Лекции - Расчёт и конструирование машин непрерывного транспорта
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51
“-
”
”! " #
! ”
$% &'()*+',- ./0,- 7.090214 “,)789+8-':/+&;8:'+, 9/<=>= '/
8?$/)+/++%” ,7.090207 “8?8'8'*0+,@+, &=&'*9= '/ A89;$*A&=”
)*&/ 2003 :.
52
“-
”
”! " #
! ”
$% &'()*+',- ./0,- 7.09 02 14 “,)789+8-':/+&;8:'+, 9/<=>= '/
8?$/)+/++%” , 7.09 02 07 “8?8'8'*0+,@+, &=&'*9= '/ A89;$*A&=”
!/'-*:)C*+8
+/ D/&*)/+, A/.*):= ;,)789+8-
':/+&;8:'+8>8
'/ :8?8'8'*0+,@+8>8 8?$/)+/++%
:8'8A8$ E 9 -,) 16.04.2003 :.
)*&/ 2003 :.
53
8+&;*A' $*AG,7 ;8 )=&G=;$,+, ”8D:/0(+8A , A8+&':(H-/++% 9/<=+ ?*D;*:*-+8>8
':/+&;8:'(” )$% &'( )*+',- ./0,- 7.09 02 14 “,)789+8-':/+&;8:'+, 9/<=>= '/ 8?$/)+/++%”
, 7.09 02 07 “8? 8'8'*0+,@+, &=&'*9= '/ A89;$*A&=” / A$/)/@,: *9*+HA .., ,+>(: ..
)*&/: , 2003. – 92 &.
A$/)/@,: *9*+HA .., ;:8..
,+>(: .., &'. -=A$.
!/'-*:)C*+/ +/ D/&,)/++, A/.*):= '/ ;:8'8A8$ E 9 -,) 16.04.2003 :.
!9,&'
':.
12. ................................................................................................................ 54
13. ........................................................................................................... 58
14. .................................................................................................... 61
15. ...................................................................................................... 66
16. !" # $ %. & ................................................ 71
17. () ............................................................................................................ 82
* ...................................................................................................................... 92
54
12.
-=+'8-, A8+-*N:= -=A8+(H'O >8:=D8+'/$O+=9= /?8 ;8$8>8+ /0=$=+=9= ;,) :8>89 )8
20º (8&+8-+=7 '=;) , -*:'=A/$O+=9= /?8 A:('8+/0=$*+=9=.
-=+'8-, A8+-*N:= D/&'8&8-(H'O )$% ':/+&;8:'(-/++% ;=$*-=)+=0, ;8:8<A8;8),?+=0
, :,)<* - ):,?+8A(&A8-=0 +/&=;+=0 -/+'/C,- +/ ;8:,-+%+8 +*-*$=@A( -,)&'/+O (D-=@/7+8 )8
40 9 ;8 >8:=D8+'/$, , )8 30 9 - ;8 -*:'=A/$,) ;:= ;:8)(A'=-+8&', )8 100 '/> ( 0,9,@+,7,
?8:8<+89*$O+,7 ;:89=&$8-8&', , +/ ;,);:=N9&'-/0 ?(),-*$O+=0 9/'*:,/$,-.
-=+'8-=9= A8+ -*N:/9= +* 98C$=-8 ':/+&;8:'(-/'= $=;A, 7 &=$O+8 -;$8'+%HS,, /
'/A8C -=&8A8/?:/D,-+, -/+'/C,.
8 ;*:*-/> >-=+'8-=0 A8+-*N:,- &'/-$%'O&% ; :8&'8'/ (&':8H , +*&A$/)+,&'O
'*0+,@+8>8 8?&$(>8-(-/++%, +*-*$=@A, >/?/:='+, :8D9,:=, D:(@ +,&'O ;:89,C+8>8
:8D-/+'/C*++%, >*:9*'=@+,&'O, S8 8&8?$=-8 -/C$=-8 ;:= ;*:*9,S*++, -/+'/C,-, S8
;8:8</'O, >/:%@=0 '/ >8&':8;/0+(S=0.
