Layman D. Biology Demystified: A Self-Teaching Guide
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Bacterial order versus disorder 105
Bacterial food poisoning and blood
infection 106
Viruses: Non-living parasites of cells 107
Viral structure and function 107
The worldwide AIDS epidemic 109
Quiz 109
CHAPTER 7 The Protists: ‘‘First of All’’ 113
Protists ¼ All single-celled eukaryotes 113
‘‘Where did the first cell organelles
come from?’’ 114
Debate about the kingdom 116
The protozoa or ‘‘first animals’’ 117
The rhizopoda or amoebas 117
The algae: Plant-like protists 117
The slime molds: Fungus-like protists 119
Biological disorders: Some parasitic
protozoa of humans 120
Quiz 122
CHAPTER 8 The Fungi: Not Just Mushrooms! 125
The basic body plan and reproduction of
the fungi 126
The major groups of fungi 128
Phylum Basidiomycetes (the club
fungi) 128
Phylum Ascomycetes (the sac fungi) 129
Phylum Zygomycetes (the zygote
fungi) 130
Phylum Chytridiomycetes
(water-dwelling fungi) 131
The lichens: Where fungi mix with algae 133
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Parasitic fungi and their victims 134
Fungal parasites of plants 134
Fungal parasites of humans 135
Quiz 135
CHAPTER 9 The Plants: ‘‘Kings and Queens’’ of the
World of Green 139
The human sole–plant connection 139
Here come the land plants! 140
The two major groups of land plants:
Containing ‘‘vessels,’’ or not? 141
An overview of the bryophytes
(nonvascular plants) 142
Living habits and reproduction of the
bryophytes 143
An overview of the tracheophytes
(vascular plants) 144
The ferns: Vascular plants without seeds 144
Gymnosperms: Vascular plants with
‘‘naked seeds’’ 145
The life cycle of a pine tree 145
Other types of gymnosperms 148
Angiosperms: Vascular plants with
‘‘flowers’’ 149
The basic anatomy of a flowering plant 150
Reproduction of a flowering plant 152
Monocots versus dicots: Two different
kinds of flowering plant embryos 154
Medicinal plants: Plants promoting
biological order 155
Poisonous plants: Promoters of disease
and disorder 155
Quiz 156
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CHAPTER 10 Invertebrates As Special Animals:
‘‘Have You No Spine ?’’ 160
The invertebrates: Animals without
backbones 161
Presence or lack of true body tissues 161
Orderly patterns of body form within
invertebrates 162
Anatomy of the bilateria versus the
radiolarians 164
Presence of germ layers within the
embryo 165
Coelom or no coelom: Body cavities in
the bilateria 166
Acoelomates: No main body cavity 167
The mollusks: ‘‘Clam up, would ya’?’’ 169
Basic body plan of the mollusks 169
Echinoderms: ‘‘Such a prickly skin
may make you a star!’’ 170
Invertebrates respond to ‘‘breaking
symmetry’’ of their body form 172
Quiz 173
CHAPTER 11 The Arthropods: No Jointed Backbone,
but ‘‘Jointed Feet’’ 177
Common characteristics of the arthropods 178
The segmented body 178
An open-ended circulatory system 179
A dependence upon molting 179
Major types of arthropods 180
Ancient trilobites and the modern
crustaceans 181
The arachnids: Spiders and their
relatives 182
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Centipedes and millipedes: ‘‘So many
legs!’’ 183
Insects: The swarming herd 184
Metamorphosis: A caterpillar becomes a
butterfly 184
Insects: Inducers of Biological Order and
Disorder in the environment 186
Busy pollinators of flowers 187
The menacing swarms 187
Quiz 188
CHAPTER 12 The Chordata: Animals with a ‘‘Chord’’
In Their ‘‘Back’’ 191
The notochord: Ancient forerunner of
the vertebral column 192
The phylum chordata and its groups 192
The sea squirts and lancelets:
No ‘‘jointed backbone’’ 193
The vertebrates – Chordates with a
‘‘jointed backbone’’ 194
Wide diversity in backboned creatures:
Eight different classes of
vertebrates 195
Class Agnatha: Fish-like vertebrates
‘‘without jaws’’ 197
Class Placodermi: Extinct armored
fishes 197
Class Chondrichthyes: Fish with
skeletons of cartilage 197
Class Osteichthyes: Fish with
skeletons of bone 198
Class Amphibia: Livers of a
‘‘double life’’ 199
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Class Reptilia: ‘‘Crawlers’’ with
backbones 199
Class Aves: They’re just ‘‘for the
birds!’’ 200
Class Mammalia: Backboned animals
with ‘‘breasts’’ 202
Quiz 206
Test: Part 3 209
PART 4: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF
ANIMALS 215
CHAPTER 13 Skins and Skeletons 217
Skins and skeletons: Tough reminders
of a former life 218
‘‘Ain’t we just peachy?’’: The skin as
our integument 218
Keratinized epithelial strata 218
Skin coloration by melanin 220
The dermis as our tough main ‘‘skin’’ 220
Hyperthermia or hypothermia: Body
heat out of control! 222
The human endoskeleton: Our hard
‘‘dried body’’ lying within 224
Anatomy of a long bone 225
Bone development, bone matrix, and
blood calcium homeostasis 227
