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14.  

&'/+8-A= ;+*-9/'=@+8>8 ':/+&;8:'( &$(C/'O )$% ;*:*9,S*++% +/&=;+=0 , <'(@+=0

-/+'/C,- ;8 ':(?/0 /?8 C8$8?/9 D/ )8;898>8H &'=&+( '8>8 /?8 -=:%)C*+8>8 ;8-,':%.

+*-9/'=@+, (&'/+8-A= D+/08)%'O D/&'8&(-/++% )$%:

- D/-/+'/C*++% ?(+A*:,- , &=$8&,- &=;(@=9= -/+'/C/9=;

- ;8)/@/ &=;(@=0 -/+'/C,- ,D &A$/),-;

- D/-/+'/C*++% , :8D-/+'/C*++% C/) -/>8+,-, &(),- , /-'898?,$,-;

- -=)/$*++% -,)08),- -=:8?+=G'-/ (&':(CA=, ;:=&A=);

- ':/+&;8:'(-/++% +/;,-./?:=A/',- , >8'8-8U ;:8)(AG,U, <'(@+=0 -/+'/C,-

(;+*-98;8<'/).

!/ ;:=+G=;89 ),U ;+*-9/'=@+=7 ':/+ &; 8:' :8D),$%H'O +/ (&'/+8-A=, S8 ':/+&;8:'(H'O

-/+'/C, - ;8-,' :%+89( ;8'8G, (&=;(@,), ( ':(?8;:8-,)+=0 A8+'*7+*:/0 , ;/':(?A/0.

&'/+8-A=, S8 ':/+&;8:'(H'O +/&=;+=7 -/+'/C ( D-/C*+89( &'/+, - ;8'8A(,

:8D),$%H'O +/ (&98A'(-/$O+,, +/>+,'/$O+, , D9,</+,.

&98A'(-/$O+, (&'/+8-A= (9/$H+8A 32) &A$/)/H'O&% D ; 8-,':8)(-+8U 9/<=+= 6, S8 &'-8:HN

:8D:,)C*++% - ;+*-9/'=@+,7 &=&'*9,. ,) ),NH /'98&.*:+8>8 '=&A( ;8-,':% :/D89 ,D

+/&=;+=9 -/+'/C*9 D/&98A'(N'O&% @*:*D &8;$8 1 ( ':(?8;:8-,) 2, ;8 %A89( ':/+ &; 8:'(N'O&%

)8 9,&G% :8D//+'/C*++% - -,))*$='*$O 3. $8S/ ;*:*'=+( 78>8 ':80= ?,$O<* ;$ 8S,

;*:*'=+( ':(?8;:8-8)(.  :*D($O'/', :,DA8>8 D9*+<*++% <-= ) A8&', ;8'8A( -/+'/C ;/)/N +/

)+8, -,)A,$% -=-/+'/C(N'O&% D/ )8;898>8H D/'-8:/ 4. ! -,))*$='*$% 3 ;8-,':% D ):,?+=9=

.:/AG,%9= -/+'/C( +/)08)='O ( :*D*:-(/: 9*+<8>8 8?&%>( 5, 8?$/)+/+=7 .,$O':89.

/+'/C, S8 -=),$=-&% - :*D($O'/', 8@=S*++%, -,))/$='O&% @*:*D D/'-8: 4. @=S*+* ;8-,':%

-=A=)/N'O&% - /'98&.*:(, S8 -&98A'(H'O ;+*-98(&'/+8-A= ;:/GHH'O ;:= '=&A( )8 0,05

/.

/$H+8A 32

 +/>+,'/$O+,7 ;+*-98':/+&;8:'+,7 (&'/+8-G, (9/$H+8A 33) &'=&+('* ;8-,':% -,)

A89;:*&8:/ 7 +/)08)='O ( ;8-,':%D/?,:+=A 8, ;8',9 - 8$,H, -8$8>8-,))*$='*$O 9 ,

':(?8;:8-,), S8 D/-/+'/C(N'O&% D/ )8;898>8H &;*G,/$O+8>8 C=-=$O+=A/ 10.

 +/>+,'/$O+=0 ;+*-98(&'/+8-A/0 ;*:*;/) '=&A( )8&%>/N 0,4-0,6 /, '89( -8+=

98C('O ':/+&;8:'(-/'= -/+'/C +/ -*$=A, -,)&'/+,.

,D+=G% '/ :8D08)C*++% G=0 (&'/+8-8A: (&98A'(-/$O+, )8D-8$%H'O :8?='= ;/:A/+

9/'*:,/$,- ,D :,D+89/+,'+=0 9,&GO, / +/>+,'/$O+, ':/+&;8:'(H'O D 8)+8>8 9,&G% - :,D+,.

/$H+8A 33

+*-98(&'/+8-A/ D9,</+8>8 '=;( (9/$H+8A 34) -A$H@/N )-, ;8&$,)8-+8 :8D'/<8-/+=0

),$%+A= - (&98A'(-/$O+,7 11 , +/>+,'/$O+,7 12. &98A'(-/$O+/ @/&'=+/ (&'/+8-A= ;8),?+/

-=S* :8D>$%+(',7: -/+'/C D/&98A'(N'O&% - ':(?8;:8-,) , +/)08)='O ;8&$,)8-+8 -

-,))*$='*$O 3 , .,$O': 5, ,D %A=0 -/+'/C ;8)/N'O&% - +/;,:+=7 ':(?8;:8-,) 12 +/>+,'/$O+8U

@/&'=+= (&'/+8-A=. @=S*+* ;8-,':% +* -=A=)/N'O&% - /'98&.*:(, / A89;:*&8:89 7

+/>+*'/N'O&% - ':(?8;:8-,) 12 / -/+'/C ':/+&;8:'(N'O&% )8 9,&G% :8D-/+'/C*++% -

-,))*$,'*$O 3 , .,$O': 5. *:*-/>/ G,NU &0*9= ;8$%>/N - '89(, S8 -/+'/C D/?=:/H'O ,D

)*A,$OA80 D/-/+'/C(-/$O+=0 9,&GO, D?=:/H'O - 8)+,9 9,&G, (N9A8&',) , ':/+&;8:'(N'O &%

8)+8@/&+8 - )*A,$OA/ ;(+A',- :8D-/+'/C*++%.

