Layman D. Biology Demystified: A Self-Teaching Guide

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prevented. The normal patterns of Biological Order leading to fertilization

are either interrupted or blocked.

MALE SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION

One important type of sexual dysfunction in males is infertility (in-fer-TILL-

ih-tee) – the inability to produce living spermatozoa that can fertilize an ovum.

One fairly common cause of infertility is cryptorchidism (krip-TOR-kid-ih-

zum). Cryptorchidism is a ‘‘condition of ’’ (-ism) ‘‘hidden’’ (crypt) ‘‘testes’’

(orchid). Cryptorchidism occurs when one or both of the testes fail to descend

out of the abdominal cavity, and into the scrotum. If such undescended testes

remain within the abdominal cavity for too long a period after birth, the high

internal body temperature may kill the germinal epithelium in the wall of the

seminiferous tubules. Thus, no fertile spermatozoa are produced.

FEMALE SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION

Females, too, can suﬀer from infertility, among many other types of possible

sexual dysfunctions. Female infertility is often due to either hypersecretion

(excessive secretion) or hyposecretion (deﬁcient secretion) of particular hor-

mones. Consider, for example, the important hormone, thyroxine. Recollect

(Chapter 15) that thyroxine helps regulate the basal metabolic rate (BMR),

the rate at which body cells operate and burn calories under basal (resting)

conditions.

In hypothyroidism (HIGH-poh-THIGH-royd-izm), there is a ‘‘deﬁcient or

below normal’’ (hypo-) activity of the thyroid gland. As a result, hyposecre-

tion of thyroxine slows down the metabolism of the female ovaries. When the

ovaries are seriously underactive, ovulation may be postponed or even

blocked. Female sterility is one unfortunate result.

Quiz

Refer to the text in this chapter if necessary. A good score is at least 8 correct

answers out of these 10 questions. The answers are listed in the back of this

book.

1. The reproductive organs are essentially the same thing as the _____

organs:

(a) Urinary

CHAPTER 20 Urine and Sex in Animals 357

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1, Disorder

2, Disorder

(b) Genital

(d) Musculoskeletal

2. The outermost zone of the kidney:

(a) Renal pelvis

(b) Adrenal medulla

(d) Glomerulus

3. The major microscopic functional unit of the kidney:

(a) Nephron

(b) Renal capsule

(d) Collecting duct

4. A ring of voluntary striated muscle that allows us to consciously

control urination:

(a) Cardiac sphincter

(b) Cecum

(d) Urinary sphincter

5. A tiny yarn-like ball of renal capillaries:

(a) Urinary tubule

(b) Renal pyramid

(d) Nephron

6. Fragmentation and regeneration is an example of:

(a) Urine formation in certain invertebrate animals

(b) Sexual reproduction in particular starﬁsh and tunicates

(d) A type of asexual reproduction

7. A female frog mounted by a male discharges her eggs into the water.

This process is part of:

(a) Internal fertilization

(b) Asexual reproduction

(d) In vitro (test-tube) fertilization

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PART 4 Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

358

8. An eggshell-resembling structure that contains the seminiferous

tubules:

(a) Germinal epithelium

(b) Scrotum

(d) Testis

9. The main mechanism of ejaculation in males:

(a) Gravity-inﬂuenced fall of spermatozoa from the penile oriﬁce

(b) A simple diﬀusion of spermatozoa from a higher to lower

concentration

sperm out of storage

(d) The epididymis explodes due to over-ﬁlling with sperm cells

10. A pair of slender egg ducts that carry ovulated ova towards the uterus:

(a) Fallopian tubes

(b) Peyer’s patches

(d) Seminal vesicles

The Giraﬀe ORDER TABLE for Chapter 20

(Key Text Facts About Biological Order Within An Organism)

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________

4. ____________________________________________________________

5. ____________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 20 Urine and Sex in Animals 359

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The Dead Giraﬀe DISORDER TABLE for Chapter 20

(Key Text Facts About Biological Disorder Within An Organism)

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

The Spider Web ORDER TABLE for Chapter 20

(Key Text Facts About Biological Order Beyond the Individual Organism)

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________

4. ____________________________________________________________

5. ____________________________________________________________

The Broken Spider Web DISORDER TABLE for Chapter 20

(Key Text Facts About Biological Disorder Beyond the Individual

Organism)

1. ____________________________________________________________

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361

Test: Part 4

DO NOT REFER TO THE TEXT WHEN TAKING THIS TEST. A good

score is at least 18 (out of 25 questions) correct. Answers are in the back of

the book. It’s best to have a friend check your score the ﬁrst time, so you

won’t memorize the answers if you want to take the test again.

