Lewin Benjamin (ed.) Genes IX

r98

Jo

^lr^rlJe aql e)npar ro alpuuqe

ot slleJ olur

peJnporlul

sl

VNU

puerls-elqnop qrrqM

ur

JnbruqJal aql sJqlr)sap

a)uaja#aluJ

vNu

'

uoIldIJJsuPrt

6ur,rrro11o;

VNU

Jo la^al

rql

le

eruanbes yo

a8ueqr

p

saqrr)sep

6up1pa

ypg

'SIXP

lPr{aq

aql

3uo1e asr.u>Irop unr surnl aql

Jr

papupq-f qEp aq ol

prps

sr

xrleq

V

'.{tr,rrlre

tp.dleter seq

lpql

VNU

ue sr

au/lzoqy

V

'pue31

Ileus

e ot spuodsar ,{rppre esoqu

VNU

rprlleler e sr qllll

soqF

V

'srsaqlu.ds

uralord

;o

aseqd uorlprlrur

Jqt ur

trunqns

S0€

p

[q

punoq

sI

teqt

uopoJ uopeltlul ue sapnlJur

leq1

vNuru

lerJelJeq

uo aluanbas

p

sr

alls 6u1pu1q-auosoqF

v

'VNU1-12{reou(ue

pa8reqr

Surpuodsar

-JOJ

Ou Sr aJaql

q)lq^t

roJ uopoJ e seqJeer eruosoqrr

p

ueqM srnJ

-)o

leqt luJura^orrr

Jo

uorlrqrqur eqt saqrrJsep

6up1e1s auosoq!U

'slrunqns

oMl olur

palelJossp

aq ueJ eruos

-oqlr

v

's08

1e

sauosoqrr rrlozi.re4na

's01.

lP

luarurpas

sauosoqlr

Ipuapeg

'a1e1dura1y51gru

up ruorJ uorpe4p repun suralord sezrsaql

-uLs

teqt

suratord

pup

vNU

yo

.dlqurasse

a8rel e sl

auosogF

aql

.SUIJlOICT

AUPIU

sp

IIaM

se

VNUr

roleru e seq auosoqrr aql

Jo

slrunqns o,trl eq1

]o

qref

'eruosoqg

rql

Io

tueuodruor

roleru e sr (ypgr)

VNU

leutosoq]U

'suratord

qtlu

VNU;o

xalduot

p

sr

uraloldoellnuoqF

V

'sasealJnuoxe

ro sesPalJnuopue raqlra

aq r{eur

pue

VNU

pepuerts-elqnop

ro} ro

pepuprts-alEurs ro; rr;I)

-ads

aq ,{.eur ,{.aq1

'VNU

a^eelJ

leql

saru.{zue are

sasealf,nuoqrg

'aseesrp

IIe6

U,t.roJJ Jo aseJsrp

loor

.{rreq rJqlra

}o

uroJ

aql e>1e1 ,{.eru aseesrp

aq1

'srueld

peDaJur

ur aspesrp esne)

leqt

saua8

[rrer ,{aqt

'spnu

-se1d

11 a4t1

'suanalawu

wrurapoqot0y ul

punol

are

spluseld

lU

'rotrpJ

oqr aql

Jo

eJueserd aqt ur aseraru.{.1od

ylqg

puaneq.dq

uoq

-dursuert

aleulural

leql

saruanbas alp srolpu[urat

]uapuedep-ot{U

'

(srolPuluuJl

tuJpurdrp-oqr

paler)

sroleurrural uleual

le

uorldrrJsuerl eleuruuel ol espraru

-,{1od

ygg

ttot'g Surtsrsse ur

pallolur

uralord e sr (d)

lope} oqu

'srsaqtuLs

uralord elpururral ot

tre

{aqt uaqM eruosoqlJ eql

uorJ

z{u

ro

IJU

sroDeJ

eql esealrr

o1 suorlf,unJ

1I'c-JE

rolre; uorle3

-uole

aqt

ol

palpler

rol)eJ uorleururat srsaqluz(s uralord e sl

€lU

'srsaqluLs

uralord aleururral o1 sleu8rs

se

Vgn

pue

yy3

sazruSo)ar

leql

rolJpJ

espelar

lerratJpq

aql sl

ZIU

'srsaqlur{s

uralord elpurrrrJel o1 sleu8rs se

gvn

pup

yyn

sazruSo)eJ

1eql

rot)e; asealer

lerJJt)eq

aqt

sr

trlU

'adLrouaqd

ad,{1-plm

aqt or

ursrue8ro Jo

IIeJ

luelnu

e

Jo

uorsrener

dq parruap

erp sluppalag

'aseldrnsuerl

esraler aruLzua aqt ,{q

paqsrtdruorre

sg

t1

'VNU

Jo

atelduret

p

uo

VNC;o

srsaqtu,{s sl

uogdFlsupJl eslelag

',{dor

VN(

pepuprts-elqnop

p

etpraua8 o1

y51g

papuerls

-alEurs;o

aleldruat

p

sesn

leql

aruzlzua up sr

aseldF)suell

esrena1

uorldrrlsuerl asrelar

{q

VnO

olur

eruanb

-as

slr

lJJAuor

o1 Llrlqe aql

qlr^\

snrr^

vNu

uP sr

snlnoJlal

Y

'ruJoJ

(lerl^) aAIpeJuI

uP a^eq

lou

saop

uosodorlar

eqt

tpql

sI sJsnrllorlar

ruoJJ JJuaraJJIp

aql

'aruouaE

eql

ul Jtls

Mau

p

tp

pauesul

sI

qJIqM

'VNq1

o1q

peqlrf,s

-uerl-asra^eJ

uaql

puP

'YNU

olul

peqlJJsuerl sl

lueuale

YNCI

Jqt

luro;

VNU

ue

prl

saz11rqotu

leql

uosodsueJl

e sr

uosodorlat

V

'saruAzua

uollJIJlseJ

snol

-re.r,{q

panealr

VNC

uo

salls

Jo.{erre

reau11

e sr

dPU UoIpYlsAJ

V

're>lrpru

rrtaua8

IeuoltualuoJ

e ol ,{prarrp

aruouaS

aql >Iu{ 01

Surdderu

rrlaua8

ro1

pesn are sdTdU

'aurr{zua

uollJlrlseJ

luPlaler

eqt

qtlM aEe.l,eap

.{q

parnpord sluaurEer;

aqr;o sqfual

eql ul

seruareJJrp

ur

llnsar teqt

(atls

la8ret

aql

u1 saEueqr

aseq,{q

pasner

'aldruexa

ro;)

saru.dzua

uollJlrtsar

roJ srtls

uI saJurreJJlp

perlJeq

-ur

ol sreJar

(aUU) uslrldroruflod

qt6ua1

luou6PlJ

uolpplsau

'(addr

uo Supuadap

'eJequasla

sarull

-eruos

'atrs

taEret

aq1

te

seullauros)

xaldnp

eql aleelJ

pue

VNC

;o

satuanbas

lroqs

rr;oads

aztu8orar

saseelJnuopua

uolllFlsog

'ro1re1

uorldlrJsuerl

rr;nads

e ,{.q

pazuEoJar sI

1eql

JaJuPq

-ua

Jo reloruord

r11o,{re1na

e u1 aruanbas

P sI

luauela

asuodsol

V

'pa1e;11d

-np

uaeq

seq

lPql

uOSOdSuerl

e

;O

setdor o^{l

uaaMleq

uolleulq

-ruoJJr

rr;oads-atts

uI

peAIoAuI dtplpe

aru[zua

aql sT

oseAlosag

'uosoosuerl

eql

Jo

Ldor

e

qtlm

qree

'suorlldar

la8rel

puP rouop

eql salerauaE

uolDe

-ar

eqJ

'ater8alutor

e u1 uosodsuerl

aql;o

satdor

oMl eql ueoMl

-eq

uorl)par

uorlpurqruo)ar

sno8oloruoq

e,{q sJnJ)o

uognlosog

'vNU

01 Surpurq

zlq uorlelsuert

luanard

ol ro

VN61

uI alts

rolerado

ue o1 Eurpurq

dq

uorldtnsuerl

lua,tard

o1

1re

^etu

U

'aua8

e;o

uorssardxa

sllqqul

leql

ulalord

e sr

lossaldal

V

'(VNUru

ro)

y51q

uo atgs

rgpads

e o1 utalord

rossardar

;o

Sutputq

.{.q

(uouelsuert

ro) uortdrr)suen

Jo

uolllqlqq

ot sraJJr

r1

',{11era

-ua8

aroru

lluasard

are sDnpord

Jleql

ueqM

saur,{zua

uleual

Jo

srsaqlu.ds

lua,rard

ol

plraDeq

Jo

.dtrnqe aql

seqlJJsap

uolssaldag

'saru,4zua

JJqlo

puP

aserar.u,{1od

VNO

sulel

-uor

u

'vNC

]o

slsaqtu,{s

e{ellJpun

or

IroJ

uolte:11dar

IeIrJl)Pq

aql

le

salqtuassp

lpql

arntrnrls

uralordlllnru

aql sI

otuoslldel

aq1

'uolter11dar

Jo

uolteltlul

ro;

ur8tro uP

suleluo)

uorlldar

qreg

'paterlldar

sl

VN61

qJIqM ur atuoua8

aql

Jo

llun

e s1

uorlldel

eq;