/$H+8A 34

 %A8&', ;8-,':8)(-+=0 9/<=+ D/&'8&8-(H'O -*+'=$%'8:=, '(:?89/<=+=

:,D+89/+,'+=0 '=;,-,

:8'/G,7+, -/A((9-+/&8&=, A89;:*&8:= :,D+89/+,'+=0 '=;,-.

&+8-+=9= *$*9*+'/9= ;+*-98(&'/+8-8A N D/-/+'/C(-/$O+, (&':8U (C=-=$O+=A=,

&8;$/), D/'-8:=, .,$O':=, :8D-/+'/C(-/$O+, (&':8U (;8-,':%-,))*$='*$O), ':(?8;:8-8)=,

:*&=-*:=, 9/&$8-,))*$='*$,.

8 ;*:*-/> ;+*-98':/+&;8:'+=0 (&'/+8-8A &'/-='O&%:

- >*:9*'=@+,&'O &=&'*9=;

- -,)&('+,&'O -':/' -/+'/C,-, S8 ;*:*9,S/H'O&%;

- 808:8+/ U0 -,) -;$=-( D8-+,<+O8>8 &*:*)8-=S/;

- 98C$=-,&'O ;*:*9,S*++% -/+'/C,- ;8 &A$/)+,7 ':/&,;

- D:(@+,&'O &;8$(@*++% >8:=D8+'/$O+=0, -*:'=A/$O+=0 , ;80=$=0 ),$%+8A;

- D8&*:*)C*+,&'O 9/<=++8>8 (&'/'A(-/++% - 8)+,9 9,&G, , -,)&('+,&'O +*8?0,)+8&', -

&A$/)+89( '*0+8$8>,@+89( 8?&$(>8-(-/++, ;8 -&,7 ':/&,;

- 98C$=-,&'O <$%089 D/&'8&(-/++% :8D>/$(C*+=0 ':(?8;:8-8),- ;*:*9,S/'= -/+'/C, D

)*A,$OA80 9,&GO - 8)+* /?8 +/-;/A= D 8)+8>8 9,&G% - )*A,$OA/;

- 98C$=-,&'O &;8$(@*++% ':/+&;8:'(-/++% D )*%A=9= '*0+8$8>,@+=9= ;:8G*&/9=

(808$8)C*++%9).

8 0=? ;+*-98(&'/+8-8A &'/-$%'O&%:

- -=&8A/ ;='89/ -=':/'/ *+*:>,U;

- ,+'*+&=-+* D+8<(-/++% ':(?8;:8-8),- (8&8?$=-8 +/ ;8-8:8'+=0 ),$%+A/0), ,+<=0

@/&'=+ (&'/+8-A=, S8 -08)%'O ( D,'A+*++% D ;8'8A89 -/+'/C( ;

- +*8?0,)+,&'O :*'*$O+8>8 8@=S*++% ;8-,':% -,) ;=$HA=;

- +*98C$=-,&'O ;*:*9,S/'= -8$8>, , $=;A, -/+'/C,.

:,9 ;+*-98(&'/+8-8A, :8D>$%+('=0 -=S*, N (&'/+8-A= )$% ;*:*9,S*++% ):,?+=0

;:*)9*',- , 8A:*9=0 +*-*$=@A=0 A,$OA8&'*7 +/&=;+=0 -/+'/C,- ( &;*G,/$O+=0 A8+'*7+*:/0-

;/':8+/0, S8 ;*:*9,S/H'O&% ;8),?+8 ;8:<+%9 ( ;*:*'=+, ':(?8;:8-8)(.

/;:8'=-/>( 8&+8-+ 89(, :8D>$%+('89( D/&8?8-, ;+*-9/'=@+8>8 ':/+&;8:'(-/++%,

-/+'/C - (&'/+8-A/0 )/+8>8 '=; ( ;*:*9,S/N'O&% ;,) ),NH &'/'=@+8>8 '=&A( ; 8-,':% +/

'8:G*-( ;8-*:0+H ;/':8+,-.

~* 8)=+ :,D+8-=) ;+*-98':/+&;8:'+=0 (&':8U- - ;+*-98C*$8?/ D ;*:.8:8-/+=9

)+89, ( %A=0 -,)?(-/ N'O&% /*:=:8-/+* (+/&=@*++% ;8-,':%9) ;8:8<A8;8),?+=0 -/+'/C,-, S8

8)*:C(H'O ;:= GO89( -*$=A( :(0$=-,&'O , ;*:*9,S/H'O&% ;8 C8$8?, ;:= +*D+/@+89( 78>8

+/0=$,.

8D:/0(+8A ;+*-98':/+&;8:'+=0 (&'/+8-8A

8D:/0(+8A ;+*-98- , >,):8' :/+ &; 8:'+=0 (&'/+8-8A &A$/)/N'O&% - '89(, S8 ;8 D/)/+=9

8?'N9+,7 /?8 9/&8-,7 ;:8)(A'=-+8&',, 0/:/A'*:=&'=G, -/+'/C( (78>8 S,$O+8&',,

>:/+($89*':=@+89( &A$/)(), )8-C=+, , A8+.,>(:/G,U ':(?8;:8-8)(, -=D+/@/H'O +*8?0,)+(

)$% D/?*D;*@*++% ':/+&;8:'+8>8 ;:8G*&( <-=)A,&'O ;:%9(-/++% +*&(@8>8 &*:*)8-=S/

(;8-,':%, -8)=), +*8?0,)+( A,$OA,&'O ;8-,':% /?8 -8)=, ),/9*': ':(?8;:8-8)(; 8;8:=

;:%9(-/++H &(9,<, +/ :,D+89/+,'+=0 ),$%+A/0 ':(?8;:8-8)( , ;8':,?+=7 +/;,: /?8 '= &A )$%

U0+O8>8 ;8)8$/++%, ;8'(C+,&'O )-=>(+/ +/&8&+8>8 /?8 ;8-,':8)(-+8>8 />:*>/'(.