=?=
- ;8-'%D/+=7 ,D D/&8?89 ;*:*9,S*++% -=&8A, -=':/'= *+*:>,U, D+/@+* &'=:/++% ,
D):,?+H-/++% -/+'/C(. ,)-=S*+=7 D+8& >-=+'/ , C8$8?/, / '/A8C @('$=-,&'O )8
;*:*-/+'/C*+O, S8 -*)* )8 ('-8:*++% (&*:*)=+, C8$8?/, 8&8?$=-8 ( ;:89,C+=0
;,)<=;+=A,-, &A(;@*++% -/+'/C,-.
8:=D8+'/$O+=7 >-=+'8-=7 A8+-*N:
- &A$/)/N'O&% D >-=+'/ ( -=), :8D' /<8-/+8>8 -
;,)<=;+=A/0 ;8)8-C+O8>8 -/$/ D (A:,;$*+=9= +/ +O89( >-=+'8-=9= -='A/9=, C8$8?/ D
G=$,+):=@+=9 )+=S*9, ( %A89 ( >-=+' :8D9,S*+ &88&+8, , ;:=-8)( 8?*:'/H@=7 >-=+'
(9/$H+8A 27).
/&=;+=7 -/+'/C ;8)/N'O&% - C8$8? @*:*D 8)+* /?8 )*A,$OA/ 8'-8:,- ( 78>8 A:=<G, ,
;:= 8?*:'/++, >-=+'/ &A8-D/N (D)8-C C8$8?/, ;8),?+8 '89(, %A :(0/N'O&% ;8 >-=+', >/7A/,
(':=9(-/+/ -,) &;,$O+8>8 D +=9 8?*:'/++%. ;,$O+89( 8?*:'/++H -/+'/C( D >-=+'89
;*:*<A8)C/N &=$/ -/>= -/+'/C( , '*:'% 78>8 8? C8$8?. 8D-/+'/C*++% C8$8?/ ;:8-/)='O&%
@*:*D 8)+* /?8 )*A,$OA/ 8'-8:,- ( )+=S* ;8&'/@*+=0 D/'-8:/9=.
-=+' A8+-*N:/ -=A8+(H'O ,D ;:/-=9 +/;:%9A89 &;,:/$,, 8)+8-, )-(0- /?8
':*0D/0 ,)+=9=. 8-*:0+% >-=+'/ 98C* ?('= &(G,$O+=7 (9/$. 28 /), &':,@A8-8U (9/$. 28 ?),
$8;/'*-8U (9/$. 28 -) /?8 ./&8++8U (9/$. 28 >) .8:9=. -=+' ,D &(G,$O+8H ;8-*:0+*H
D/&'8&8-(H'O ;*:*-/C+8 ;:= ;*:*9,S*++, &(08>8 ):,?+8D *:+ =&'8>8 , ;8:8<A8;8),?+8>8
-/+'/C(, +* &0=$O+8>8 )8 &A$*,-/++%; ,D &':,@A8-8U, $8;/'*-8U , ./&8++8U - ;:= ;*:*9,S*++,
-/+'/C,-, S8 &A$8++, )8 D$O8C=-/++%.
55
/$H+8A 27
8;/'*-8U , ./&8++=7 >-=+'= -=A8:=&'8-(H'O '/A8C A8$= +*8?0,)+8 -=A8+/'=
-=D+/@*+=7 '*0+8$8>,@+=7 ;:8G*&, +/;:=A$/) ,+'*+&=-+* ;*:*9,S*++%.
='A= ;8-+8&',++8>8 , &':,@A8-8>8 >-=+'/ -=>8'8-$%H'O <'/9;(-/++%9 ,D &'/$*-8>8
$=&'/ /?8 &9(>=, / ;8',9 ;:=-/:HH'O )8 -/$/. ;,:/$O &':,@A 8-8>8 , $8;/'= $8;/'*-8>8
>-=+'/ D9,G+HH'O +/ &'*:C*+OA/0, S8 ;:8;(&A/H'O&% @*:*D ;:8&-*:)$*+, ( -/$, 8'-8:=.
/$H+8A 28
/$ >-=+'/, S8 &A$/)/N )$% D: (@+8&', D 8A:*9=0 &*AG,7, 98C* ?('= & (G,$O+=9 /?8
':(?@/&'=9. :(?@/&', -/$= 9/H'O 9*+<( 9/&(, , U0 ?,$O< D:(@+8 &A:,;$H-/'= 9,C &8?8H D/
)8;898>8H S8 -&'/-$%H'O&% ;8 A,+G%0 A8:8'A=0 &;8$(@+=0 -/$=A,-. /$ >-=+'/ $*C='O (
;:89,C+=0 , A,+G*-=0 ;,)<=;+=A/0.