'elJS

Mau P ol

PaJJJJsuerl

st [do:

auo

ueql

pue

'parerldeJ

sI

1l ISJIJ

qJlq/v\ uI ursluPq)aur

e zlq uos

-odsuerl

e

Jo

lueurJlou

aqt

seqrrf,sep

uolllsodsuPJl

elpellldag

'petelnru

ro

(snrr,r

Sutrnpsue.rl

e

uI

YNC

lsoq

.{q

pareldar)

luasqP

are

saua8

Aressalau

aql

Jo

eluos

esneJeq

alf,

-,{.r

anrpa;ur

ue alenladrad

touuel

snrll

olglalsp-uo$erlldal

V

'>lroJ

aqt

lp

punoJ

sr

aseraru[1od

VNO

Surpnpur

surelord

1o

xald

-ruoJ

V

'paarord

uer

uoperqdar

leql

os

paleredas are

y51q

xald

-np

leluared

Jo

spuerls

qrlqM

te turod

aql sl

lro1

uopellldat

V

'uor8ar

palelldarun ?a8uo1

e uIqlIM

parerlldar

ueeq

seq

vNo

qrlqM ur uot8ar

P sI

e/[a uogP]lldal

V

'xaldnp

leluared

eqt

Jo

spue[s

alEurs

aql are

sllun

pelrasuoJ

eql esnpraq

alllelJasuoJlues

peller st uorlerlldag

'puPJls

pazls

-aqlu,{s

L1,uau

auo

pue

puerts

leluared

euo

seq

q)IqM

Jo

qJPa

'IUIOt

Ieu

-Ers

e splarL spua

leu8rs

eqt

Jo

SururoI

tuanbasqns

aq;

'satuanb

-as

leu8ts

uollpurqurof,er

aql

8urureluor

luaru8eJJ

peneap

aqt

Jo

rurrurel

Jql

le

aJp

spua

1eu8rs

aq1

'saua8

rolda)er

IIaJ

J

pup

urln

-qolEounuur

Jo

uorteurqurorar

Suunp parnpord

sr pua

lpu6ls

V

'spuerls

eql

slPJsar

pue

'q8norql

xaldnp

raqto

aql sassed'xaldnp

euo ur

spupJls

qloq qparq

'(VNC

rpln)rrr pesolJ

eqt uo

ereqMasle

lotradns

anlte8au,{roles

-uadruor

e

Euonpur)

lorradns

arr1l1sod

p

spurq aser.r{.8

VNC

.aseJ

-[3

VNC

]o

usrupqJarrr

eql

saqrr)sap

Iapou

uolsanu!

u61s

aq1

'sraloruord;o

uorl)elas

uo

a)uanlJur roleu

aql sr

1r

luorlerlrur

JoJ

pepeeu

aseraru.dlod

VNU

Ierratrpq

Jo

tpnqns

aqt

s1

ropel eur615

'vNur

s9I

Io

pua

,€

aql

1e

aruanbas

aql

o1 ,{.retuaualdruor

sl

rI

'VNUur

lerratJeq

uo uopor

uorlertrur

gnv

eql

eroJaq dq

61

fnoqe

parelual

CSVC

-9y

aruanbas

aurrndLlod

aqr sr

aruanbes

oulp6le0-eulqs

JqJ

'qUrao-r8

IIaJ

elelnulls

leql

saua8

selP^rlJe

srql

'unres

qlwr

luaulea-r1

,{.q

peJnpur (s)rope;

uortdulsuen

,{.q

patea.rtre

sr

tpql

reJuequa

ro

raloruord

e ur aruanbes

e sr

(3g5)

luauale

asuodsar unres

aqJ

'srsolrlu

Jo

pue

Jql

le

slleJ

tueld

uaa,ulaq

srurol

leql

IIeM IIe)

aqt eqrrJsap

ot

pesn

sr urret erups

JqI

.aleredas

IIrM

prraDpq

Jarq8nep

eqt qJIqM

le

ells

eql Surpr,rord

,urnrreDeq

Surpltp

e

Jo

rJlua)

eql ur sruroJ

leq1

arnt)nJts

aql sr

unldes

V

'8urt-7

aqt

Jo

etueu

leurSrro

aqt ol

asrr a,re8 qrrq,u

,Zsld

sr

palpr

-odrorut

aq ol

suletoJd

aqf yo

lsrrJ

aqJ

'uorsr4rp

IIar

te

runtdas

aq1 ot asrr

saarS

t1

'llal

aqt

;o

lurod-prur

Jql

tp

sturoJ

:l'rtrt

lln

g

lo

sauaE

s/l.q

pepo)

suratord

1era,r.as

yo

xeldruor

e s1-6up

leldes

eq1,

'AISnonurluo)srp

pazrseqlu.rls

sr reqlo

aqr

alq,ra Llsnonurluo)

pazrsaqlu.r{s

sr

puerls

,lreu

euo

qrlqu

ur apou

aql

sr

uorlefJlda.t

snonulluolslplues

'luasard

s,{e,tr1e

(aurrnd

ro aurprurrr.dd)

aseq;o

adLl erues

aql spur;

saJuanbas

lenprnrp

-ur,{.ueru

yo

uosrredruoJ

erJqM

auo sr

uorlrsod

paruasuo:tuas

V

'pueJls

,{.retuarualduroJ

p

Jo

srsaqtu,{s

ro; a1e1d

-Iuel

P se Surpe

uaql puprts

qrea

'xaldnp

leluared

p

Jo

spuerls

Jql

;o

uorleredas

Lq

peqsllduoJ)e

sr

uollpllldel

alllpruasuotJtuas

'uorl)unJ

JIos Jreql se

aruoua8

aql ulqll1ll uotlentedrad-Jlrs

a^eq

1nq

rusrue8ro aqt;o

ad,fuouaE

aql ot

elnqrrluoJ

tou

op

reql

saluanbas

sJqrJJsap

VNg

rls$las

'raq10

qJee

01

pulq

pue

aprllo) selnJalour

ueq^{

srnrro

leql

ernl

-rnr1s

lerrEolorq,{ue;o

uorlpuroJ

snoaueluods

aql 01 JaJaJ oslp

ueJ

urel ar{J

'(sauoradeqr

se qrns)

stuauodruor

Ipuortrppp,{ue;o

uollua^relul

aql

lnoquM

ernDnrts

leurJ

slr

turoJ o1

(suratord

Jo

xalduror

e yo ro)

uleloJd

e

;o

,{1rtqe

aqt ot sraJJr

/ilquasse-l1a5

'zluaSord

sll

pue

IIa)

peralle

a13urs e

;o

dn aperu

sllr)

Jo

qrted

e sl

.topes

V

'uorlPtnru

lsrrJ

e

Jo

DeJJe

aql

sassarddns

uorlplnu

puoJes

p

ueqm srn))o

uoJgeAal elts-puoJeS

'esuooser

aunururr.,{.rerurrd

aqt

ueqt serpoqrlup;h1u1ge

raq8rq pue

,rpntru

^ressolg

zgg

-3eru

ratearE

'uop)npu

prder

aroru e Lq

pazrralreJeqJ

sr

esuodsJr

aunrurur,{repuof,Js

eq1.,'Jalsooq,, e se ol

paJreJJJ

osle sr arnsodxa

puoJes

srql

'ua8rlue

uarrrS e

ol eJnsodxe

puoJas

e uodn

esuods

-ar

aunurur s,rusrueSro up

sr

asuodser eunuu! /fuepuotas

aql

'a7rs

ila

Jql

selquesal Jlrs

aqt esneraq z(pualJrJJaur aler8alur epqrupl

a8eqd

qrrq,vr

olul euros

-ourorq)

IprratJeq

eql uo snJol e sr

alls

lueuqtpDp

/Uepuolas

v

'(uorrd

e)

uralord

Jo

epeu

tuaSe

azrrDalur ue dq

pasner

eseesrp

e sr

eldelr5

'VNU

ul

dtlxalduror

aluanbas

eq1

Jo

tsolu

roJ

slunoJJp

sIqJ

'llal

Jed sardoJ azra; ,{rarr

ur

luasard

qJee

'ser)ads

VNUIU

lpnpr^rpur

Jo

Jequnu e8rel

p

Io

slsrsuoJ

VNUUt

alJels

-rp

ere saurosoruoJqJ ueqM

palerauaE

,,"0

p,rltXllljtl#ff:tji

adeqs aqt ur erntrnrts

snoJJeulalord e sr plogers

eurosoruorqJ

V

'llun

Surlpader )rspq

Uoqs

e yo

(pa1e1

-ar

ro

leJrtuapr)

sleadar rrrapuet ,{ueur

;o

slsrsuof,

VNq

allllales

'suor8ar

luelsuor

ureql .{,reaq

eql SulpeJua

sluaru8as

auaE

;o

spua

,E

eqt

tp

saruenbas

anrllladar

Jo

lsrsuo)

suor8ar

5

'Eurqllraa.s

ssplJ urlnqolEounrurur

ur

pellolur

aruanbas

e sr

uot6ar

5

uy

'srnJ)o

vNC

Jo

srsaqtuz(s qrrqrrrr

Eutrnp apLr

1ar

rrlo^re>lne

aqt

;o

ged

palrrrtsal

aqt sr

aseqd

S

'vNu

nlv

01

palelar

lou

sr

leql

dus

eql

Jo

vNu 51

;o

aruanbrs

rql sl

uJeuop

s

eqJ

'roDeJ

uorleurruJal or{J

aqt dq

pazruEolar

sr

leql

vNU

Jo

eJuenbas aql

'alls

uorlezlllln oqr ro;

ru.duoJJe ue

sr

lnf

'eurosoqrr

eql

Jo

surelord aqt yo

Juo sl

ulolotd-r

uy

'ereJrns

JruosoalJnu rql uo pJsodxa

sl

yN61

Jo

eJeJ

qJIqM

saurruretep qJIqM

'xrlaq

alqnop

agl

Jo

surnl

o1 e^Ilelar rerupl

-Jo

Juolsrq aql

Io

uorle)ol

eql seqrJJsap

6uluolllsod

';euogelox

'puerls

aleldual rplnf,rrJ

aql ol ,{.re1uarua1d

-ruoJ

se)uJnbas;o

sarras JpJurl

p

Eurureluor

lel

e EuIAF

'uor]nlo

-,Lal

snor,rard aq1 ur pJzrsaqluls pupJls

aqt

sareldsrp

uorlnlolar

qJea

ur

pazrsaqluls

zllrnau puerts

vN61

eql

lsuorlnlolal

Jo

req

-runu

euulJepur

up ro; aleldrual

relnJrrJ

p

punoJe

spaarord >Fo;

uo11er11dar e

qJrqm

ur uorlerqdar

Jo

epou e sr

allrll 6u51or

aq;