*:*9,S*++% ;8 >8:=D8+'/$O+89( ':(?8;:8-8), - D-/C*+89( /?8 @/&'A8-8 D-/C*+89(

&'/+, -,)?(-/N'O&% D/-)%A= '(:?($*+'+89( ;:%9(-/++H ;8'8A( D >:/),*+'89 <-=)A8&'*7

('8?'8 ;:= D9,+, <-=)A8&'*7 ( ;8;*:*@+89( ;*:*'=+, -,) 9,+,9/$O+=0 D+/@*+O ( &',+8A )8

9/A&=9/$O+=0 ?$=C@* )8 8&,). =$=, S8 ;,)':=9(H'O @/&'A= ;:= '(:?($*+'+89(

;:%9(-/++,, N .(+AG,NH ;8)8-C+O8U <-=)A8&', ;8'8A( , D:8&'/H'O ,D UU D?,$O<*++%9.

89( <-=)A,&'O ;8'8A( >,):8- , /*:8D9,&, - ':(?/0 ( D/>/$O+89( -=;/)A( ;8-=++/ ?('=

+* 9*+<* )*%A8>8 -=D+/@*+8>8 D+/@*++% , '=9 ?,$O<8H, @=9 ?,$O<* :8D9,:= , S,$O+,&'O

@/&'8A -/+'/C(.

:='*:,N9 )$% (&'/+8-$*++% <-=)A8&', ;8'8A( &$ (C='O A:='=@+/ <-=)A,&'O a

, '8?'8

+/79*+</ <-=)A,&'O, ;:= %A,7 -/+'/C +* D/':=9(H'O&% - ':(?8;:8-8),. /;:=A$/), )$%

;80=$=0 ':(?8;:8-8),- -=0,)+=9 :8D9,:89 ;:= ;:=D+/@*++, <-=)A8&', 98C* &$(C='=

<-=)A,&'O -='/++% ( -=&0,)+89( ;8 -*:'=A/$O+89( ':(?8;:8-8), &':(9,+, ;8-,':%.

8D)=-=98&% @/&'A( -/+'/C( - ;8'8A( ;8-,':%. =$/ F -=+=A/N -+/&$,)8A D9,+=

+/;:%9A( ;:%9(-/++% ;8'8A( 7 /*:8)=+/9,@+8>8 *.*A'(, ;:= %A89( @/&'A/ ;8-,':%,

D(&':,-<= @/&'A( 9/'*:,/$( - '8@G, «/», :(0/N'O&% ;8 UU ;8-*:0+, , D9,+HH@= +/;:%98A; D/

'8@A8H «b» @/&'A= ;8-,':% -,):=-/H'O&% -,) ;8-*:0+, ',$/ , '=9 ('-8:='O&% :8D:%)C*++%.

,D+=G% '=&A,- ( +=C+,7 D8+, bab´ 7 ( -*:0+,7 D8+, bcb´ -=D+/@/N /*:8)=+/9,@+=7 -;$=-.

='/++% @/&'A= ( -*:'=A/$O+89( ':(?8;:8-8), +/&'(;/N '8),, A8$= -/>/ @/&'8A

(:,-+8-/C*+/ /*:8)=+/9,@+8H &=$8H F=G: F=c·_

]]a

, (14.1)

)*: c - /*:8)=+/9,@+=7 A8*.,G,N+', S8 0/:/A'*:=D(N .8:9( , :8D9,:= @/&'8A (c=0,25

)$% 8?',@+8U </:8-=)+8U .8:9= ),/9*':89 d); _

- S,$O+,&'O ;8-,':%;  - ;$8S/ ;*:*'=+(

@/&'A=; a

- <-=)A,&'O ;8-,':%+8>8 ;8'8A( ;:= -='/++, @/&'A=.

~8? -/+'/C ;*:*9,S/-&% - ':(?8;:8-8),, <-=)A,&'O ;8-,':%+8>8 ;8'8A( ;8-=++/ ?('=

?,$O<* A:='=@+8U:

ek·a

, (14.2)

)* k=1,3...1,5 - A8*.,G,N+' D/;/&(; a

- A:='=@+/ <-=)A,&'O ; 8-,':%.

#-=)A,&'O ;8-,':% D-=@/7+8 &A$/)/N 10-30 9/&, 9/A&=9/$O+/ 40 9/&. / ;:/A'=G, -8+/

+* ;8-=++/ ;*:*-=S(-/'= )*%A,0 9/A&=9/$O+=0 D+/@*+O a

D/D+/@*+=0 ( '*0+,@+=0

)8-,)+=A/0, ,+/A<* &=$O+8 D:8&'/N *+*:>8N9+,&'O &=&'*9= @*:*D D?,$O<*++% )=+/9,@+=0

(':/' '=&A(, ;,)-=S(N'O&% D+8& ':(?8;:8-8)(, / '/A8C :8D):,?$HN'O&% -/+'/C:

·(µ]a·g·D)

0,5

, (14.3)

)* g - ;:=&A8:*++% -,$O+8>8 ;/),++%; c

=0,1...0,35 - )8&-,)@*+=7 A8*.,G,N+', S8

D/$*C='O -,) 0/:/A'*:( -/+'/C(, S8 ':/+&;8:' (N'O&% (9*+<, D+/@*++% )$% ;=$*-=)+=0,

?,$O<, - )$% D*:+=&'=0 , >:()A8-=0 -/+'/C,-); D - ),/9*': ':(?8;:8-8)(; a=(_

- _

)/_

-,)+8<*++% S,$O+8&'*7 (_

- S,$O+ ,&'O -/+'/C(, _

- S,$O+ ,&'O ;8-,':%), µ - A8*.,G,N+'