:8)(A'=-+,&'O >-=+'8-8>8 A8+-*N:/ Q D/$*C='O -,) ),/9*':/ D, A:8A( t, @/&'8'=
8?*:'/++% n >-=+'/ , A8*.,G,N+'/ +/;8-+*++% ;8;*:*@+8>8 ;*:*'=+( >-=+'/ [:
Q=60]^]t]n][]_]=47D
2
]t]n][]_], (12.1)
)*: _ - S,$O+,&'O -/+'/C(, '/9
3
;
- ;8;:/-8@+=7 A8*.,G,N+', S8 D/$*C='O -,) :8>( ` +/0=$( A8+-*N:/.
#-=)A,&'O ':/+&;8:'(-/++% (9/&):
a=t]n/60. (12.2)
56
8*.,G,N+' +/;8-+*++% [, S8? (+=A+('= &A(;@*++% -/+'/C( - ;:89,C+=0
;,)<=;+=A,- ;:=79/H'O S8)8 +*-*$=@A=9; -,+ D/$*C='O -,) -$/&'=-8&'*7 +/&=;+=0
-/+'/C,-.
/ ;80=$=0 >-=+'8-=0 A8+-*N:/0 ,D ;:%9(- /++%9 -/+'/C( +/>8:( ;:8)(A'=-+,&'O
D9*+<(N'O&% D, D:8&'/++%9 :8>( +/0=$ (, 8&8?$=-8 ;:= +/%-+8&', ;:89,C+=0 ;,)<=;+=A,-.
:8A >-=+'/ )$% -/+'/C,-, S8 ;8:,-+%+8 $*>A8 ;*:*9,S/H'O&% ;:=79/H'O t=D, )$%
-/+'/C,-, S8 -/CA8 ;*:*9,S/H'O&% t=0,8D /?8 D/&'8&8-(H'O )-(0- @= ':*0D/0,)+, >-=+'=.
/&'8'( 8?*:'/++% >-=+'/ n -=?=:/H'O ( D/$*C+8&', -,) :8)( -/+'/C(, S8
;*:*9,S/N'O&% , ),/9 *':/ >-=+'/; -8+/ ;8-=++/ D/?*D;*@(-/'= &;8A,7+*, ?*D ;*:*&=;/++%
@*:*D -/$ ;:8&(-/++% -/+'/C(; @/&'8'/ 8?*:'/++% D9*+<(N'O&% D, D?,$O<*++%9 ),/9*':/
>-=+'/, S,$O+8&', 7 /? :/D,-+8&', -/+'/C( . /7?,$O<( @/&'8'( 8?*:'/++% >-=+'/ 98C$=-8
-=D+/@='= ;8 *9;,:=@+,7 .8:9($,:
n
max
=/D
0,5
, (12.3)
)*: – A8*.,G,N+', %A=7 9/N D+/@*++% -,) 30 )8 65.
!+/@*++% ),/9*':/ D 8&'/'8@+8 -=?=:/H'O D (:/0(-/++%9 &'/+)/:'+8>8 :%)( ),/9*':,-
;8: 0,1; 0,125; 0,16; 0,2; 0,25; 0,32; 0,4; 0,5; 0,63; 0,8 9.
8D:/08-(H@= ),/9*': >-=+'/ )$% ;*:*9,S*++% >:()A8-=0 -/+'/C,-, +*8?0,)+8
-:/08-(-/'= A:(;+,&'O <9/'A,-:
De(10...12)/, De(4...6)/
max
, (12.4)
)*: / - :8D9,: <9/'A,- &8:'(-/$O+8>8 -/+'/C( (8)+8:,)+8>8 ;8 A:(;+8&',),
/
max
- :8D9,: +/7?,$O<=0 <9/'A,- ( :%)8-89( (+*8)+8:,)+89( ;8 A:(;+8&',)
+/&=;+89( -/+'/C,.