'VNUru

snonurluoJ e olur

suoxa aql

8urlrau

-uoJ

pue

VNU

tuorl

suorlur Sursoxa yo ssarord

aqt

sr

Eupgds

ypg

'1ue1d

e ur .{11ernua1sLs

auaE

EurpuodsarroJ

oql

Jo

uorssard

-xa

ssarddns or

VNUSp

e

;o

z{11gqe rql

saqrJJsap

6upual1s

y1r1p

'(seseraIu

-,(1od

yyg

luapuadap-yNe

se

paqrrJSep

,{.11eurroy)

aleydurat

vN11

e Eursn

yltrg

azrsaqtu,{.s

leql

saru[zua

ere

saspteuflod

VNU

'uortur

aqt;o a8e,reap

,{q

paleraua8

are

tpqt

sacuanbas

uoxe o,lrt aqt

uaaMleq

puoq

relsalpoqdsoqd

e

aleru or Surcqds

y5191

ur suou)unJ

leql

au.dzua

ue sr

ase611

VNU

uV

'aua8

aql

Jo

VNUIU

eqt

Jo

uoupper8ap ra83rn

ot saruanbas

VNU

papuerts-alqnop

eql

ot,{reluaualdruor

saruanbas Sursn z(q pasner

s1

t1

'auaE

t;,?rcle

€98

'parJrluapr

.{leut3rro

araa,r {aql

qJIqM

[q suortetnru

asuasuou aql

Jo

seluPu aqt relJe ?Jqrue

pelle)

sr uopoJ

9vo

aq1

pup

eJqJo

palle)

sr uopol

1trvn

etfl'suopu asuasuou se

,{11errrol

-srq

uMou{ osle eJe ,{.aq1

'aleunural

ol srsaqlu,{s uralord sasne)

teqt

(VOn

ro

'Vvn

'gvn)

steldul aan{t

}o

auo sl

uopol dols

V

'pue8u

plorats

e;o

8ut

-purq

zlq patelrpe

erp

teql

sroDeJ uortdrrJsuert arp

stolde)et

plotals

'vNu

uI eJntJnrls

urdrreq e;o

luaruEes

pafied-aseq

aql sr

uels

v

'yNU

otq

palerodrorur

asPq

lsrl;

aqt ot Sulpuodsar.ror

VNC

uo uoltlsod eqt ot sraler

lulodpels

'uorssardxa

auaE

;o

roleln8ar e se suorpunJ

lpql

VNU

lprreDeq Ilerus

p

sr

VNUs

uV

'duIJIIoS

UI

peAIoAuI

sI

pue

uor8ar

qrrr-rag-3ry

ue

1o

qfual

alqeue^ e seq

uralord

g5 uy

'(srsoraru

;o

pnpord

aqr se)

lseazl

e .{.q ro

(uorsra.ruor

1el8o1oqd

-roru

r(q) urnrrJppq

e.{.q arods e

Jo

uortpreua8 aql s1

uo$plntods

'ebeuep

lElueluuorl^ue

.{.q ro

(VNC

}o

uorlJnpordar aql ur

pallolur

sluala raqlo.ro)

uorl

-erqdar

ul srorJe

Jo

llnseJ

ar{l sp

'aler

uorlplnru aql asperJul ol

tua8ear

pappe ,(ue

Io

eJuesqp aql ur JnJJo

suonelnu snoeueluods

'srolJeJ

uralord

Ieuortrppp

qtplzr

raqtaEol

3unlds ro;

palnb

-er

eJe

lpq]

sdNuus aqt r{q

paruroJ

xalduror e sr

auosoatllds

aq1

'serJepunoq

uorlur-uoxe

eql Sulpunorrns

.{lalerparurur sJ)uenbas aql are salrs

allldS

'euIosoIuoJqJ

snoSolouoq aqt urorJ auor

turod

aSueqrxa

aql relJe

VN(

eql

lauosourorqr auo ruorl aruoJ

lurod

a8ueqrxe eqt eroJeq

vNO

Jo

spuprls

qlog

'spupJts

paEueq)xJuou eqt 3ur11nr zlq

pa.l,losar

Suraq uorlrunt,{.ep11o11

e urorJ stlnsar

VNC

lueulquolet

elJldS

'1run

uorldrnsuprl eql;o

sardor

palead

-aJ

aql saleredas

leql

Jalsnl) aua8 e ur aluenbas

p

sI

relgds

V

'rossardar

VxJT

JApalJ ol

VIJU

,{q ,{trnrt:e aseal

-ord;o

uortelrpe ruorJ sllnser

1l

iVNC

ol aSeurep

reqlo ro uolte

-rpeJrr

ol asuodsar

ur

'serlrlrl)p

rredar Surpnput

'saru,{zua

.{ueru

Jo

uorDnpur

alpurpJooJ aql seqrJlsap

qu'gur

esuodsal

SOS

uV

'uralord

rossardar

yxal

zlq

paztu

-3orar

dq

OZ-

Io

(rorerado)

aruanbas

VNq1

aqt sl

xoq

S0S

eql

'roloe)ar

IIaJ

I

ro

urlnqofounrurur ue ateraua8 ot alboqdurz(1

e ut auaS

3

e ol

aua8

n

e Sururo[;o

ssarord aqt saqrrJsap

uogeulquo]et

lpeuos

'ursruEtsro

aql

Jo

sluepueJs

-ap.dq

paluaqur

lou

sl

tl

ls11ar

ralq8nep str,{.1uo 3u1na;;e

eroleraql

'lleJ

Jrleuros

e ur Surunlro uorlelnru e sr

uollelnu t$ptuos

V

'VNUru

aqr spurq

(sero

-.,i.re>1na

ur

Sgt

'prrat)Eq

ul

S0€

)

euosoqlr Jql

Jo

llunqns

lleus

aqJ

'suorDper

Surssarord

VNU

raqlo

to 8ut

-r11ds

ur

pa,rlolrrr are sVNUus aql

Jo lpre^es

lsnepnu aq1 01

peulJuor

saoads

VNU

llprus

,,{.ueru;o auo sr

(ypgus)

VHU

teellnu

llplus

V

'(snapnu

eql

q

puno;

oslp

erp sarutlaruos

pue)

urseldo{.r

rqt ur

tuesard

are

(ypgrs)

sVHU )lluspldoill

lleus

'reqloue

uPls

louueJ

lnq

'arnleradlual

eAISSIuradun

aqt

1e

uorlerrldar

Jo

punor e

qsIuIJ uw

Teql!p)

A

uI

luelnru

ellllsuas

-arnleradrual

uorleJllder

yNC

io

adz(1 e sr

luqnu

dop-mols

V

'sapoteurau

pue seurosoued,{.rl

;o

uollrear

Eurtrlds-sua4

aqt

ul uoxJ

ue selpuop

leql

VNU

IIPUS

e sl

VNU 15

'uorlrsodsueJl

Surrnp

sarnJJnrls aler8al

-uroJ

Jo

uollnlosar

Jo uolslJxa/uorler8alul

a8eqd ur

se

'saruanb

-as

rr;1rads

o,lrl ueeMleq

srnr)o

uolleu!quolat

lllpads-ells

'puPrls

reqlouP

qBno;qt

pessed sI

VN61

papuerls-a13uls

Jo

uoll)as

auo

qrlqu

uI esPrrru

-osrodot

I

adzh

,{q

pazzlpter

uopf,per

e s1

a6essed

pue.lls-ol6uls

'xeldnp

puof,es aql uI antsolouoq

su

Suoeldsrp

'elnJelotu

raqlouP

uI

puerts ,{reluarualduro)

aql

qllm

srred

pealsut

pue raulred JeruroJ

sll

seleel

YNC

Jo

xaldnp e

;o

spueJls

aql

Jo

auo

qJIqM uI uolt)eer

e sr

abueqlxa

puPlls-el6u15

'xaldnp

e Sunuroy

uorJ

YN(

aql Eurluarrard

[qaraqr

'y51q

papuerls-apurs

ol sarpelte (955)

ulalotd

6u1pu1q

puefls-el6uJs

eqJ

'xeldnp

Jql

otq

pelelllulsse sI

puPrls alEurs

aql

'q

leql

lxaldnp e ut

pueJls snoEoloruoq

s1r areldsrp

ol

YNC

Jo

puerls alEurs

e asneJ ol

uratord

V)eU

Jo

Ilrtrqp

eql seqlrrsep

uoJlPlllulsse

puerp-elbulS

'slPuruPu

aleuleJ

uI aruosour

-orqr

X

euo

Jo

uorlelltreul

aqt srqlrJsep

slsaqlod/tq

X

al6uls

aqJ

'slenpl^Ipul

ueaMlaq

uolle

-rrpl

JIleuaS

eql

Jo

lsotu

ro; alqrsuodser

sI sIqJ

'aprloalrnu

alEuts

e

ur a8ueqr

e

,lq

pasner

(slenprzrrpur

uaauleq

aruenbas

uI uolle

-ue.r,)

rusrqd-rour.{.1od

e saqrrrsep

us!qd.rotu/tlod

eppoalrnu

a16u15

'uorlelnEar

yo

ed,{.1

slqt

r^eq sprurseld

Juros

pue aurosourorqJ

Ierrel)eq

aqJ

'runlrelreq

l1un

rad uolqdar

e

;o

,{dor

auo ,{1uo sr

araql

q)rq1!\ ur rualsz(s

IoJluoJ

P seqlrJsep

uollP)Idar

/(dor

a16u15

'uralord

aql

Jo

eJuenbas

aqt a8ueqr

lou

saop

uoltPlnlu

areqM

auo

sr uorSar

Sutpor

e ul

ells

lualF

v

'suopoJ

snoruluou,{s

acnpord

zlaql asner

-aq

uretord

e;o aruanbas

aql aEueq;lou

op

suollPlnu

lualls

'urteurorqr

uI a8ueql

prnpruls

e

Jo

llnsar

aqt

se zllensn

'uo6ar

pezt

-leJol

e ur

uogssardxa

auaS;o

uotssardar

aql sJqIrJSap

6upue115

't(lru1or.t

st1

u1 aueE

e

]o

uors

-sardxa

alelrtrpul

upJ

tpqt

yNO

Jo

aruanbas

lroqs

e sI

laluelF

V

'uoltprolsuprl

leuollelsuerloJ

roJ

lunlnf,Ilar

lrruseldopua

aql

ot

1r

strarrp

teqt

ularord

e

;o

uot8ar

uoqs

P

q

eluenbes

1eu61s

v

'sVNU

puP

sutalord

palelar ulptuoJ

IIe

rnq

'suorlrsodruol

tuaJeJJIp

aaeq

,{eru surst

-ue8ro

tueralJlp

luorJ

sdUS

'leuueq)