A8+G*+':/G,U &(9,<, %A -,)+8<*++% -/>8-8U ;:8)(A'=-+8&', (&'/+8-A= Q )8 -/>8-8U -=':/'=

;8-,':% Q

: µ=Q/(3,6·Q

=':/'/ ;8-,':% D/$*C='O -,) +*8?0,)+8U ;:8) (A'=-+8&', , 0/:/A'*:( -/+'/C(:

=Q/(3,6·µ). (14.4)

,/9*': ':(?8;:8-8)( 98C+/ -=D+/@='=:

D=(4Q/(3,6]_

]µ]^]a

))

0,5

. (14.5)

=':/'/ ;8-,':% +/ -=08), D ;8-,':8)(-+8U 9/<=+=:

-9

·Q

, (14.6)

)* k

=1,1...1,15 - A8*.,G,N+' -,);$=-( ;8-,':%.

&'/+8-=-, -,);8-,)+8 )8 )8&-,)@*+=9 )/+=9, A8+G*+':/G,H &(9,<, , ),/9*':

':(?8;:8-8)(, -=D+/@/H'O <-=)A,&'O &(9,<, a

A:.

8',9 ;*:*-,:%H'O -=A8+/++% (98-= a=a

;8 -=':/'/9 >,):8- /?8 /*:8&(9,<,.

!+/H@= 0/:/A'*:=&'=A= ;8'8A( &(9,<, (<-=)A,&'O, A8+G*+':/G,H) , ),/9*':

':(?8;:8-8)(, -=D+/@/H'O 8;,: ;:%9(-/++H. ,+ &A$/)/N'O&% D 8;8:( ;,)789( +/

-*:'=A/$O+=0 /?8 ;80=$=0 ),$%+A/0 ':(?8;:8-8)(, -':/' (D)8-C (&O8>8 ' :(?8;:8-8)( , +/

8A:*9=0 ),$%+A/0 (;8-8:8'/0, :8D>/$(C*++%0 , ,+.).

':/'= '=&A( - ;+*-98:':/+&;8:'+,7 &=&'*9,:



;

=

+

)

, (14.7)

)*: 

- (':/'= '=&A( +/ 8;,: ':(?8;:8-8)(, 8?(98-$*+, &=$/9= '*:'%;



- (':/'= '=&A( +/ ;,)789 ;8-,':% , -/+'/C(;



)

- )=+/9,@+, -':/'= '=&A(, S8 D/':/@/H'O&% +/ ;*:*)/@( -/+'/C( , ;8-,':H

A,+*'=@+8U *+*:>,U;



- (':/'= '=&A( - D/-/+'/C(-/$O+89( , :8D-/+'/C(-/$O+89( (&':8%0.

=&A +/ ;8@/'A( ':(?8;:8-8)(:



=

+

;

, (14.8)

)* 

- '=&A +/;:=A,+G, +/;,:+8>8 ':(?8; :8-8)(:



=0,103+

+

, (14.9)



- (':/'= '=&A( ;8-,':% - -,))*$,'*$,;



- (':/'= '=&A( ( .,$O':,.

8'(C+,&'O (A') )-=>(+/ ;8-,':8)(-+8U 9/<=+=:

=

·

()

·Q

, (14.10)

)* 

- A8*.,G,N+' D/;/&( (

=1,1);



()

- ;='89/ :8?8'/ ;8-,':8)(-+8U 9/<=+= (AC/A>):



()

=

;

](

;

+

)/(_

]

) (14.11)

-  ;8-,':8)(-+8U 9/<=+=.



;

- (':/'= '=&A(;



- /'98&.*:+=7 '=&A;

- S,$O+,&'O ;8-,':% ;:= )/+89( /'98&.*:+89( '=&A(.

+*-9/'=@+=7 ':/+&;8:' -/+'/C,- - /*:=:8-/+89( &'/+,.*:8C8$8?/

+*-98':/+&;8:'+/ (&'/+8-A/, +/D-/+/ /*:8C8$8?89 , @=++/ D/ ;:=+G=;89 /*:/G,U

+/&=;+8>8 -/+'/C(, +/)/+/ +/ (9/$H+A( 35)

Œ8$8? 1 -=>8'8-$%H'O ,D &'/$*-=0 $=&',- ,D ;8:=&'8H ;*:*>8:8)A8H 2, S8 :8D),$%N

78>8 +/ -*:0+H @/&'=+( - ':/+&;8:'(H@( , +=C+H ;8-,':8)(-+(. /&=;+=7 -/+'/C

+/)08)='O ( -*:0+H @/&'=+( C8$8? / D ?(+A*:/ 3. 8)/+* -*+'=$%'8:89 4 ( +=C+H @/&'=+(

C8$8?/ ; 8-,':% ;:8+=A/N A:,DO ;8:=&'( ;*:*>8:8)A( ( -*:0+H @/&'=+( , +/&=@(N &=;(@=7

-/+'/C, S8 +/)08)='O ,D ?(+A*:/. *:8-/+=7 -/+'/C +/?(-/N -*$=A8U '*A(@8&', , :( 0/N'O&%

;,) ),NH -$/&+8U -/>= (+=D ;8 C8$8?,, S8 9/N (0=$ 2...5 %. &'/+8-A/ ;8&'/@*+/ -0,)+=9 5 ,

-=;(&A+=9 6 .,$O':/9=. *:<=7 ;:=D+/@*+=7 )$% 808:8+= ;8:=&'8U ;*:*>8:8)A= -,)

D/&9,@*++% ;,:, / ):(>=7 )$% -,)),$*++% -,) ;8-,':% ;=$*-=)+=0 .:/AG,7 9/'*:,/$(, S8

':/+&;8:'(N'O&%.