!/>/$O+=7 8;,: ;:%9(-/++H -/+'/C( +/ >-=+'8-89( A8+-*N:, (A$/)/N'O&% ,D: &=$ '*:'%
-/+'/C( 8? C8$8? , 8? ;8-*:0+H >-=+'/, 8;,: ( ;:89,C+=0 , A,+G*-=0 ;,)<=;+=A/0, / '/A8C
8;8:= ;,)789( ;:= ;*:*9,S*++, +/>8:( ;8 +/0=$,. AS8 -,)89, A8*.,G,N+'= '*:'%, '8 G,
8;8:= 98C+/ :8D:/0(-/'=. :8'* ,&+ (H'O 8;8:=, S8 -/CA8 -:/08-(H'O&%, 8;8:=, S8
-=+=A/H'O @*:*D &A(;@*++% -/+'/C( - ;:89,C+=0 ;,)<=;+=A,-, '*:'% +/ A:/7G, >-=+'/ 8?
@/&'A=, S8 D/'%>(H'O&% - D/D8: 9,C >-=+'89 , C8$8?89. 89( ;:= -=D+/@*++, ;8'(C+8&',
)-=>(+/ D:(@+8 -=A8:=&'8-(-/'= 8':=9/+=7 )8&$,)+=9 <$%089 D/>/$O+=7 A8*.,G,N+' 8;8:(
w, S8 D/$*C='O >8$8-+=9 @=+89 -,) -$/&'=-8&'*7 -/+'/C(: (w=1,2...4,0).
8'(C+,&'O +/ -/$, )-=>(+/:
N=N
;,)789
+N
8?*:'/++%
=(Q/3600)(H+L·w). (12.5)
:('%@=7 989*+' +/ -/$( >-=+'/ -=D+/@/N'O&% D .8:9($=:
M
0
=1000·60·N·m/(2^]n). (12.6)
/7?,$O</ @=++/ +/ >-=+' ;8)8-C+% &=$/:
P=M
0
/(r·tg(q+r))=2M
0
/(k·D·tg(q+r)), (12.7)
)*: r - :/),(& ;8 %A89( ),N &=$/ , 9 (8:,N+'8-+8 ;:=79/H'O
r=k·D/2=(0,7...0,8)·D/2;
q - :,> ;,)789( >-=+'8-8U $,+,U >-=+'/ +/ :/),(&, r;
r - :,> '*:'% -/+'/C( 8? ;8-*:0+H >-=+'/;
57
tgr=f
1
- A8*.,G,N+' '*:'% -/+'/C( 8? ;8-*:0+H >-=+'/.
/$ >-=+'/, 98C+/ :8D>$%)/'= %A ?/>/'88;,:+=7 :8D:,D+=7 -/$ ,D -,)&'/++H 9,C
8;8:/9= (;,)<=;+=A/9=) l, :8D:/08-(H'O +/ &A$/)+=7 8;,: &A:(@(-/++H ;,) ),NH 989*+'(
M
0
, ;8)8-C+=7 &'=&A /?8 :8D'%> &=$8HP, -=>=+ ;,) ),NH 989*+'( P·r, / '/A8C -=>=+ +/
)8-C*+, l -,) -$/&+8U &=$= -/>=. -=+' ;*:*-,:%H'O '/A8C +/ )*.8:9/G,H -=>=+(, ;:=@89(
;:8>=+ +* ;8-=++=7 ,&'8'+ 8 D9,+H-/'= D/D8: 9,C A:/7A8H >-=+'/ , C8$8?89.
*:'=A/$O+, >-=+'8-, A8+-*N:=
*:'=A/$O+, >-=+'8-, A8+-*N:= &'/-$%'O&% )8 A8+-*N:,- &;*G,/$O+8>8 '=;(. 8+-*N:
&A$/)/N'O&% D ;,)-,<*+8>8 +/ D/-D%'89( ;,)<=;+=A( -/$/ ,D &(G,$O+=9= >-=+'8-=9=
-='A/9=, S8 8?*:'/N'O&% - G=$,+):=@+89( A8C(&, (':(?,), A8:8'A8>8 >8:= D8+'/$O+8>8
>-=+'/-C=-=$O+=A/, '/A8C 8?*:'8-8>8 - ':(?, 7 8)+8>8 /?8 )-80 :8D),$O+=0 ;:=-8),- )$%
8?80 >-=+',-. 8D-/+'/C*++% A8+-*N:,- ;:8-/)='O&% @*:*D ;/':(?8A (>8:, A8C(0/. =C+%
),$%+A/ -*:'=A/$O+8>8 >-=+'/, ( %A=7 ;8)/N'O&% -/+'/C, :8?$%'O /?8 ;*:*9,++8>8, S8
D9*+<(N'O&% A-*:0( ),/9*':/, /?8 D, D9*+<*+=9 A:8A89. := -*$=A,7 -=&8', A8+-*N:/,
S8? (+=A+('= ?=''% -/$/, ,+8), -&'/+8-$HH'O ;:89,C+=7 ;,)<=;+=A.
