

Thomson, J. J. 4, 6

Thomson, Sir William (Lord Kelvin) 6

Thorium 5

Thorium-230 82

Threshold 139

– energy 29

– gamma energy 235

Thyroid 141

Tissue 141

– weighting factor, w

187

Total energy 24

Toumai 109

Tracer dilution 127

Tracer techniques 126

Tracers 125

Transient equilibrium 51

Transmutation 3, 17, 43, 44, 53–55, 84,

91, 99, 155, 187, 236

– laser 103

– laser induced 96

– natural 90

– of nuclear waste 155

Transport index 155

Transport of radioactive materials 153

Tritium 55

Tritons 15

Tsetse 125

Tutankhamon 133

Two-proton radioactivity 79

Type A packaging 153–155

Type B packaging 154, 155

Type C packaging 154

U234 235

Uncertainty principle 188

Underground

– nuclear explosions 160

– repository 155

Universal Nuclide Chart 39, 57, 229–238

University of Jena 102

UNSCEAR 146, 188

Uranium 5

– rays 5

Uranium-232 82

Virtual nuclides 39

Vitriﬁed nuclear waste 160

VULCAN 99

– laser 93, 95, 97

Waste canisters 156

Wave

– amplitude 12

– equation 13

– function 12, 13

– mechanics 12

Wave/particle duality 12

Wave/particle relation 13

Wear analyses 127

Weighting factor(s) 140, 141

X processes 14

X-ray(s) 5, 128

– radiography 130

Xenophanes 1

– of Colophon 2

Zinc sulphide 53

Zundel, G. 40