/$H+8A 35

+*-9/'=@+=7 ':/+&;8:' <'(@+=0 -/+'/C,- ( ;/':8+/0

+*-9/'=@+* ':/+&;8:'(-/++% <'(@+=0 -/+'/C,- ;8 ':(?/0 D),7&+HN'O&% D/

)8;898>8H ;/':8+,-. /':8+ -&'/+8-$HN'O&% - 8'-,: ':(?= ;:=79/$O+8U &'/+G,U ,

;*:*9,S(N'O&% ;8-,':%9.

/ :8D-/+'/C(-/$O+=0 &'/+G,%0 ':/+&;8:'+=7 ':(?8;:8-,) 9/N -,)>/$(C*++% D,

&':,$8@+=9= ;*:*A$/)/9=, A*:8-/+=9= D/ )8;898>8H /):*&(-/@*7, -&'/+8-$*+=0 +/

;/':8+/0. := ;,)08), ;/':8+/ )8 ;(+A'( ;:=D+/@*++% &;:/GO8-( N &':,$8@+=7 ;*:*A$/), ,

;/':8+ /-'89/'=@+8 ;*:*A$/)/N'O&% +/ :8D-/+'/C(- /$O+, -,)>/$(C*++% ':(?8;:8-8)(.

/':8+= )$% ;+*-98':/+&;8:'(-/++% <'(@+=0 -/+'/C,- 9/H'O 8-/$O+=7,

;:%98A('+=7 /?8 A:(>$=7 ;*:*'=+. &'/++, 8)*:C/$= +/7?,$O<* ;8<=:*++%. 8:;(&

;/':8+/, -=>8'8-$*+=7 ,D $*>A=0 &;$/-,- /?8 ;$/&'9/&=, ;8&'/@*+=7 (&':8%9= (;8-8:8'+=9=

;/$OG%9= 7 ,+.) )$% /):*&(-/++%. :*)9*'=, S8 ':/+&;8:'(H'O&% ($=&'=, )8A(9*+'=,

'*0+8$8>,@+, ;:8?= , '.;.) ;89,S/H'O&% - ;/':8+ @*:*D 8'-,: ( )+,S,, S8 D/A:=-/N'O&%

A:=<A8H.

+*-98A8+'*7+*:+=7 ':/+&;8:'

!/ ;:=+G=;89 ;+*-9/'=@+8>8 ':/+&;8:'(-/++% -/+'/C( - ;/':8+/0 ),H'O '/A8C

(&'/+8-A=, D/&'8&8-(-/+, )$% ;*:*9,S*++% -*$=A8A(&A8-=0 -/+'/C,- (+/;:=A$/) :()=) (

A8+'*7+*:/0 ;8 ':(?8;:8-8)/0 ?,$O<8>8 ),/9*':/ ()8 900 99 , ?,$O<). 8+'*7+*:= %-$%H'O

&8?8H G=$,+):=@+= &()=+/, %A, ;8&'/@*+, ( +=C+,7 @/&'=+, A8$*&/9=, %A=9= -8+=

&;=:/H'O&% +/ +=C+H @/&'=+( -+(':,<+O8U ;8-*:0+ , ': (?=.  ': (?( ;8)/N'O&% ;8-,':% ;,)

'=&A89, S8 ),N +/ D/)+,7 '8:*GO G=$,+):=@+8>8 A8+'*7+*:/, ;:=D-8)='O 78>8 - ;:%9(-/++%.

/ -=08), D ':(?8;:8-8)( A8+'*7+*: +/)08)='O ( :8D-/+'/C (-/$O+=7 (&':,7. 8:8C+ ,7

A8+'*7+*: ;8-*:'/N'O&% 8?*:+*+8 ;8 ':(?8;:8-8), )8 D/-/+'/C(-/$O+8>8 ;(+A'(. A:*9,

A8+'*7+*:= 98C('O D'N)+/'=&% ( ;8'%>=.

15.  

,):/-$,@+, ':/+&;8:'(H@, (&'/+8-A= ;:=D+/@*+, )$% ;*:*9,S*++% +/&=;+8>8 -/+'/C( -

&':( 9,+, :,)=+= (-8)/) ;8 ':(?/0 /?8 C8$8? /9.

(9,< +/&=;+8>8 -/+'/C( D -8)8H +/D=-/H'O >,):8&(9,<OH /?8 ;($O;8H

, S8

0/:/A'*:=D(N'O&% -,)+8<*++%9 9/&= '-*:)8>8 A89;8+*+'/ )8 9/&= :,)A8>8 A89;8+*+'/.

:=+G=; ),U >,):/-$,@+=0 ':/+&;8:'(H@=0 (&'/+8-8A ;8$%>/N - ;*:*)/@, *+*:>,U -8)=,

S8 :(0/N'O&%, @/&'A/9 +/&=;+8>8 -/+'/C( , ;*:*9,S*++, U0 ,D ?,$O<8H <-=)A,&'H.

,):8':/+&;8:'+, (&'/+8-A= :8D),$%H'O +/ +/;,:+, , ?*D+/;,:+,.

 +/;,:+=0 ;($O;/ ;*:*9,S( N'O&% +/&8&/9=, ( ?*D+/;,:+=0 - ;,) ),NH &A$/)8-8U -,)

-/>= -/+'/C( +/ ;80=$,7 ;$8S=+,. /;,:+, >,):8(&'/+8-A= ;8 D/&8?, D/;:8-/)C*++%

+/&=;+8>8 -/+'/C( - ':(?8;:8-,) ;,):8D),$%H'O +/ (&'/+8-A= D ;($O;8+/&8&89 , D

?(+A*:+8H ;8)/@*H (C=-=$O+=A/9=).