/+'/C, ;8)/-/+=7 >8:= D8+'/$O+=9, S8 :*>($HN ;:8)(A'=-+,&'O >-=+'89 )8
-*:'=A/$O+8>8 >-=+'/, ;:=-8)='O&% 8&'/++,9 - 8?*:'/++%. := GO89(, -/+'/C ;,) ),NH
-,)G*+':8-8U &=$=, ;:='=&A/N'O&% )8 ;8-*:0+, G=$,+):=@+8>8 A8C(0 / , ;,) ),NH &=$= '*:'%
;:8 UU , &=$= -/>= )*A,$OA/ -,)&'/N - ;:%9(-/++, -,) >-=+'8-8U ;8-*:0+,, '8?'8 +/ ;:8'=-/>(
>8:=D8+'/$O+=9 >-=+'/9, )$% %A=0 8?9*C(N'O&% 9/A&=9/$O+/ @/&'8'/ 8?*:'/++%, +/
-*:'=A/$O+=0 >-=+'/0 8?9*C(N'O&% UU 9,+,9/$O+* ;:=;(&'=9* D+/@*++%, +*8?0,)+* )$%
':/+&;8:'(-/++% -/+'/C( +/>8:( ;8 >-=+',.
8D)=-=98&% %A8H (%-8H -=D+/@/H'O GH @/&'8'( 8?*:'/++%. / @/&'A( &=$8H -/>= G
;8 >-=+'8-,7 ;8-*:0+, ),H'O )-, &=$= (9/$H+8A 29): 8)+/ &;:%98-/+/ ;8 >-=+'8-,7 ;8-*:0+,
(+=D , )8:,-+HN Gsinq, ,+</ - &=$/ '*:'% @/&'A= 8? >-= +'8-( ;8-*:0+H G]f
-
·cosq, )* f
-
-
A8*.,G,N+' '*:'%.
:= 8? *:'/++, @/&'A= +/ 8A:(C+8&', >-=+'/ D, <-=)A,&'H a -=+=A/N -,)G*+':8-/ &=$/
m·a
2
/R, ,, S8 8'C* ),N - >8:=D8+'/$O+,7 ;$8S=+, &=$/ '*:'% @/&'A= 8? &',+A( G=$,+):=@+8>8
A8C(0/ )8:,-+HN m·f
A
·a
2
/R, )* f
A
- A8*.,G,N+' '*:'% @/&'A= 8? A8C(0. A$/)8-8U G,NU &=$=, S8
),N +/ >-=+'8-( ;8-*:0+H )8:,-+HN m·a
2
·f
A
·sinq/R, / &=$/ '*:'% 8? >-= +'8-( ;8-*:0+H
m·a
2
·f
A
·f
-
·sinq/R.
/7?,$O</ <-=)A,&'O +/ 8A:(C+8&', >-=+'/, ;:= %A,7 @/&'A/ +* 9/N 8&O8-8>8
;:%9(-/++% 7 8?*:'/N'O&% :/D89 ,D >-=+' 89, '8?'8 A:='=@+/ <-=)A,&'O a
A:
D+/08)='O&% D
:,-+%++%:
m·g·sinq+m·g·cosq·f
-
+m·a
A:
2
·f
A
·f
-
·sinq/R - m·a
A:
2
·f
A
·cosq/R=0, (12.8)
-,)A,$% a
A:
=(g·R(sinq+f
-
·cosq)/(f
A
·(cosq-f
-
·sinq)))
0,5
. (12.9)
58
/$H+8A 29
:/08-(H@= '*, S8 a
A:
=2^]R·n
A:
=^]D·n
A:
, 8)*:C=98 A:='=@+( @/&'8'( 8?*:'/++%
>-=+'/:
n
A:
=30/^](2g·tg(q+_
-
)/(D·f
A
))
0,5
, )* _
-
=arctgf
-
. (12.10)
:= @/&'8', 8?*:'/++% n>n
A:
@/&'A/ -/+'/C( :(0/N'O&% +/>8:( ;8 >-=+'8-,7 ;8-*:0+,.