uolleJolsuerl

eql ol

auosoq

-1r

aqt sapln8

pue uollelsuerl

Surrnp

saruanbas

leu8ts

sazruEorar

reql

xaldruor

uratordoapnuoqlr

e sl

alJlyed

uoJllubolel

lPu6ls

aqJ

'xaldruor

urelord

ra8rel

e;o

luauodruor

auo st

aseprldad

pu8r5

'seruanbes

Eurla8rel

alqplourar

Jo

sueau

.{.q

patelolsuPrl

pue

pala8rPl are sulalord

q)lqM olul

IIer

)llo^rP>lne

e

ur a11aue3ro

q)Pe

uI

puP

'Eeeq)rP

',PIr

-eDpq

ur

luasard

aJe saIIIAIIJP

snoEoleuy

'pale)olsueJl

are

Laql

sB

suralord

IuoJJ sJJuenbas

leuErs

aql

salorrral

,{1prr;oads

teqt

u[

rql

]o

euPrquau

rql

ulqll1!\

erulzua

ue

sI

asep$dad

1eu615

'lJnpord

vNu

eq1 ur sJseq

oMl

lsrlJ

aql stueserdel

leqt

Jplloalrnurp

e

pup

VNC

pup

Jselau^lod

VNU

Jo

slsrsuoJ

uorldrJJsupJt

Jo

uoupplul

ur

xelduol

fueu.ra1

aq1

'spue

uorle)r1dar qrrqlr

tp

VN_A

Jo

tuaur8as

e sr

snulutal

V

'uollorr)sueJl

aleururJel

ol aspreru

-.{1od

yNg

sesner

tpql

VNC

;o

aruanbas

p

sl

(l)

toleulutel

V

'snteredde

rltaqtur{s

aqr

;o

.,i.1quas

-sesrp

Sursner (.{1errd,{1)

pup

,suunqns

Jo

uorlrppe

aq1 Burddots

.,{.q'(uortelsuerl

ro'uolldlr)suert'uorterrldar)

uoll)par

srsaqlu.r{s

JelnJeloruoJJeur

p

spuJ

lpqt

uou)pJr

ateredas

e sr

uotlpulutlal

'pue

paleel)

aq1

qrl.tr

Surlrets prsder

1err,r,{tdrua

ue

olur

VN(

eql

elPJolsuPrl

ol LSraua

aql aprzrord

ot

dJV;o

srs,{1o:p,{.q

sasn

ueql

pue

aruoua8

Ierrl

e

Jo

sreurrllnu

selpalr

arul.zua

aseuluuol

V

'rarurrd

p

se selJes

lpql

enprsJJ

aursolu(r

e sureluoJ pup

,aserau

-,{.1od

yNlq

e

qtrM

petprJossp

sr

'puoq

luelplo)

e

q8norql

aruoua8

aqt

Jo

pua

/E

eqt

ot saqJppp

uralord

eql

.pue

,,ha,,r

aql

lp trpls

ol

aruoua8

a8eqd

reaurt

e

;o

uorterrlder

s,lrolle

uralold

leululal

V

'leluruP

tlnpe

uP

Jo

sans

-srl

eql

Jo

auo

olur palueldsuerl

sr

o,{.rqrua .,{1rea

up ralJp

Jauupru

pazrue8rosrp

e ur

,norE-sreqlo

pup

,Juoq ,qtJal

,ur4s

Burpnpur

-sad.rh

IIaJ

pelprluaragrp

.,{ueur q)lqM

ur

ql,u,or8

p

sr

stuolptal

V

'arauolel

e

Jo

AlrurJr^

eql

ur srnJJo

teql

^trlrlrp

auaS;o

uorssardar

aql seqrrJsap

6upualrs

lyeuolal

'pua

papuerls

-alEurs

Surpmlord

e

qllu

llun

Eupeadar

aldrurs

e

]o

slsrsuor

aruanb

-es

vNC

eql

leuosourorq)

e

Jo

pue

Iprnleu

eqr sr

aleuolal

v

'aru,{zua

aql

;o

luauodruor

VNU

aqt ur

aluanbas

VNU

up ,{q paparrp

sp

,pue

,€

VN(

eqt ol

seseq

Ipnprlrpur

Surppe

Lq rrJruolat

aql

tp

puprls

auo;o

slrun Bur

-teadar

selparr

leql

au^zue

ulalordoalJnuoqrr

aqt

sr

aselauolal

'1ar

tueld

Jql urroJsuert

teql

saua8

sarrrer

tI

'uorlJaJur

Surrnp

snelJnu

11ar

tueld

aql

ol

parJeJsuerl

sr

fetqf

suan

-alawnl

wnualtaqot|y;o

pnuseld

rI

eqt

Jo

luaru8as

eqt

sl

VNq-I

'luroduels

sU

Jo

ruearlsdn

aluanbas

aqt

ur xoq

VJyJ

e alpq

tou

seop

talouotd

ssel-

V

'VNC

or

spulq

lpql

qllgl

roDe;

uorldrnsue.n

Jo

llunqns

aqr

sr

(4g1)

ulalotd

6u1pu1q-y1y1

aq1

.UOIlPIIIUI

DarroJ

ro; aru.dzua

aql Suruorlrsod

ur

pa,r1o.,r.ur

sr

lr

llrun

uorldrns

-uerl

II

ase-raruLlod

vNU

Juo^re>lnJ

qJea

Jo

lurodtrBts

eql

aroJ

-aq

dq

EZ

tnoqe

punoJ

raruetJo qtlr-J-v

palrasuoJ

e sr

xoq

VIVI

'snleredde

uorldrrtsuerl

aq1

Jo

stueuoduor

raqlo

roJ

DetuoJ

Jo

slulod

apr,rord

os1e.,i.aqg

'VN(I

or

Eurpurq

ul

dgJ

lsrsse

leqt

(II{I

Jo

strunqns

aqt

Jre

slvl

'aprtdad

pa^rrap-ua3rlup

pup

ulrtoJd

II

ssplJ

ro

I

sselr

)HW

Jo

xaldruor

e ot spurq pue

passardxa

z(1euop

s1

tI

'sa{roqdru.{1

l

uo

roldarar

ua8rlue

aql s1

(g1)

rolda:er

llat I

aqJ

'asuodsar

eunurrur

paterpeu-lle)

aql

ul

pello^ur

are

pue (ro1

-darar

11ar

1)

gr1

,{rrer.{aq1

.sadz!

Ipuon)unJ

lereles

olur

paprlrp

-qns

aq Leru,{aqt

la8eaurl

(rnu,{qt)

J

Jq1

Jo

sail:oqdru,{1

are

sllel

I

rtessolg

t98

'paurquor

uaqu,{lleqtal

JSneJ alqprl

eJe sallas

-ruaqr

z(q

leqt

suortelnru

oMl uaqM

srnJJo

/i1geq1a1

)llaqlufs

'ad{louaqd

Ipqtel

Jrlaqtu,{s

e asner ot

tleJelul

suortel

-nru

eql

Jr

eururrJlep

01 sluetnru

uortelap

gggg

.{.laleurxordde yo

zlerre

ue ot

passorJ

sl

luetntu

e

^,{.qaraq.tr

lsee,{.

Surppnq

ur anbru

-q)at

petptuolnp

up sl

(VgS)

s1s/[leue /[eue

rgaua6 r11aq1u/ig

'rapJo

arups aqt

ur JnJ)o saua8

snoSolouroq

ereqm sapads

luareJJrp

Jo

suorEar

leuosouorqJ

uaaMteq

drqsuorlelar

p

saqrrJsep

/[ua1u/i5

'uopoJ

arups aqt

ot

puodser pup

pDe

ouurp arups

aql reaq

syggl rntuoudg

'apor

rrlaua8 aqt

ur Euruearu

erups eql a^pq

suopoJ

ru/[uoufi5

'sJruosouroJqt

pasdeu,{s

Jo

aJnl

-rnns

lerrSoloqdroru

aqt

seqrJJsep

xalduol

leuauoldeufs

aq1

'tuale^Iq

e

pallp)

sI ernlJnrls

8ur11nsar

eql

lsrsorau

Jo

tJpls

eql

le

srnr)o

tpql

(sauosoruorqr

snoEoloruoq

8urtuasarder)

sprleru

-orqf,

retsrs

yo

srred

oMl eql

Jo

uortprJossp

Jql saqrJlsap

slsdpufs

'saruosoelJnu

Jo

uortezrue8ro

aql a8ueqJ

ol

dJV

Jo

srs,{.1orpziq

sasn

1r

lxaldruor

Surraporuar

urleruoJq)

p

sl

INS/IMS

'asuodsar

e sra88rrl pup

arnl

-JnJls

Jo aruanbas prlplur

up

sazruSorar

urats,{s

aqt

lpql

sr eJnlEaJ

uoruruor

aqJ

'xrlaq

elqnop

aql ur aEeurep

01

trear

leqt

sua1s,{s;o

tas

eq1 sr raqtouv'suollplnur

esuesuou

aleq

lpql

sVNUru

saper8

-ap

leql

ruatsz(s aql sr

aldruexa euo

'stxaluoJ

luaralJrp

IeJaAas

ur

pJsn

sr ural eql'sJorra

roJ

sprJe JralJnu paqr

sruats,{s

aluelllaruns

'uoruasur

ro uorlelap

aspq

e

peq

spq

teql

aua8 e ur

aruerJ Surpear

leurErro

aqt

sJrolser

teql

aspq

p

Jo

uorlelap ro

uoluesur up

sr

tossa.tddls

glqsaruer; y

'uorlelnlu

AJeruud

e

Jo

sDeJJa

aql

srJlle

ro roy

salesuadruo)