,):8':/+&;8:'+/ (&'/+8-A/ D ;($O ;8+/&8&89 ;8A/D/+/ +/ 9/$H+A( 36.

/$H+8A 36

/+'/C, S8 ':/+&;8:'(N'O&% ;8)/N'O&% &':,@A8-=9 A8+-*N:89 2 ( :*D *:-(/: 1 ,D

;($O;8H, -,)',$% 8&'/++% -='%>/N'O&% ;($O;8+/&8&89 4 (D*9$*&8&89) , ;8 ;($O;8;:8-8)( 5

;8)/N'O&% +/ >(:A,' 8.  +O89( +/&=;+=7 -/+'/C -,)8A:*9$HN'O&% -,) -8)= , ;8 ;80=$=0

<'/0*'/0 +/)08)='O ( ;:=79/$O+=7 ?(+A*: 9. 8)/, S8 -,)8A:*9=$/&% -,) @/&'8A +/&=;+8>8

-/+'/C(, @*:*D $,7A( 7 &',A/N - :*D*:-(/: 10 , -,)',$% +/&8&89 6 ;8)/N'O&% ;8 -8)8-8) ( 3 (

:*D*:-(/: 1, ( %A89( D+8-( 9,</N'O&% D +8-=9 -/+'/C*9, &'-8:HH@= ;($O;(.

*:*-/>8H 8;=&/+8U &=&'*9= N ;:8&'8'/ (&':8H, / 0=?8H - ;:=&A8:*+=7 D+8&

;($O;8+/&8& ( ;,) /?:/D=-+=9 -;$=-89 -/+'/C(, S8 ;*:*9,S/N'O&% . ,NU 0=?= +* 9/H'O

&=&'*9= D ;8)/@*H -/+'/C( D ?(+A*:/.

 >,):8':/+&;8'+,7 (&'/+8-G, D ;8)/@*H -/+'/C( D ?(+A*:/, +/&8& 12 ;8)/N @=&'( -8)(

D :*D*:-(/:/ 11 ( ':(?8;:8-,) 14. /&=;+=7 -/+'/C +/)08)='O D/ )8;898>8H C=-=$O+=A/.

/&'A= -/+'/C( , ;8;/)/H@= - ;8',A -8)=, S8 <-=) A8 :(0/N'O&%, D/08;$HN'O&% - +/;:%9A (

':/+&;8:'(-/++%.  +/9,@*+89( ;(+A', -/+'/C -,)8A:*9$HN'O&% -,) -8)=, %A/ ;8-*:'/N'O&%

)8 +/&8&/ )$% ;8) /$O <8>8 -=A8:=&'/++%. !/ )8;898>8H '/A8U (&'/+8-A= 98C+/

':/+&;8:'(-/'= +/&=;+, -/+'/C, D S8)8 D+/@+=9= <9/'A/9=. /C$=-8H ;*:*-/>8H

:8?8'/ +/&8&/ +/ -8),, S8 )8D-8$%N -=A8:=&'8-(-/'= D-=@/7+, +/&8&=. 8+G*+':/G,% &(9,<,

;:= :8?8', D G,NU &0*9= 98C* ?('= )(C* -=&8A8U. =&A :,)=+= ?,$% 10 /.

*D+/;,:+/ (&'/+8-A/ +/)/+/ +/ 9/$H+A( 37. /&=;+=7 -/+'/C D/ )8;898>8H

C=-=$O+=A/ +/)08)='O ( -,)A:='=7 C8$8? 18 ,D ?(+A*:/ 16 , 9,</N'O&% - C8$8?, D -8)8H,

;8)/-/+8U D ':(?8;:8-8)( 15, &'-8:HH@= ;($O;(, S8 ;/$='O ;8 C8$8?, S8 9/N (0=$

0,02...0,06.

/$H+8A 37

 9,&G%0 ;8-8:8'( ':/&= )$% (&(+*++% D/A$=+=-/++% C8$8?/ -&'/+8-$*+, &8;$/ 17, S8

;8)/H'O -8)( D ':(?8;:8-8)( 15 , ; 8) /HS, @/&'A/9 -/+'/C( )8)/'A8-( A,+*'=@+( *+*:>,H.

 9,&G%0 :8D>/$(C*++% ':/&= :8D9,S*+, </?$8+ = 19, S8 )8D-8$%H'O :*>($H-/'=

+/)08)C*++% -/+'/C( - :,D+89/+,'+, ;:=79/@,.

/$H+8A 38

,):8':/+&;8:'+, (&'/+8-A= )$% ;,)789( -/+'/C( +/D=-/H'O&% >,):8*$*-/'8:/9=

(9/$H+8A 38). /+'/C, S8':/+&;8:'(N' O&% ;8)/N'O&% - ;/':(?8A 3. 8)/, S8 +/)08)='O ,D

-*$=A8H <-=)A,&'H ;8 &8;$( 1, D9,< (N'O&% - A/9*:, 2 ,D +/&=;+=9 -/+'/C*9 , D/08;$HN

;($O;(, S8 ('-8:='O&%, ( )=.(D8: 4, )* <-=)A,&'O ;:%9(-/++% ;($O;= D9*+<(N'O&%, (

:*D( $O'/', @8>8 ;,)-=S(N'O&% '=&A, S8 D/?*D;*@(N ;,)789 ;($O;= +/ D/)/+( -=&8'(.

/$H+8A 39

/ 9/$H+A( 39 +/)/+/ &0*9/ )-(0A/9*:+8>8 C=-=$O+=A/ -(>,$$%. :=+G=; ),U ; 8$ %>/N

- '/A89(, S8 -(>,$$% ):8?='O&% +/ <9/'A= -=D+/@*+8>8 :8D9,:( , ;8':/;$%N - ?(+A*: 7. :=

GO89( -*:0+,7 A$/;/+ 4 D/A:='=7, / +=C+,7 2 -,)A:='=7, ( +/&$,)8A GO8>8 -(>,$$% D A/9*:= 5

;8':/;$%N - A/9*:( 3.