Bone development and bone matrix 228
Bone remodeling and maintenance of
blood calcium homeostasis 230
Breaking of bone-related patterns 232
Joints: A meeting of the bones 233
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Fibrous joints (synarthroses) 234
Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses) 234
Synovial joints (diarthroses) 235
Quiz 235
CHAPTER 14 The Neuromuscular (Nerve–Muscle)
Connection 239
Bone–muscle lever systems 240
Some characteristics used for naming
muscles 241
The general anatomy of a skeletal muscle 244
Structures within the muscle fibers 245
Myofilaments and the sliding filament
theory 246
The sliding filament theory 247
The neuromuscular junction and muscle
excitation 249
The process of muscle fiber excitation 251
Motor pathways 251
Higher motor neurons within the CNS 252
Sensory pathways 254
The cerebellum and hypothalamus 256
The hypothalamus and negative
feedback 256
Integration and association areas of the
brain 258
Neuromuscular disorders: Breaking the
connections 258
Paralysis and denervation atrophy 259
Anesthesia – loss of feeling or
sensation 260
Quiz 260
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CHAPTER 15 Glands and Their Hormone Messengers 264
Two solutions to communication:
Neurotransmitters versus secretions 264
Glands and secretion 265
The neuroendocrine system 265
The hypothalamus
–
pituitary connection 266
Releasing hormones and trophic
hormones 268
The sympathetic nerve
–
adrenal
connection 271
Hormones (First Messengers) and their
partners inside cells 272
Insulin secretion and blood glucose
concentration 273
Endocrine diseases as uncontrolled
secretion 274
Quiz 277
CHAPTER 16 Blood and the Circulatory System 280
The heart and blood vessels: The pump
and its pipes 281
The systemic and pulmonary
circulations 282
Comparison to circulations in other
vertebrates 284
Internal anatomy, pacemaker tissue, and
valves of the heart 284
Pacemaker tissue 285
Semilunar valves 286
The Cardiac Cycle 286
Heart murmurs 287
Blood pressure and blood flow 287
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Hypertension, hypotension, and
arteriosclerosis 290
Arteriosclerosis 291
The blood connective tissue 293
Plasma 293
Formed elements in the blood 293
Serum cholesterol, atherosclerosis, and
‘‘heart attacks’’ 295
Cholesterol and atherosclerosis 295
Quiz 297
CHAPTER 17 Immune and Lymphatic Systems:
‘‘The Best Survival Offense Is A
Good Defense!’’ 300
The lymphatic system: A shadow
circulation of the blood 301
The reticuloendothelial system 302
Antibodies and macrophages attack the
antigens 302
The major lymphatic organs 305
The lymph nodes 305
The thymus gland 305
Red bone marrow 306
Spleen 306
The tonsils: ‘‘Little almonds’’ in the
back of our throat 307
Tonsillitis 308
Quiz 308
CHAPTER 18 The Respiratory System: Breath of Life 311
Respiration versus ventilation 311
Inspiration versus expiration 312
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Fish gills: Respiration and ventilation
through the water 313
The path of airflow in humans 314
The upper respiratory pathway 315
The lower respiratory pathway 315
Frogs versus mammals: The mechanism
of inspiration 317
Bulk flow of air 317
Equal gas pressures 317
Positive-pressure breathing 318
Negative-pressure breathing 318
Summary of inspiration 319
Major lung volumes and capacities 321
Tidal volume (TV) 321
Vital capacity (VC) 321
Residual volume (RV) 321
Total lung capacity (TLC) 321
Control of respiration and body acid–base
balance 322
Hyperventilation and alkalosis 322
Hypoventilation and acidosis 323
Respiration acid–base summary 323
Quiz 325
CHAPTER 19 ‘‘Getting the Goodies’’: Nutrition and
the Digestive System 328
The digestive tube and its basic
processes 329
Ingestion and egestion 329
Digestion and absorption 330
Secretion and defecation 330
Summary 330
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The digestive tube (alimentary canal)
in mammals 331
The oral cavity, pharynx, and esophagus 332
The stomach and its adaptations 332
The wondrous small intestine 334
The colon: Our large intestine 337
Too many, or too few calories? 339
The concept of calories 339
The concept of caloric balance 340
Quiz 340
CHAPTER 20 Urine and (Gulp!) Sex in Animals 344
The genitourinary (urogenital) system
concept 344
Major urinary structures in animals 345
Kidney anatomy 345
The urinary pathway 346
The process of (‘‘making water’’) or
excreting urine 347
Reproduction in animals: Sexual or
asexual? 349
Asexual reproduction in animals 350
External fertilization: Sexual
reproduction in lower vertebrates 350
Internal fertilization: Sexual
reproduction in higher
vertebrates 351
Reproductive system of the male
mammal 351
Accessory reproductive organs in the
male 352
Reproductive system of the female
mammal 353
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