lpql

uollptnru puorJs

e sr

rossetddns

V

'VNC

ul a8ueqr

leur8rro

aql

Eursrazrar

tnoqum

uorlelnru

p

Jo

slJaJJa

eqt seleururle

luala

puoJes

e uaqM

srnrro

uossarddn5

'uoIlpIJeA

alqpreprsuoJ

Eumoqs ,!rou

lnq

tolseJup

uoruuro)

p

urorJ

lua)sep

parunsard,{q

palplar

11p

seua8 yo

tas

e sr

/[lrue;ladns

V

'srxe

u/!to

slr JeAo

sessorJ

ll lpql

os

areds ur

y1qq

xaldnp pesolr

p

Jo

Suqror rr{t

saqrr)sap

6ug1or.radn5

'prosnJr^

e se

q)ns

,snrr^

e ueql

rellptus

sr

1eq1 lua8e

snort)aJur

ue sr

ue6oqled

le.rgqns

y

'uorlesuapuoJ

auosotuorq)

ur

pello^ur

ere

qJrqM

'sursuJpuoJ

aql pue

taqtaSot

spqpruorq) retsrs plor{

qJrqu

'surseqor

aql

epnlrur

teqt

sulatord;o

dnor8

e srqrrrsap

(165)

saurosoluolrll

+o

alueualuleu

lunllnr1s

'JolPInbeJ

P uPqt

raqto

t)npord

uralord ro

VNU,{.ue

ro; sapoJ

eua6

lprnpnt}s

v

'xaldnp

Ieurou

aq1 olur

trJ lou

op

teqt

srpd

aseq ro

saseq dq pesneJ

VNq1

Jo

uorlpuroJuoJ

aqt

ur a8ueqr

p

sr

uolpolslp

lernpru15

V

'xaldnp

aqt

Jo

puers (snoEoloru

-oq)

snoraard aql

Suoeldsrp

,,(q s,norE puerts

VN61

,lrau

p

qJrqm

ur sesnrrl

aruos

Jo

uorlerlldar

Jo

rpou

p

sr

lueuef,eldslp

puptls

A tetrad describes the four

(haploid)

spores that

result from meio-

sis

in

yeast. (The

term originally was used to describe the struc-

ture found at the beginning of meiosis, now known as a bivalent,

that contains all

four

chromatids,

produced

by duplication of

a ho-

mologous chromosome

pair.

)

TFrrD

is the transcription factor that binds to the TATA sequence

upstream of the startpoint of

promoters

for RNA

polymerase

II.

It consists of

TBP

(TATA

binding

protein)

and

the

TAF subunits

that bind to TBP.

Thalassemia is disease

of

red

blood cells

resulting from lack of ei-

thersorBglobin.

Third-base

degeneracy describes the lesser effect

on codon mean-

ing of the nucleotide

present

in the third codon

position.

The Ti

plasmid

is an episome of the bacterium Agrobacterium

tume-

faciens

that carries the

genes

responsible

for

the

induction of crown

gall

disease

in infected

plants.

Tight binding of

RNA

polymerase

to

DNA describes the formation

of an open complex

(when

the strands of

DNA have separated).

The TIM complex

resides

in the inner

membrane of mitochondria

and

is responsible for transporting

proteins

from the

intermem-

brane space into the interior of the organelle.

Bacterial transposons carrying markers that are

not related to

their functior',

e.g., drug resistance, are named as

Tn followed by

a number.

Toterance is the

lack

of an

immune response to an antigen

(either

self antigen

or foreign antigen) due to clonal deletion.

A Totl-tike

receptor (TLR) is

a

plasma

membrane receptor that

is

expressed

on

phagocytes

and other cells and

is involved in signal-

ing during

the innate immune response.

TLRs are related to

IL-l receptors.

The TOM complex resides

in

the outer

membrane of the

mito-

chondrion and

is responsible for importing

proteins

from the cy-

tosol

into the space between the membranes.

A DNA topoisomerase

is an enzyme that

changes the

number of

times the two

strands in a closed DNA molecule

cross each other.

It does this by cutting the

DNA,

passing

DNA through

the break,

and resealing

the DNA.

TopologicaI

isomers

are

molecules of DNA that are

identical ex-

cept for a difference

in linking number.

A traiter

is a nontranslated sequence at the

3' end of an

nRNA

following the termination

codon.

trans configuration

of two sites refers to their

presence

on two

dif-

ferent

molecules of

DNA

(chromosomes).

A trans-acting

product

can function on

any copy of

its

target

DNA.

This implies

that it is a diffusible

protein

or RNA.

A transcript

is the RNA

product produced

by copying

one strand

of

DNA. It

may require

processing

to

generate

a mature

RNA.

Transcription

describes synthesis of

RNA on a DNA template.

A transcription

factor is required

for RNA

polymerase

to initiate

transcription

at specific

promoter(s),

but is not itself

part

of the

enzyme.

A transcription

unit

is

the

sequence

between

sites of

initiation and

termination

by

RNA

polymerase; it may include

more than

one

gene.

The transcriptome

is the

complete

set of

RNAs

present

in a cell,

tissue,

or organism.

Its complexity

is due mostly

to mRNAs,

but

it also

includes

noncoding

RNAs.

A

transducing

virus

carries

part

of the

host

genome in

place

of

part

of

its own

sequence.

The

best known

examples

are

retroviruses

in eukaryotes

and

DNA

phages

tn E.

coli.

A transesterification

reaction breaks

and

makes

chemical bonds

in a

coordinated

transfer

so

that

no energy

is required.

Transfection

of

eukaryotic

cells

is the acquisition

of new

genetic

markers

by

incorporation

of added

DNA.

The transfer

region

is a segment

on

the F

plasmid

that

is required

for

bacterial

conjugation.

Transfer

RNA

(IRNA)

is the

intermediate

in

protein

synthesis that

interprets

the

genetic

code.

Each tRNA

can

be linked

to an amino

acid.

The IRNA

has

an anticodon

sequence

that

is complemen-

tary

to a

triplet

codon

representing

the

amino

acid.

Transformation

of bacteria

is the

acquisition

of

new

genetic

ma-

terial

by incorporation

of added

DNA.

Transformation

of eukaryotic

cells

refers to their

conversion

to

a

state

of unrestrained

growth in culture,

resembling

or

identical

with

the tumorigenic

condition.

The transforming

principle

is DNA

that

is taken up

by a bacterium

and

whose

expression

then changes

the

properties of the recipi-

ent cell.

A transgene

is a

gene

that

is introduced

into a cell

or animal

from

an external

source.

A transition

is a mutation

in

which

one

pyrimidine is replaced

by

the

other,

or in which

one

purine

is

replaced

by the other.

Transtation

is synthesis

of

protein on an

mRNA

template.

Translational

positioning

describes

the

location

of a histone

oc-

tamer at

successive

turns

of

the double

helix, which

determines

which

sequences

are

located

in linker

regions'

Translocation

describes

the

stage

of nuclear

import or

export when

a

protein

or

RNA substrate

moves

through

the

nuclear

pore.

Translocation

is the movement

of the

ribosome

one

codon along

mRNA

after

the addition

of each

amino

acid to

the

polypeptide

chain.

Protein

translocation

describes

the

movement

of a

protein

across

a

membrane.

This occurs

across

the

membranes

of organelles

in

eukaryotes,

or

across

the

plasma membrane

in bacteria.

Each

membrane

across which

proteins are translocated

has a channel

specialized

for the

purpose.

Movement

of a

protein

across

a lipid

bilayer

usually

requires a

translocon,

an integral

membrane

protein

that

provides

a

chan-

nel

for displacement

of

polypeptide segments

across

the

membrane.

A transmembrane

protein

extends

across

a lipid

bilayer.

A hy-

drophobic

region

(typically consisting

of a stretch

of

20 to

25 }lly-

drophobic

and/or

uncharged

amino

acids)

or

regions

of the

protein

86s

resides in

the membrane.

Hydrophilic

regions

are

exposed

on one

or both

sides of

the membrane.

The transmembrane

region

is

the

part

of a

protein

that spans

the

membrane

bilayer.

It is

hydrophobic

and

in many

cases contains

approximately

20

amino

acids

that form

an cr-helix.

It is

also called

the

transmembrane

domain.

Transplantation

antigen

is

protein

coded

by a major histocompat-

ibility

locus,

present

on

all mammalian

cells, involved

in interac-

tions between

lymphocytes.

A

transposase

is the

enzyme

activity

involved

in insertion

of

trans-

poson

at a

new site.

Transposition

refers

to

the movement

of a transposon

to a new

site in

the

genome.

A

transposon

is a DNA

sequence

able

to insert itself (or

a copy of

itself) at

a new location

in

the

genome

without

having

any

se-

quence

relationship

with

the target

locus.

A

transversion

is a

mutation

in

which

a

purine

is replaced

by a

pyrimidine

or vice

versa.

tRNAfMet

is the

special

RNA

used

to initiate

protein

synthesis

in

bacteria.

It mostly

uses AUG,

but

can also

respond

to

GUG and

CUG.

tRNAiMet is

the special

IRNA

used to respond

to initiation

codons

in eukaryotes.

tRNAmMet

inserts

methionine

at internal

AUG codons.

A

true reversion

is

a mutation

that restores

the original

sequence

of

the DNA.

The

twisting number

of a

DNA is

the number

of base

pairs

di-

vided

by the

number

of

base

pairs per

turn

of the double

helix.

A two hybrid

assay

detects

interaction

between

two

proteins

by

means of

their ability

to bring

together

a DNA-binding

domain

and

a transcription-activating

domain.

The

assay is

performed

in

yeast

using

a reporter gene

that responds

to

the interaction.

Ty

stands for

transposon yeast,

the first

transposable

element

to

be identified

in

yeast.

A type I

topoisomerase

is

an

enzyme

that changes

the

topology

of DNA

by nicking

and

resealing

one

strand

of DNA.

A

type II

topoisomerase

is an

enzyme

that

changes

the topology

of DNA

by nicking

and resealing

both

strands

of DNA.

U3 is the repeated

sequence

at

the l'end

of a retroviral

RNA.

U5 is the

repeated

sequence

at

the 5'

end

of a retroviral

RNA.