! -=:/C*++% 8@*-=)+8, S8 )$% ;:%9(-/++% +/>8:( @/&'A= +/&=;+8>8 -/+'/C( ;8 8&,
>-=+'/, @/&'8'/ UU 8?*:'/++% ;8-=++/ ?('= '=9 ?, $O <*, @=9 ?,$O <* :,> ;,)789( >-=+'/ ,
9*+<* 78>8 :/),(&, 9*+<* A8*.,G,N+' '*:'% @/&'A= 8? >-=+' , ?,$O<* A8*.,G,N+' '*:'% 8?
&',+A( A8C(0/.
13.
-=+'8-/ ':/+&;8:'(H@/ ':(?/ 8?*:'/N'O&% +/ -&'/+8-$*+=0 +/ )*%A,7 -,)&'/+, ,+<=7
-,) ):(>/ ;/:+=0 :8$,A/0 (9/$H+8A 30). &*:*)=+, ':(?= +/ UU &',+G, (A:,;$*+, >-=+'8-,
-='A=. := 8?*:'/++, ':(?= +/&=;+=7 -/+'/C, ;8)/+=7 )8 +*U D 8)+8>8 A,+G%, ;8&'(;8-8
;*:*&=;/H@=&O ;,) ),NH &=$= -/>= ;8 ('-8:*+89( -='A/9= >-=+'8-89( C8$8?(,
;:8&(-/N'O&% (D)8-C 8&, ':(?= , -=&=;/N'O&% D ,+<8>8 A,+G%. 9,&G%0 8;=:/++% +/ :8$,A=
+/ ':(?( +/&/)C*+, &'/$*-, A,$OG% (?/+)/C,), S8 808;$HH'O UU, %A=9= ':(? / ;*:*A8@(N'O&%
;8 :8$,A/9.
:,9 8;8:+=0 :8$,A,-, +/ '=0 C* &'/+=+/0 ;:=A:,;$*+8 ;8 )-80 (;8:+=0 :8$,A,-,
:8D'/<8-/+=0 ;8 8?80 &'8:8+= -,) ?/+)/C,-, %A, (':=9 (H'O ':(?= -,) 8&O8-8>8 D&(-(.
?*:'/++% ;*:*)/N'O&% ':(?, -,) ;:=-8)( D D(?GH-/'=9= A8$*&/9=, ;:=@89( A8$*&8
8&'/++O8U D(?GH-/'8U ;/:= +/)%>+('8, ;8),?+8 A,$OGH, +/ A8:;(& ':(?=.
-=+'8-, ':/+&;8:'(H@, ':(?= -&'/+8-$HH'O >8:=D8+'/$O+8 /?8 D +*-*$=@A=9
;80=$89(. *:*9,S*++% ;8 >-=+'8-=0 ': (?/0 D-=@/7+8 &;8$(@/N'O&% D '*0+8$8>,@+=9
;:8G*&/9=, ;:=@89( )8-C=+/ ':(?, S8 )8&%> /N 200-250 9, +*:,)A8 -=D+/@/N'O&% ;*:,8)89
@/&(, ( ;$=+, %A8>8 -/+'/C ;8-=++=7 D+/08)='O&% - ':(?, )$% D/-*:<*++% '*0+ 8$ 8>,@+8U
8;*:/G,U.
8 ;*:*-/> &'/-='O&% ;8:,-+%$O+/ ;:8&'8'/ A8+&':(AG,U , +/),7+,&'O, ,D8$%G,% ;8 -&,NU
)8-C*+, -,) D8-+,<+O8>8 &*:*)8-=S/, <=:8A=7 ),/;/D8+ ;:8)(A'=-+8&', , )8-C=+=.
59
8 0=? - -*$=A/ 9/&/, D+/@+, :8D9,:=, -=&8A, -=':/'/ *+*:>,U (08@/ , 9*+<, +,C +/
>-=+'8-=0 A8+-*N:/0).
/$H+8A 30
:8)(A'=-+,&'O >-=+'8-8U ':/+&;8:'(H@8U ':(?= -=D+/@/H'O:
Q=60]^]D
2
·t]n][]_]/4=47D
2
]t]n][]_]. (13.1)
#-=)A,&'O ':/+&;8:'(-/++% (9/&):
a=t]n/60. (13.2)
AS8 ;8 '*0+8$8>,@+=9 (98-/9 -/+'/C ;8-=++=7 D/$=</'=&% - ':(?, - ;*:*?,>( @/& (
t
-
, '8 )8-C=+/ ':(?=:
L=a}t
-
. (13.3)
:8A >-=+'/ D-=@/7+8 ;:=79/H'O t=0,5D, / A8*.,G,N+' D/;8-+*++% ':(?= [=0,2...0,3..