(>,$$% D +=C+O8U A/9*:= 3 ;8&'(;/N ( ':(?8;:8-,) 8 , ;,)+,9/H'O&% ;8 +O89( )8

9,&G% )8&'/-A=. ,&$% D/;8-+*++% ?(+A*:/ 7 , 8; 8:8C+*++% -*:0+O8U A/9*:= 5 +=C+,7

A$/;/+ 2 D/A:=-/N'O&%, / -*:0+,7 4 -,)@=+%N'O&%. (>,$$% D ?(+A*:/ +/)08)='O ( -*:0+H

A/9*:( 5, / -='=&+('/ -8)/ D -*:0+O8U A/9*:= ;,)+,9/H'O&% - ?(+A*: 7. /)$=<8A -8)=

-,))/$='O&% @*:*D ;*:*;(&A+=7 A:/+ 6 , +/&8&89 1 -=&8A8>8 '=&A( ;*:*A/@(N'O&% -

':(?8;:8-,) 8. ,&$% GO8>8 -*:0+,7 A$/;/+ 4 D/A:=-/N'O&% , - (>,$$% +/)08)='O ( ?(+A*: 7,

+=C+,7 A $/;/+ 2 -,)@=+%N'O&%, , G=A$ ;8-'8:HN'O&%.

*:*-/>= >,):/-$,@+8>8 ':/+&;8:'(:

- -=&8A/ ;:8)(A'=-+,&'O;

- -*$=A/ )8-C=+/ ':/+&;8:'(-/++% ?*D ;*:*-/+'/C*+O ;8 &A$/)+,7 ':/&, D ;,)789/9=

;,) ?()O-%A=9 :8>89 ;8 -*:'=A/$,;

- -,)&('+,&'O 9*0/+,@+8>8 (&'/'A(-/++% ;8 ':/&, ':(?8;:8-8)(, ,, 8'C*, +*&A$/)+*

'*0+,@+* 8?&$(>8-(-/++%;

- 98C$=-,&'O &(9,S*++% ':/+&;8:'(-/++% D )*A,$OA89/ '*0+8$ 8>,@+=9= ;:8G*&/9=

(«98A:=9» D?/>/@*++%9 A8:=&+=0 A8;/$=+, >/&,++%9 , >:/+($H-/++%9, &8:'(-/++%9 ;8

-*$=A8&', <9/'A,-);

- 98C$=-,&'O ;8-+8U /-'89/'=D/G,U, , 8'C* +*-=&8A8H ':()89,&'A,&'H;

- +*-*$=@A/ -/:',&'O ':/+&;8:'(- /++% +/&=;+=0 -/+'/C,-.

=?=:

- 8?9*C*++% ;8 :8)( , 0/:/A'*:=&'=A/9 -/+'/C,-, S8 ;*:*9,S/H'O&%, D8A:*9/ ;8 U0+ ,7

A:(;+,&',, S8 -=A$=A/N +*8?0,)+,&'O ;8;*:*)+O8>8 :8D):,?+*++% -/+'/C(;

- ;,)-=S*+=7 D+8& ':(?8;:8-8)( , -0,)+=0 ( D,'A+*++% D >,):8&(9,<OH 9*0/+,@+=0

@/&'=+ ;:= ;*:*9,S*++, /?:/D=-+=0 -/+'/C,-;

- D?,$O<*+/ -=':/'/ *+*:>,U;

- ;8':*?/ ( -*$=A=0 A,$OA8&'%0 -8)=;

- +*?*D;*A/ D/9*:D/++% - D=98-=0 (98-/0.

8D:/0(+8A (&'/+8-8A >,):8' :/+ &; 8:'/

 D/$*C+8&', -,) D/)/+8U A:(;+8&', @/&'8A +/&=;+8>8 -/+'/C( :8D:/0(+8A )$%

>8:=D8+'/$O+=0 ':(?8;:8-8),- -=A8+(N'O&% ;8-:,D+89( )$% '8+A8)=&;*:&+=0,

C8:&'A8)=&;*:&+=0 , >:()A8-=0 -/+'/C,- /?8 U0+,0 &(9,<*7.

:= :8D:/0(+A( (&'/+8-8A )$% >,):8':/+&;8:'(-/++% '8+A8),&;*:&+=0 -/+'/C,- (,D

@/&'A/9= :8D9,:89 9*+<* 0,2 99) '(:?($*+'+=9= ;8'8A/9= A:='=@+/ <-=)A,&'O

;:8;8:G,7+/ ),/9*':( ':(?= D ,;$8S=+= @/&'8A _>: ( &'(;*+, 0,5:

aA:=n](a>]D]g)0,5, (15.1)

)* n=1...1,5 - A8*.,G,N+' -:/08-(H@=7 -;$=- &'(;*+% ;*:*9,<(-/++% &(9,<,;

=(_

–_

)/_

- &;,--,)+8<*++% S,$O+8&'*7 @/&'8A -/+'/C( , +*&(@8>8 &*:*)8-=S/

(-8)=).

8+A8),&;*:&+, -/+'/C, ':/+&;8:'(H'O&% ;:= -=&8A=0 A8+G*+':/G,%0, D-=@/7+8 +*

9*+<* S=µ

=0,2...0,5.

$% 8?:/+8>8 ),/9*':/ ':(?= ;*:*-,:%H'O -=A8+/++% (98-=:

a=4V

/(3600·^]D

)ea

(15.2)

)* V

- -=':/'/ >,):8&(9,<,.

=':/'/ ;($O;= 98C$=-8 -=D+/@='= D :,-+%++%:

=Q/(_

·µ

)* Q - ;:8)(A'=-+,&'O ( &'/+8-A=;

- S,$O+,&'O @/&'8A -/+'/C(, '/9

;

=0,14...0,25 - 8?'N9+/ A8+G*+':/G,% ;($O;=.