A

stretch

of

underwound

DNA

has fewer

base

pairs

per

turn

than

the

usual average (10

bp

=

I

turn).

This

means

that the

two strands

of DNA are

less

tightly

wound

around

each

other;

ultimately

this

can lead

to strand

separation.

Unidirectional

replication

refers

to rhe

movement

of a sinsle

replication

fork

from

a

given

origin.

An

uninducible

mutant

is

one

where

the affected

gene(s)

cannot

be

expressed.

The unit ce[[

describes the

state of an E. coli bacterium generated

by a new

division. It is 1.7

pm

long and has

a single

replication

origin.

An up mutation

in a

promoter

increases

the rate of

transcription.

Upstream identifies

sequences in

the opposite

direction

from ex-

pression;

for example,

the bacterial

promoter

is

upstream

of the

transcription

unit, and the initiation

codon

is upstream

of

the

coding region.

An

upstream

activator sequence (UAS)

is

the equivalent

in

yeast

of the enhancer

in higher

eukaryotes and

is bound

by the

GAL4

transcriptional

activator

proteins.

A V

gene

is

sequence

coding for

the major

part

of the

variable

(N-terminal)

region

of an immunoglobulin

chain.

A variabte region (V

region)

is an

anrigen-binding

site

of an im-

munoglobulin

or T cell receptor

molecule.

V regions

are

com-

posed

of the variable

domains of

the component

chains.

They are

coded

by V

gene

segments

and vary extensively

among

antigen

receptors

as

the result of multiple,

different

genomic

copies

and

of changes introduced

during synthesis.

Variegation

of

phenotype

is

produced

by

a change in

genotlpe

dur-

ing somatic

development.

The vegetative

phase

describes

the

period

of normal

growth

and

division of a

bacterium. For

a bacterium

that can

sporulate,

this

contrasts with

the sporulation phase,

when

spores

are being

formed.

The

viral superfamity

comprises

transposons

that are related

to

retroviruses.

They are

defined by

sequences

that code

for reverse

transcriptase

or integrase.

Virion is

the

physical

virus

particle

(irrespective

of its

ability

to

infect

cells

and reproduce).

A

viroid is a

small infectious

nucleic

acid that

does

not have

a

protein

coat.

Virutent

phage

mutants

are

unable to

establish lysogeny.

A

virusoid is

a small infectious

nucleic

acid

that is

encapsidated

by

a

plant

virus together

with its

own

genome.

VNTR

(variable

number

tandem

repeat) regions

describe

very

short

repeated

sequences,

including

microsatellites

and

minisatellites.

The

wobbte

hypothesis

accounts

for the

ability

of a IRNA

to rec-

ognize more

than

one codon

by unusual (non-G-C,

non-A-T)

pairing

with the

third base

of a codon.

The writhing

number

is the

number

of times

a duplex

axis

crosses

over itself in

space.

The

zinc finger

is a DNA-binding

motif

that typifies

a

class of

tran-

scription factor.

A zoo btot

describes

the use

of Southern

blotting

to

test the

abil-

ity of a

DNA

probe

from

one species

to hybridize

with rhe

DNA

from the

genomes

of a variety

of

other species.

866

Glossary

Index

Note:

/=

figuvg; 1

=

1261s

A

AAG

(alkyladenine

DNA

glycosylase),

506

AAUAAA sequence. lor mRNA 3'end cleavage.

695,695f

A-Bl, 187

.48O blood

group

locus. 28, 28/

Abundance, 92-91

Accessory

proteins,

in

nucleosome

assembly,

770

Ac/Ds family, 541-542, 54If

Acentric fragmen$,

5)9, 5j9f, 7 45

Acetosyringone,

404, 404f

Acetylation,

histone

activation of

gene

expression and, 805-806, 805/

modiiication,

8o), 8o1f,804, 804f

transient

at replication, 805, 805/

Acquired

immunity

(adaptive

immunity), 594,

5e4f,602

Acridines,

frameshilt mutations and, I I

Acrobacterium

tumefaciens, crown

gall

disease, 40l-4O5,

402f-4o4f

Actin

gene,

evolution,

introns and, 52, 52l

Activation-induced

cytidine deaminase

(AID),

589-5

90

Activators

acetylases

and, 806-807

acidic,

647

binding. by short sequence

elements,

627-628,627f

coactivators

S?s Coactivalors

concentration

of near

promoter,

enhancer

increase

of,6)I-612,6)lf

CRP

see CRP activator

functions, 642-641,

64)f

histone acetyltrans{erases

and, 806-807, 806f, 807f

homeodomain

proteins,

660

inducible, regulation

of

,

65 I

-652

interaction with

basal apparatus, 646-648,

647f,648f

ligant-responsive,

steroid receptors as,

653-654,654f

recognition

of response elements, 649-651,

650f

rranscription stimulation

models, 648

ubiquitous,

628-629

without activating

domains, 647

Aclive cdssettes.

for

yeast

mating,

488489.489f

Adaptive

immunity

(acquired

immunily),

594.

5e4f,602

Adaptor, IRNA, I30,

ll0/

Addiction syslems,

42O, 42lf

Adenine, 6

Adenosine

diphosphate

ribosyl

(ADPR),

172

Adenovirus

DNA

replication, by strand

displacement, )94, )9rf

initiation, terminal

proteins

and, )9 4-)9 5, 795f

Adenylate

cyclase, 321

Adenylate

synthase,

in IRNA splicing, 692, 692f

A domain, 184

ADPR

(adenosine

diphosphate

ribosyl),

172

ADP-ribosylation, diphtheria

toxin and,

172

cr-genes, 49 O49 2, 490f

,

49 1

f

Agropine

plasmids,

402

AID

(activation-induced

cytidine

deaminase),

589-590

Alfalfa mosaic virus

(AMV),

7))-734

Algorithms, for

gene

identificaion,

65-66

Alkyladenine

DNA

glycosylase

(AAG), 506

Alleles

definition

of, 24

dominant,25,25f

imprinting, DNA methylation

and',

8)2-8)4,

833f

multiple, 27-28,

28f . See a/so

Polymorphisms

polymorphic

wild-type,

57

recesslve, z), z)_I

wild-type,

28,28f,57

Allelic exclusion,

productive reartangement

and,

582-584,58)f

Allosteric control,

107

Alternative splicing

in human

genome.

84

RNA, splice

junction

differential

use, 685-688,

686f,

687f

Alternative splicing

factor

(ASF),

685-686

Alu family, 564-565

Amber codon

(UAG

termination

codon),

172,

199

Amber suppressors,

206, 208-209

Amino acids

intrinsic discrimination,

203-206,

204f,

2o5f

novel, insertion into stop

codons,

199,

l99f

related. related codons

and,

l9o-l'92,

l92f

substitutions,

recoding and,

212, 2l2f

IRNA charging

reaction,

200-201,

200f,2O9

Aminoacyl-IRNA

amino

acid component,

190

control,160

definition

of, Il1

entry

into A site, 169,

l70f

peptide

bond synthesis,

polypeptide chain transfer,

t68-r69,

r68f

peptidyl

transfer

reaction,

water

in, 17

4, 174f

in

protein

synthesis.

1.29,

152

A

sile

binding.

154. 154[.

t55f

P site binding.

154. l14f.

l55f

selection,

for A site

insertion,

21o,210f

Asite,211

entry

into. 167

insertion.177-178

selection

Ior insertion,

210,

2l0f

structure,

vJ

puromycin, 168-169,

l68f

ternary complex

structure,

EF-G

and, 171'

lTlf

Aminoacyl-tRNA

synthetases

in charging IRNA

with amino

acids,

200-201,

200f,20e

class

I, 201-202,

2olf,202f

crystal structure,

202,

2O2f

nucleotide-binding

f old,

202

signature sequences,

20 I

-202

class II,

20ll 202,2O2f

IRNA

contact,

20),203f

de{inition

of,

131

recognition

specilicity,

proofreading mechanisms,

20)-206,

204f,

205f

Amphibian

globin genes, i04

Ampliconic

s€gments,

in Y chromosome

male-specific

rcgio\,87,87f

AMV

(alfalfa mosaic virus),

7)3-734

Anchor sequences

charge distribution,

"positive-inside"

rule, 218

protein orientation

and,

276-2)8,

237f, 2)8f

Angelman's

syndrome,

834

Animal

cells

genetic material

in, 5, 5/

genomes, microRNAs,

j42-343,

j4)f

Annealing,

I3

Anthropod

satellite

DNA, short

identical

repeats,

'119-120,

ll9f

Antibodies

definition

of,

572

interaction

with

antiger.s,

57 2, 57

2f

structure,

t />-)

/6, ) /oJ

Anticodons

See also

Codon-anticodon

base

pairing

definition

oI,

130, L)of

mutations,

2Ol, 207

-20

8, 207

f

suppressors

with,

2o7-208,

207f

IRNA specificity

and,

1 31,

I

3fl

Antigenic

determinant

(epitope), 57 5,

591

Antrgens

cf

onal expansion

and,

57 4-57

5, 57 4[

definition

of, 572

interaction

with

antibodies,

57

2, 57 2f

recognition,

rT

4-57 5,

57 4f

Anti-insulator

elements,

786

Antiparallel

orientation,

oI

polynucleotide chains,

7,

T

Antisense

genes,

338-))9,

j)9f

Antisense

RNA,

for

gene

expression

inactivation,

))8-139,

j)9f

Antisense

slland,,

I29, I29f

Anti-Sm,

675-676

Antitermination

control

of transcription,

29I,

29 If

definition

oi,

287

phage

lytic cascade

and,

)57-758,

)58f,359f

phages,

754-)55,

354f

RNA

polymerase and',

29)-295,

29 4f

Antitermination

protein

binding

sites,

292-29 ),

2931

extension

of transcription

unit,

29 l-292,

29 lf

AntiTRAP,

734,

))4f

Anucleate

cells,

413,

4l3f

APt,663

Apolipoprotein

B

gene,

RNA editing,

720-721

'

720f

a2

prctern,

492

A

protein, in

phage

genome replication,

)97-J98,397f

Aqueous channel

formation,

translocon

and,

2)r-2)),2)2f

Aquifex aeolicus,

TS

867

Arabidopsis

thaliana

chromatin

assembly,

774

DNA,

centromeric,

746

family

size and,

81, 8l/

genome,

80-8f, 8U

Archaea

genome

sizes,

gene

number

and,78,78f

IRNA splicing

moldf,

691-692,

69tf

ARE

elemenrs, t42,

I42f,697

Arms

definition

of. 483

IS elemenrs,

525-526,

525f

ARS

elements

(autonomously

replicating

sequence),

)84-385.