~8? -/+'/C 9,> ;*:*9,S/'=&% ;8 ':(?,, @/&'8'/ UU 8?*:'/++% +* ;8-=++/
;*:*-=S(-/'=, )*%A8>8 A:='=@+8>8 @=&$/ n
A:
, ;:= %A89( -/+'/C ;,) ),NH -,)G*+':8-8U &=$=
+* -,):=-/N'O&% -,) ':(?=, / 8?*:'/N'O&% :/D89 ,D +*H. $% -=D+/@*++% n
A:
:8D)=-=98&%
(98-( :,-+8-/>= @/&'A= &=$8H -/>= G ;,)+%'8U ;:= 8?*:'/++, ':(?= D @/&'8'8H n +/ :,> q
(9/$H+8A 31).
8-D/++% G,NU @/&'A= ;8 &',+G, ':(?= ;8@=+/N'O&% - 989*+', A8$= &=$/ '*:'% F UU 8?
&',+A( ':(?= &'/N 9*+<* &A$/)8-8U &=$= -/>= @/&'A=, &;:%98-/+8U ;8 A/&/'*$O+,7.
60
/$H+8A 31
,)&'/-$%H@= - :,-+,&'O:
Gsinq=(C+Gcosq)·f=((G/g)·(D·•2/2)+Gcosq)·f, (13.4)
)* f=tgr - A8*.,G,N+' '*:'% @/&'A= 8? &',+A( ':(?=,
D+/08)=98
(
)
sin
sin
3,42
D
n
=
. (13.5)
/&'8'( 8?*:'/++% n
A:
=n
max
, 8)*:C=98, ;,)&'/-=-<= q=90‚+r:
n=42,3(1/(D·sinr))
0,5
.
98-/ :,-+8&', -,)G*+':8-8U &=$= = &=$= -/>= -/+'/C( ( -*:0+,7 '8@G, ':(?= 9/N
9,&G* ;:= q=180‚
°
=
180
, '8), n
1
=42,3/D
0,5
.
:/A'=@+8 )$% >:/+=@+8U @/&'8'= 8?*:'/++% ;:=79/H'O: n=(0,5...0,65)n
1
.
+*:>,%, S8 D/':/@/N'O&% +/ 8?*:'/++% ':(?=, -=':/@/N'O&% +/ ;8)8$/++% 8;8:( +/
8;8:+=0 :8$,A/0 , +/ :8?8'( ;,)789/ -/+'/C(, S8 ;*:*&=;/N'O&% (&*:*)=+, ':(?=. /0(H@=
;:=?$=D+8 '=&A +/ 8;8:+, :8$,A= 8)+/A8-=9 ;8 8?=)-/ ?8A=, D+/08)=98 &=$( '=&A( +/
:8$,A=:
2ƒ=(G+G
0
)/cosq
0
,
)*: G , G
0
- &=$/ -/>= -/+'/C( - ':(?, , &=$/ -/>= ':(?=;
q
0
- ;8$8-=+/ G*+':/$O+8>8 :8>( :8D'/<(-/ ++% 8;8:+=0 :8$=A,-.
89*+' +/ 8&, ':(?=:
=G]a+2P·(2+f·d)·D
A
/(2D
:
),
)*: a - -,)&'/+O -,) G*+':( 9/&= ;:8</:A( -/+'/C( )8 -*:'=A/$,, S8 ;:808)='O @*:*D
-,&O ':(?= a…0,25D, D
A
- ),/9*': ?/+)/C(, %A=9 ': (?/ A8'='O&% ;8 8;8:+=9 :8$,A/9, f , -
A8*.,G,N+'= '*:'% A8-D/++% - G/;./0 , A/@*++% ?/+)/C( ;8 :8$,A/9.
8'(C+,&'O )-= >(+/, A':
N=·•/(1000m)=]^]n/(30·1000·m)=]n/(9586·m),
)*: m - ;*:*)/-/$O+8>8 9*0/+,D9( ;:=-8) (.