#-=)A,&'O a, 8?(98-$*+/ ;8 .8:9($, (14,2) ;8-=++/ ?('= ?,$O<*, @=9 A:='=@+/

<-=)A,&'O a

, ,+/A<* @/&'A= -/+'/C( ?()('O -=;/)/'= D ;8'8A( ;($O;= 7 8&/)C(-/'=&% +/

&',+G, ':(?=.

:= ':/+&;8:'(- /++, D*:+=&'=0 , >:()A8-=0 -/+'/C,-:

·a

·µ

·g·D)

0,5

, (15.3)

)* C

=8,5...9,5 *9;,:=@+=7 A8*.,G,N+';

- A8*.,G,N+' '*:'% -/+'/C( 8? &',+A= ':(?=;

=(_

–_

)/_

- &;,--,)+8<*++% S,$O+8&'*7 @/&'8A -/+'/C( , +*&(@8>8 &*:*)8-=S/

(-8)=).

8':,?+=7 '=&A -8)=:

p´=1,05(‘

+ ‘

), (15.4)

)* 1,05 - A8*.,G,N+' -:/08-(H@=7 9,&G*-, 8;8:= (;8-8:8'= 7 ,+.);

‘

, ‘

- &(9= -':/' '=&A( +/ >8:=D8+'/$O+=0 , -*:'=A/$O+=0 ),$%+A/0

-,);8-,)+8, %A, D+/08)%'O&% %A:

-':/'= '=&A( +/ >8:=D8+'/$O+,7 ),$%+G,:



=L(0,015+0,0009/(a]D)

0,5

)·a

·_

;

/D,

)* L - )8-C=+/ ),$%+A=, 9; _

;

- S,$O+,&'O ;($O;=, A>/9

;

S,$O+,&'O ;($O;= ('/9

;

=(_

·V

´+Q)/(V

´+Q/_

)* V

´ - -=':/'/ -8)=, 9

/>: V

´=V-Q/_

':/'= '=&A( +/ -*:'=A/$O+,7 ),$%+G,:



=±L

·g·_

;

)* L

- )8-C=+/ -*:'=A/$O+8U ),$%+A=, 9; D+/A «+» &'/-$%'O ;:= ;,)789, -/+'/C(, /

D+/A «-» - ;:= 8;(&A/++,.

:= +/%-+8&', ;80=$=0 ),$%+8A 8&'/++, (98-+8 D/9,+%H'O *A-,-/$*+'+=9=

>8:=D8+'/$O+=9= , -*:'=A/$O+=9= ),$%+A/9=, )8-C=+( %A=0 L

'/ L

8?@=&$%H'O ;8

.8:9($,:

]cos`, L

]sin`,

)* L

- )8-C=+/ ;80=$8U ),$%+A=; ` - :,> +/0=$( ),$%+A=.

8 8':=9/+=9 :8D:/0(+A8-=9 D+/@*++%9 '=&A( p´ , -=':/'/9 V

;($O;= -=?=:/H'O

;($O;8+/&8&.

8'(C+,&'O (A') ;( $O;8+/&8&/ (A'):

p=p´]V

/(3600·m), (15.5)

)* m=0,38...0,6 -  +/&8&+8U (&'/+8-A=.

+,$ ,- -

:= :8D:/0(+A( (&'/+8-8A, ( %A=0 -/+'/C ;*:*9,S/N'O&% &/98&',7+87 '*@*7 ;8

;($O;8;:8-8)(, -,)A:='89( C8$8?(, $8'A/9, A/+/$/9, -=08)%@= D ;:8)(A'=-+8&',, S8

;8':*?(N'O&%, ;8 S,$O+89( 9/&=-, -/+'/C(, S8 ;*:*9,S(N'O&%, 78>8 A(&A8-/',&'O, %A , )$%

':(?8;:8-8)+8>8 ':/+&;8:'(, -=D+/@/H'O ;/:/9*':= ;8'8A( (-,)+8&+/ A,$OA,&'O -8)=,

<-=)A,&'O), +*8?0,)+=7 (0=$ , ;8;*:*@+, :8D9,:= C8$8?/.

&+8-+/ .8:9($/, %A8U ;:= GO89( A8:=&'(H'O&% (.8:9($/ #*D,), D-'%D(N <-=)A,&'O

&':( 9,+, (9/&), >,):/-$,@+=7 :/),(& (9) , (0=$ C8$8?/ i:

a=(R·i)

0,5

, i=a

/(C

·R),

)* A8*.,G,N+' #*D,  D/$*C='O -,) &'(;*+% <8:&'A8&', ;8-*:0+,, / '/A8C -,)

>,):/-$,@+8>8 :/),(&/ R.

,):/-$,@+=7 :/),(& R, /?8 -,)+8<*++% ;$8S, ;*:*'=+( &':( 9,+, )8 D98$8@*+8>8

;*:=9*':/, -=D+/@/N'O&% .8:98H -,)A:='8>8 C8$8?/ , &;,--,)+8<*++%9 78>8 :8D9,:,-.

/A, )$% D/;8-+*+8>8 >,):8&(9,<OH ;*:*'=+( ( -=), ;,-A8$/ ),/9*':89 D >,):/-$,@+=7

:/),(&: R=D/4.

$% -,)A:='8>8 C8$8?/ ;:%98A('+8>8 ;*:*'=+( <=:=+8H “ ;:= >$=?=+, ;8'8A ( h

>,):/-$,@+=7 :/), (&: R=“]h/(“+2h).

:= :*A89*+)(N989( &;,--,)+8<*++, “/h=3...4:

R=(0,6...0,66)h.

+/$8>,@+8H (%-8H D+/08)%'O D+/@*++% R )$% ':/;*G*,)/$O+8>8 ;*:*'=+(.