)85f, 49),

493f

Ascomycete

tetrads,

spore

formation,

47 5,

47

jf

Ascus, 475

ASF

(alternative

splicing

factor),

685-686

ASF/SF2

complex,

686

AsiA

phage-encoded

product,

3 5 5

A slte

aminoacyl-IRNA,

t67,

177-t78,

2tO,

2tof

function,

l65 rRNA

and,

l8l

occupation,

154, l54f

translocation,

| 69-17

0, 17

0f

IRNA entry, 179,

179f

a-specific

genes,

490491,

49Of, 49If

Asp-IRNA

syntherase,

IRNA

conract.

2$,2jlf

Assembly factors,

617

,

6t7f,7)4

Ataxia

telangiectasia,

5 l7

ATMP kinase.

518

ATP

hydrolysis

helicase

DNA

unwinding

and,

4J5476,

B6f

in

prepriming

reaction,

449

for

protein

transport.

241

Attachment

site

(41,

de{inition of,

481

intasome

in lambda

recombin

aIron, 486488,

487

f

sequence requirements,

484,

484f

Attenuation

control

by translation,

))6-))8,

17f, ))Sf

of trp

operon,

))5-)36,

tif,

t6f

definition

of, 133

Attenuators.

See Intrinsic

terminators

AUG initiation

codon

context

and, 160,

l6of

in eukaryotes,

l6)-164,

16Jf

mutation,

21 I

recognition

during

elongation,

I 58-l

59

Shine-Dalgarmo

sequence

and,

I6l-l62lf

Autocatalytic

splicing,

vs

nuclear

splicing,

685,

685/

Autogenous

regulation

intrinsically

self

-limiring,

128

macromolecular

assembly

synthesis

control,

)27-)28,

)28f

of

phage

T4

p32,

)26-j27,

)26f,

)27f

by

repressor,

)19-J20,

)2Of

of r-protein

synthesis,

325-)26,

j25f,

)26f

Autoimmune

disease,

571

Autonomous

controlling

elements.

540,

j4lf,

j42

Autonomously

replicating

sequence (,4RS

elements),

384-385,

)85f,

49), 49)f

Autoradiography.

of replicon

origin,

380, 380/

Autosplicing (self

-splicing)

definition

of. 683

group

I introns,

transesredfication

in, 7

07

-7

09,

7 o8f-7

tof

group

II introns,

683-684,

684f, 7

16-7 1 7,

7 I6f

introns,

maturases

for, 7 I

6, 717, 717f,7

l8f

Avian

immunoglobulins,

assembly

f rom pseudogenes,

593-594,593f

Avirulent

bacteria,

l

Axial

elements

definition

of, 466

formation.

double-strand

breaks

and, 468, 468f

5-Azacytidine,633

B

Bacillus anthracis,

T9

Bacillus

subtilis

catalytic subunit,

442

RNA

polymerase,

282

sigma factors, 282

Soj

protein,

420

SpoOJ

protein,

420

sporulation,

418419

trp

genes

control of, 1))-j34,

))4f

termination

of,

33)

-))

4,

33

4f

Background

level, {or

mutations, l4

Back mutations,

I6-17

Bacteria See

also specific

bacteria

conjugation, mediation

by

F

plasmid,

)98-399,

)99f

cotranslational

translocation,

246-247,

247

f

culture,

phage

infection

plaques,

360,360f

daughter cell

division,

septum formarion,

4ll412,

41rf,4t2f

division,

mutations,

cell shape

and, 412413, 417f

EF-Tit.

aminoacyl-tRNA

entry into A

site, 167-168,

r67f

enhancers,

6l I

F-positive,

399

gene

clusrers,

70]-)04

gene

expression,

j)-)4,

34f

negative regulation

of, 30), )jJf

positive

regulation

of, )OJ,30)f

r-proteins

for,

)25, i25f

gene

expression

con1trol JO2,

)32

via DNA

See Transcription;

Ttanslation

via

RNA See

Regulator RNA

genes,

38

genome

nucleoid, 7

)4-7j5, 734f

size,

gene

number

and, 78.

78/

supercoiled.

7 J5-7

36, 7

j5f,

7

)6f

initiation

factors,

I 58, 158f,

164

lysogenic,350

mating,

)99,

)99f

membrane

layerc,

246-247,

247f

mRNA

enzymatic

degradation,

140-I41, l4lf

instability

of, I

l6

life cycle

of, I)5-137,

B5f, l36f

number

of

proteins

coded

by, I 36

ribosomal protein

synthesis,

I34-l]5,

fJ5f

mutation

rates, l4-15,

l5l

operons,

attenuation

control

oI, ll8

pathogenic, "pathogeniciry

islands"

in, 79

phages

in, i5l-j52,

JSlf

plasmids

in, )51-)52,

15lf

polysome

size,

l)4

posttranslational

translocation,

246-247,

247f

promoters,

conserved

sequences,

271

protein

exporr,

247

protein

synthesis,

180

initiation,

157-158,

t57f,

t58f, t62,162f

initiator

IRNA,

158-159,

l59f

termination

codons,

172

RecBCD

system. stimulation

by cftr sequence,

47O,47rf

regularor

RNA,

34 |

-J4

2,

3421

replication,

409425

C constant,

4I0

cell cycle

and, 4I04lI,4l0f

chromosome

segregation,

site-specific

recombination

and 415417,

416f

D constant, 41 0

initiation,

409, 4O9f

multicopy control,

177

mutations,

cell shape

and, 41241),

4Bf

septum formation, 411412,

411f,

412f,

4t5,415f

ribosome

suDunlrs rn, 1>t,

I)tJ

translocation in, 169-170,

170f

RNA

polymerase,

262-26J, 262f

activation of repair

ar'd, 625-627,

626f

subunits, 265-266, 266f

termination

at discrete

sites, 286-287,

287f

rRNAgenes,

ll2

IRNA

production,

698-699,

698f

Sec system, 247

-249,

247

f,

248f

segregation, mutations,

cell shape

and, 412-48,

4r)f

septum formation

FtsZ and, 413414,414f

long filaments,4Il

sigma factors, conserved

regions,

280, 28Of

signal recognition particle

counterpafi,

2jO-2)l

sporulation

control, by sigma

lactors,

28)-286,

284f-286f

transformation

in, )4,

4f

vegetative

phase,

283

vJ eukaryotic

genomes,

replication

and, )77

Bacteriophages

See Phages

Balbiani rings, 7

43-7 44, 7 44f

Bam islands,

114,114f

Band formation,

on

polytene

chromosomes,

742-74),743f

Banding

patterns,

of chromosomes,

7 40-7 41,

74of,741f

Basal

apparatus

assembly

at

promoteL

621-62),

622f,

6nf

interaction with

activators,

646-648,

647

f,

64Sf

interaction

with enhancers,

63 I

localization

of transcription-activating

domain

neaL

647, 647f

transcription

startpoint

and, 642

Basal factors (general

factors),

6 I I

Basal level

elements

(BLEs),

629,

650

Basal level

transcription,

106

Basal

transcription

apparatus,

6l I

Base excision

repaia 5001

50i

Base

mispairings

(transitions),

l5-16,

I6f

Base

pairing

codon-anticodon.

See Codon-anticodon

base

pairing

rnmnlampnr'

",

definirion

of, 7, 7/

for mRNA

synthesis,

31, I]/

in group

I intron

core formation,

709-710

inosine,

1 96, 1

96l

RNA control,

ll8

wobble,

anticodon

modifications

and,

t96-197,

r96f

Base pairs

complementary,

7,

4

delinition

of, 7,

T

distance

on restriction

map, 40

mismatched,

I8-19

nucleic

acid hybridization

and. I2-I4,

tJf,

\4f

in protein

synthesis initiation,

l6I-162,

t6If,

l62f

868

Index

Bases

modification,

in IRNA, 194-196, I95f

removal, excision

repair in mammalian cells and.

504-505,505f

B cell memory

phenomenon,

594

B cell receptor

(BcR),

595, 595/

B cells

(B

lymphocytes)

antibodies on, 598

clonal expansion, ,7

4-57 5, 57 4f

oennltron 01,

) /z

development,

595,595f

differentiation,

587, 594, 594f

BCR

(B

cell receptor), 595,595f

BEAF-32,

78)-784,78)f

p

clamp, clamp

loader and, 440441

p2

microglobulin,

601

p2

microglobulin

gene,

601-602

B

selection,

598

B-form

of DNA, 8

bHLH

proteins,

661

BiP, 227,2)4,2)4f

Bivalents, in

meiosis, 29,29f,461

BLES

(basal

level elements), 628,650

Blocked reading

frcme, )2, )2J

Bloom's syndrome,

5I7

B lymphocytes

See B cells

Bovine

growth

hormone, signal sequence,

228,228f

lox.4 sequence

elements. of lambda

RNA,293,294

loxB sequence

elements, of

lambda RNA, 291, 294

Branch

migration

,

46J, 46)f

Branch site,

in RNA splicing, 674

Breakage

and reunion

at consensus

sequences,

in immunoglobulin

gene

generation,

582, r82f

in

homologous recombination,

461, 46l,f

in nonreplicative

transposition,

5j]-5j4, 533f

RAG

protein

catalysis of,

584-586, 585f, 586f

in recombination,

29, 29f

Breakage-fusion-bridge

cycle, 5)9, 540f

Bromodomain,

Sl2

Bromouracil,

mutations

induced by, I5-16,

16f

Bulge-helix-bulge

motif, for tRNA splicing,

69t-692,69If

Buoyant density,

I 18. ll8f.

l2o

Butyric acid,

histone deacetylase

inhibition, 806

Bypassing

recoding and,2l2,2l2f

ribosome

movement and,

214-215, 214f

bZIP structure,

66), 663f

C

CAAT

boxes, 628,

628f, 629, 649

CAAT-displacement

protein

(CDP).