1. The skin and skeleton can be legitimately studied together because:

(a) They both arise from two neighboring germ layers in the embryo

(b) Each is composed of hard bony tissue

(d) Organ systems never die

(e) Oftentimes both types of systems are missing in late embryos

2. Substance mainly responsible for waterprooﬁng human skin:

(a) Keratin

(b) Melanin

(d) Albumen

(e) Chlorophyll

3. Possess an endoskeleton comprised of bone and joint connective tissue:

(a) Most arthropods

(b) Some crabs

(d) Most spiders

(e) Humans and most other vertebrates

4. Maintenance of blood calcium homeostasis is important because:

(a) Ca

þþ

is essential for all enzyme function

(b) Bone matrix cannot store many calcium ions

of blood Ca

þþ

(d) Homeostasis can never be violated

(e) People’s bones are easily fractured when there is too much body

calcium

5. Within a bone–muscle lever system, the _____ usually serves as the

fulcrum:

(a) Tendon

(b) Joint

(d) Ligament

(e) Bursa

6. Perimysium is located where within a skeletal muscle organ?

(a) Around each fascicle of muscle ﬁbers

(b) Lying upon the entire muscle organ

(d) Between fascicles, but within the muscle organ

(e) Neither within nor outside of muscle ﬁber fascicles

7. According to the sliding ﬁlament theory, muscle ﬁbers contract because:

(a) Thin actin myoﬁlaments slide inward over tilted myosin cross-

bridges

(b) Thick myosin myoﬁlaments become longer, causing the actin to

shorten

(d) Thick myosin myoﬁlaments slide outward over vertical actin cross-

bridges

(e) Muscle proteins are progressively destroyed and digested

8. Spinal nerves and individual peripheral nerves are considered parts of

the:

(a) CNS

(b) Spinal cord

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PART 4 Test 363

(d) PNS

(e) Neuromuscular junction

9. Sensory receptors are specialized nerve endings that are sensitive to a

particular kind of:

(a) Thought impulse

(b) Stimulus

(d) Motor impulse

(e) Higher motor neuron

10. Exocrine glands:

(a) Are without ducts

(b) Secrete major hormone products

(d) Release messengers into the bloodstream

(e) Include the thyroid and anterior pituitary

11. Releasing hormones are:

(a) Secreted into the bloodstream by special neurons in the

hypothalamus

(b) Sent into a system of ducts

(d) Modiﬁed by the adrenal cortex before they are actually secreted

(e) Named for their direct inﬂuence upon the thyroid gland

12. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) primarily acts to:

(a) Release insulin into the bloodstream

(b) Enhance the development of ovarian follicles and their secretion of

estrogen and progesterone

(d) Decrease the rate of secretion of growth hormone (GH)

(e) Reduce the symptoms of tissue inﬂammation

13. Helps the adrenal medulla carry out the ‘‘Fight-or-Flight’’ stress

response:

(a) Corpus luteum

(b) Secondary sex characteristic

(d) The structure of the progesterone molecule

(e) A calm, serene, mental attitude

14. An alternate name for the cardiovascular system:

(a) Respiratory network

(b) Pituitary stalk

(d) Endocrine system

(e) Integumentary system

15. The tiniest blood vessels:

(a) Capillaries

(b) Veins

(d) Arteries

(e) Venules

16. Have a two-chambered heart with only a single circulation:

(a) Fish

(b) Amphibians

(d) Humans

(e) All other mammals besides humans

17. The contraction and emptying phase of each heart chamber:

(a) Systole

(b) ‘‘Dupp’’

(d) Cardiac cycle

(e) ‘‘Lubb’’

18. A below normal or ‘‘deﬁcient’’ blood pressure:

(a) Normotension

(b) Arteriosclerotic heart disease

(d) Atherosclerosis

(e) Hypertension

19. Closely associated with immunity:

(a) Human exoskeleton

(b) Digestive tract

(d) Nodal tissue

(e) Myocardium

20. External respiration occurs between the blood in the _____ and the air

in the _____:

(a) Systemic arterioles; pulmonary capillaries

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PART 4 Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

364

(b) Pulmonary capillaries; alveoli

(d) Bronchi; trachea

(e) Systemic capillaries; bronchioles

21. Fish respiration diﬀers from that in land-dwelling animals in that they:

(a) Extract much more oxygen from the surrounding air

(b) Have a better defense mechanism to protect wet breathing surfaces

from dehydration

O as a source for both obtaining O

and excreting CO

(d) Take advantage of the lungs as a mechanism for ventilation

(e) Possess ﬁve lungs, instead of just two

22. A ﬂexible ﬂap of cartilage forming the lid over the voice box:

(a) Epiglottis

(b) Primary bronchus

(d) Thyroid cartilage

(e) Laryngeal prominence

23. Digestion:

(a) The movement of food from the pharynx into the esophagus

(b) A type of peristalsis found in the human stomach

(d) The chemical and physical breakdown of food

(e) Passage of nutrients across the wall of the digestive tube, into the

blood

24. Consists of the duodenum plus the jejunum plus the ileum:

(a) Small intestine

(b) Colon

(d) Vermiform appendix

(e) Rectum

25. In humans, the stage of development from the third month after

fertilization:

(a) Blastula

(b) Embryo

(d) Fetus

(e) Zygote

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366

Final Exam

DO NOT REFER TO THE TEXT WHEN TAKING THIS EXAM. A good

score is at least 75 correct. Answers are in the back of the book. It’s best to

have a friend check your score the ﬁrst time, so you won’t memorize the

answers if you want to take the test again.

1. Modern biology is literally the

(a) ‘‘Removal of organisms’’

(b) ‘‘Study of life’’

(d) ‘‘Study of Nature’’

(e) ‘‘Love of knowledge’’

2. Biological Order essentially represents

(a) Very organized patterns seen in living things

(b) Too much chaos in the aﬀairs of Nature

(d) Contradictory things to diﬀerent human observers

(e) A deﬁciency of regular arrangements between body parts

3. The head, neck, and black spots of a giraﬀe

(a) Microbial physiology

(b) Simple structures