Layman D. Biology Demystified: A Self-Teaching Guide
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BIOLOGY DEMYSTIFIED
The Hon. Dr. Dale Pierre Layman, Ph.D.
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DOI: 10.1036/0071433872
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This book is dedicated to the many good, sincere students I have taught in
my biology and life science classes over the years. Much of the material in
this book has been tried out on them!
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CONTENTS
Preface xxi
PART 1: GETTING READY FOR BIOLOGY 1
CHAPTER 1 The Coming of Biology 3
Biology, organisms, and order 3
Structure and anatomy 4
Gross versus microscopic anatomy 5
Function and physiology 5
Characteristics of living things 6
What did the cavemen know about
biology? 8
Biological disorder: A reality since
ancient times 8
Order beyond the individual organism:
The spider and its web 9
Natural history: The search for order
begins in earnest 10
The 1800s: Experimental physiology
comes of age 12
Quiz 13
CHAPTER 2 Patterns of Life 17
The Pyramid of Life (levels of biological
organization) 17
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The chemical level of organization 20
Organelles 22
Cells to organism: Where the pyramid
comes to life 23
Tissues 23
Organs 24
Organ systems 25
Life beyond the organism: Populations,
communities, and ecosystems 25
Populations 26
Communities 26
Ecosystems 26
Summary 26
Homeostasis versus ecological
relationships 27
Quiz 28
CHAPTER 3 Evolution: From Dawn to Darwin 31
Important theories about the origin
of life 31
Spontaneous generation: Life coming
out of nowhere 33
The modern theory of biogenesis 33
Dinosaurs help make a fossil record 34
The first living organisms: Tiny green
threads without any ‘‘kernels’’ 34
Cells with nuclei: In come the
‘‘kernels’’ 35
Unicellular organisms evolve into
multicellular ones 36
Fossil record summary 40
Charles Darwin and the Theory of
Evolution 42
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CONTENTS
vi
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Quiz 43
Test: Part 1 47
PART 2: THE UNIVERSAL BUILDING BLOCKS
OF LIFE 53
CHAPTER 4 Chemicals: The Tiniest Blocks 55
Chemical bonds: Builders of order 55
Bonds and order 56
Water and the breakdown of salt:
A ‘‘dissolving’’ of order 58
The body-builders: Highly-ordered
‘‘skeletons’’ of carbon atoms 60
Four major types of chemical
body-builders 61
Proteins 61
Lipids 61
Carbohydrates 61
Nucleic acids 62
Chemicals for metabolism 62
Different types of energy 62
Free energy, work, and the ATP-ADP
cycle 62
Anabolism versus catabolism:
‘‘Building-up’’ versus ‘‘breaking
down’’ 63
Chlorophyll and photosynthesis in
plants 64
Glycolysis and respiration in
heterotrophs 66
Summary 72
Quiz 72
CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER 5 Cells: The ‘‘Little Chambers’’ in Plants
and Animals 76
Development of the Cell Theory 77
Normal organelles: Biological order in
cells of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes 78
Eukaryote cells: Plant and animal
cells 79
Protein synthesis: Copying the codons 81
Abnormal organelles: Biological disorder
in cells 83
Transport through the cell membrane 83
Passive transport systems 84
Active transport systems 85
Cell division and the Cell Cycle 85
The Cell Cycle and mitosis 86
Cancer: A severe disorder of mitosis 87
Quiz 88
Test: Part 2 91
PART 3: THE FIVE KINGDOMS OF LIFE, PLUS
VIRUSES 97
CHAPTER 6 Bacteria and the ‘‘Homeless’’ Viruses 99
Classifying and ordering: The work of
taxonomy 100
The five-kingdom system of
classification 100
Finer classification below the
kingdom level 102
Classifying and ordering bacteria: The
‘‘kings’’ of monera 104
The major types of bacterial shapes 104
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CONTENTS
viii