649

Caenorhabitis

elegans

essential

genes,

number of,

90, 90/

gene

expression,

systematic analysis

by RNAi. 344

genome,

80

family size and,

81, 8l/

nonrepetive

DNA content of, 62

size, 6ll 81,

8r/

lin4 rcgl]lator

gene,

)42-)43,

)4)f

linl4target

gene,

)42-)4), )43f

microRNAs,

)42-)4), 34)f

SL RNA

(spliced

leader

RNA), 689

X chromosome

condensins,

830

dosage compensal\on,

826,

826f

CAF-l

(Chromatin assembly factor-ll,

77 l, 774

Cancer

susceptibility,

DNA

repair deficiency and, 5

I 7

Candida,

genetic

code

changes, t98

cap

o, t)9

r, t)9

2, t)9

5' end oI mRNA

and, 1 38-l 39,

I 38/

Capsids, viral,

7)l-714,

7)2f, 7))f

empty,

733

icosahedral symme:uy,

7

jl

F.NA.in,

7)l-732, 7)2f

Carboxy-terminal

domain

(CTD

)

definition of, 612

phosphorylation, 624, 624f

in RNA

processing,

624-625,

625f

Cascade, regulatory,

in

phage lytic development,

75j-)54,

j5)f,

)54f

Cassette

model, of

yeast mating,

488489,

489f

Catalase,245

Catalytic activities,

of ribozymes.

7

1'1-7 15,

7 llf-7

14f

Catenation, of

circular DNA,

480

C aulo b acter ff e

scentus, 420

C-bands, on

centromeres,

745,746f

CBP

(CREB-binding

protein),

807

cdc6

protein,

j87-J88

CDE

(cell

cycle dependent

elements),

747

,747f,

748

C/D

group,

of snoRNAs,

699,699f

cDNA

(complementary DNA srrand)

cloning approach

nRNA

purification and,

140

synthesis, intron

RNA as template

for,

717

CDP

(CAAT-displacement

protein), 649

CDI

proteins,

T cell

recepror and,598-599,599f

Cell cycle, bacterial

replication

and,

410--41

i, 410/

Cell cycle

dependent elements

(CDE), 747

,

747f,748

Cell-mediated

immunity

(immune response),

571,

57jf,599

CENfragments,

747, 7 47f

CENP-A,

748,774,824

CENP-B,824

CENP-C,

748

Central dogma,

I0-l 1,

I t/

Centromere

binding to

microtubules,

7 45-746,

7 46f

c-bands,7

45, 7 46f

definition

of, 745

DNA sequences,

in S cerevisiae,

7 47,

7 47f

eukaryotic,

7)9,

719f

protein

complex

binding,748,

748f

repetitive

DNA, 746

separation

during

mftos\s,

7 45,

7 45f

cFl,696

CFII,

696

c-fos

ge\e,

663

C

gene

immunoglobulin

synthesis

and,

57 6-577

single

recombination

in light

chain

assembly,

577,

57 8f, 579

Chaperones

chaperonin

system,

225-226,

225f,

226f

denatured

protein

and,

224

Hsp70 system,

225-226,

225f,

226f

mechanisms

of. 225-226,

225f,

226f

mitochondrial,

244

newly synthesized

protein and,

224

in

protein

folding,

223-224,

22)f,

224f

protein

membrane

transport

and,

224-225

'

225f

SecA,

247-249,

248f

SecB,

247-248,

248f

Chaperonin

system,

225-226,

225f,

226f

Chemical

proofre

ading,

2O4, 204f

Cs

gene,

588,

589

Chiasma,29,29f

chiasmata,

46I,462f

Chick

p-globin

LCR,

784

Chicken

c-globin

gene

cluster,

631

Chimpanzee

genome,

vs human

genoma,

89

Chip

technology,

94, 94f

chl sequence,

stimulation

of

bacterial

recBCD system,

470,471f

Chloroplast

division,

ring

formation,

FtsZ and,

414, 4l4f

DNA,

circular,

69

evolution

of,

72

genomes, 69

functions

coded

by,71,7

lf

size,

7 |

introns

in,

72

N-terminal

leader

sequence,

24J,

24)f

protein

leaders,

240

protein

synthesis,

240

protein

targeting

sigrials,

24)

role in

photosYnthesis,

72

transport

receptors

Trc,243

TOC,243

Chromatids

defiaitio\

ot,

29,

29f

initiating

or

recipient,

465

Chromatin

active

vs inactive,

809,

809f

assembly

replication-couPI

ed

P

alhw

aY, 7

7 4

replication-independent

pathway, 774

fibers

1O nm,

7 69, 7 69f

30 rlm,769-770,770f

nucleosome

path it, 7 69-77

l, 7 69f'

770f

inactivation,

822

packaging, 730-7)l

protein mass,

759

release

of nucleosomes

from,

759,759f

remodeling,

7 7 0,

7 9 8-800,

7 99f

'

8o0f

definition

oI,

799

dynamic

model o1,799,

799f

nucleosome

organization

changes

in,

799, 799f

at

promotet 810

remodeling

complexes,

799-800,

799f'

8O0f

binding

to

chromatin

via

activators,

80r-802,80u

in

gene

activation,

80

I

replication,

758-759

reproduction,

nucleosome

assembly

for,

77 l-77 4,

77rf-77)f

structure

chromocentet

719

DNAase

hypersensitive

sites

and',

7

86-7

88,

7 87

f

epigenetic

state,

797

equilibrium

mod

el, 7

97

-7

98,

7 97

f

euchromatin,

719

heterochromatin,

7J9,

7

j9f

histone

phosphorylation

and,

810-81

l' 8

I lf

insulators

and,

785,

785f

interphase,

7)8-7)9

organization,

levels of,

758-759

stabiliry

of,

797

-798,

7 98f

subunit,

fundamental.

See

Nucleosomes

Chromatin

assembly

factor-

1

(cAF-

I

),

77 |

'

77

4

chromocenter,

739

Chromodomains,

812,

822,

822f

Chromomeres,

741

Chromo-shadow

domain,

822

Chromosomal

walking

technique,

{or

gene

identification,

6j-64,

6jf, 64f

Chromosomes,

729-756

banding

patterns, 740-741,

7 4of' 7 41f

Index

869

centromere,

7)9,7j9f

circular

catenated,

409

site-speciiic

recombination

and, 416417,

416f

condensation,

condensins

and,

828-810,

S2gf,

gl}f

daughter,

partitioning

process

and,

4l74lg,

4lgf

oelrnltron

oI, /J1

DNA,24,24f

domains

Ses Domains,

chromosomal

end

sealing,

telomeres

and, 749-7jO,

749f,75Of

eukaryotic

replicons

on, )87-)84,

)$f,

)84f

as

segregation

device,

744-746,745f,

746f

individual,

during

mitosis,

7

)B-779

instability,

DNA

repair

deficiency

and,

5 I 7

lampbrush,

7

4l-7 42,

7 42f

loop formation,

ar end,

telomeres

and,

749-750,750f

multiforked,

41041

I,

4tOf

pairing,

independent

from

synaptonemal

complex

tormation,469

polytene,

7 42-7

4), 7

4)f, 7

44f

band

formation

on,

742-7

4), 74)f

puff

formation

at

genc

expression

sites.

74)-744,744f

recombining,

connected

at

synaptonemal

complex,

465467,

466f

replication

cycle, 4l

0-41 l,

410/

scaffold

formation,

7)6-737,

7j7

f

MAR

sequence

and,

718

segregation,

4l

l, 415417

,

4t6f

site-specific

recombination

and,

4lj4I7,

416f

synapsed,

homologous

recombination

berween,

460462,

46tf,

462f

cI

ge^e,

)60

cII

gene,

for

lysogeny,368,

J68f

CIII

gene,

for

lysogeny,

)68, )6Bf

cII

prorein,

368, )68f,374

cr-acting

DNA

sequences

,4RS elements,

784-j85,

)85f

functions,

302-)03

crj-acting

siIes, J5-)6,

)5f

ds-dominant

mutation,

308-109,

108/

9-crs-retinoic

acid

(RXR)

receptor,

6j7-6j5,

6j7f

cis/trans Iest

(complementarion

lestl,

25-26,

26f

Cistron,

26

CJD

(Creutzfeldt-Jakob

disease),

20,

839

c-Jun gene,

66)

Clamp loader,

439,

89f,

440441

Class III

region,

600

Class switching

by

DNA recombinarion,

587-589,

588/

by

novel recombination,

589-5gO,

jS9f,

5g0f

Clear

plaques,

)60,

36Of

Cleavage

reactions

messenger

RNA 3'

end

generation

and,

695_697,

695f,696f

rRNA

producrion,

697-699,

698f

Clonal deletion,

571

Clonal selection

rheory,574-575,

174f,

j77

Cloverleaf

structure,

of

transfer

RNA,

ll0-lll,

Il0/

Clusters,

98-l

26

Cm

gene,

588

CMV (cytomegalovirus),

215

Coactivating

complex,

630

Coactivators

basal apparatus

interactions,

646-647,

647f

HAT

activities,

806-807,

806/

histone

acetyltransferases

and,

806-807,

SO6f,

SOTf

transcription

and,

68,

64jf

Cockayne's

syndrome,

627

870

Index

Coding ends,

582, 582f

Coding

region

definition

of, )),34f

replacement

sites, 104

silent sites, 105

Coding

strand

(sense

strand),

t29, 129f,258,255f

Codon-anticodon

bas€

pairing,

l9l

interaction,

154,

l54f

modified

bases and,, 1,96-t97,

t96f

recognition

specificity

of. 209-210

third-base

degeneracy

and, t9t,

192-\93, t92f

wild-type

or mutanr,

207-2O8,207f

wobble hypothesis

and, 19 2-19

3, 19 1f

rRNA

interacrions,

l8l-182,

l8I/

simplification,

198

Codon families,

192,

198-199

Codons

Lewin Benjamin (ed.) Genes IX

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.