Lallart M. Ferroelectrics: Characterization and Modeling

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FERROELECTRICS -

CHARACTERIZATION

AND MODELING

Edited by Mickaël Lallart

Ferroelectrics - Characterization and Modeling

Edited by Mickaël Lallart

Published by InTech

Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

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Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors

and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted

for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher

assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out

of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.

Publishing Process Manager Silvia Vlase

Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic

Cover Designer Jan Hyrat

Image Copyright Noel Powell, Schaumburg, 2010. Used under license from

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First published July, 2011

Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com

Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org

Ferroelectrics - Characterization and Modeling, Edited by Mickaël Lallart

p. cm.

ISBN 978-953-307-455-9

free online editions of InTech

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Contents

Preface IX

Part 1 Characterization: Structural Aspects 1

Chapter 1 Structural Studies in

Perovskite Ferroelectric Crystals Based

on Synchrotron Radiation Analysis Techniques 3

Jingzhong Xiao

Chapter 2 Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy

Applied to the Study of Ferroelectric Materials 23

Josep Canet-Ferrer and Juan P. Martínez-Pastor

Chapter 3 Internal Dynamics of the

Ferroelectric (C

)

Studied by

H NMR and IINS Methods 41

Krystyna Hołderna-Natkaniec,

Ryszard Jakubas and Ireneusz Natkaniec

Chapter 4 Structure – Property Relationships of Near-Eutectic

BaTiO

– CoFe

Magnetoelectric Composites 61

Rashed Adnan Islam, Mirza Bichurin and Shashank Priya

Chapter 5 Impact of Defect Structure on

’Bulk’ and Nano-Scale Ferroelectrics 79

Emre Erdem and Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Chapter 6 Microstructural Defects in

Ferroelectrics and Their Scientific Implications 97

Duo Liu

Part 2 Characterization: Electrical Response 115

Chapter 7 All-Ceramic Percolative

Composites with a Colossal Dielectric Response 117

Vid Bobnar, Marko Hrovat, Janez Holc and Marija Kosec

VI Contents

Chapter 8 Electrical Processes in Polycrystalline BiFeO

Film 135

Yawei Li, Zhigao Hu and Junhao Chu

Chapter 9 Phase Transitions in

Layered Semiconductor - Ferroelectrics 153

Andrius Dziaugys, Juras Banys, Vytautas Samulionis,

Jan Macutkevic, Yulian Vysochanskii,

Vladimir Shvartsman and Wolfgang Kleemann

Chapter 10 Non-Linear Dielectric Response of

Ferroelectrics, Relaxors and Dipolar Glasses 181

Seweryn Miga, Jan Dec and Wolfgang Kleemann

Chapter 11 Ferroelectrics Study at Microwaves 203

Yuriy Poplavko, Yuriy Prokopenko,

Vitaliy Molchanov and Victor Kazmirenko

Part 3 Characterization: Multiphysic Analysis 227

Chapter 12 Changes of Crystal Structure and Electrical Properties

with Film Thickness and Zr/(Zr+Ti) Ratio for Epitaxial

Pb(Zr,Ti)O

Films Grown on (100)

SrRuO

//(100)SrTiO

Substrates by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition 229

Mohamed-Tahar Chentir, Hitoshi Morioka,

Yoshitaka Ehara, Keisuke Saito, Shintaro Yokoyama,

Takahiro Oikawa and Hiroshi Funakubo

Chapter 13 Double Hysteresis Loop in

BaTiO

-Based Ferroelectric Ceramics 245

Sining Yun

Chapter 14 The Ferroelectric Dependent

Magnetoelectricity in Composites 265

L. R. Naik and B. K. Bammannavar

Chapter 15 Characterization of Ferroelectric

Materials by Photopyroelectric Method 281

Dadarlat Dorin, Longuemart Stéphane and Hadj Sahraoui Abdelhak

Chapter 16 Valence Band Offsets of ZnO/SrTiO

, ZnO/BaTiO

InN/SrTiO

, and InN/BaTiO

Heterojunctions

Measured by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy 305

Caihong Jia, Yonghai Chen, Xianglin Liu,

Shaoyan Yang and Zhanguo Wang

Part 4 Modeling: Phenomenological Analysis 325

Chapter 17 Self-Consistent Anharmonic

Theory and Its Application to BaTiO

Crystal 327

Yutaka Aikawa

Contents VII

Chapter 18 Switching Properties of Finite-Sized Ferroelectrics 349

L.-H. Ong and K.-H. Chew

Chapter 19 Intrinsic Interface Coupling in

Ferroelectric Heterostructures and Superlattices 373

K.-H. Chew, L.-H. Ong and M. Iwata

Chapter 20 First-Principles Study of ABO

Role of the B–O Coulomb Repulsions

for Ferroelectricity and Piezoelectricity 395

Kaoru Miura

Chapter 21 Ab Initio Studies of

H-Bonded Systems: The Cases of

Ferroelectric KH

and Antiferroelectric NH

411

S. Koval, J. Lasave, R. L. Migoni, J. Kohanoff and N. S. Dalal

Chapter 22 Temperature Dependence

of the Dielectric Constant Calculated

Using a Mean Field Model Close to the

Smectic A - Isotropic Liquid Transition 437

H. Yurtseven and E. Kilit

Chapter 23 Mesoscopic Modeling of

Ferroelectric and Multiferroic Systems 449

Thomas Bose and Steffen Trimper

Chapter 24 A General Conductivity Expression

for Space-Charge-Limited Conduction in

Ferroelectrics and Other Solid Dielectrics 467

Ho-Kei Chan

Part 5 Modeling: Nonlinearities 491

Chapter 25 Nonlinearity and Scaling

Behavior in a Ferroelectric Materials 493

Abdelowahed Hajjaji, Mohamed Rguiti, Daniel Guyomar,

Yahia Boughaleb and Christan Courtois

Chapter 26 Harmonic Generation in Nanoscale Ferroelectric Films 513

Jeffrey F. Webb

Chapter 27 Nonlinear Hysteretic

Response of Piezoelectric Ceramics 537

Amir Sohrabi and Anastasia Muliana

Chapter 28 Modeling and Numerical

Simulation of Ferroelectric Material

Behavior Using Hysteresis Operators 561

Manfred Kaltenbacher and Barbara Kaltenbacher

Preface

Ferroelectricity has been one of the most used and studied phenomena in both scien-

tific and industrial communities. Properties of ferroelectrics materials make them par-

ticularly suitable for a wide range of applications, ranging from sensors and actuators

to optical or memory devices. Since the discovery of ferroelectricity in Rochelle Salt

(which used to be used since 1665) in 1921 by J. Valasek, numerous applications using

such an effect have been developed. First employed in large majority in sonars in the

middle of the 20

century, ferroelectric materials have been able to be adapted to more

and more systems in our daily life (ultrasound or thermal imaging, accelerometers, gy-

roscopes, filters…), and promising breakthrough applications are still under develop-

ment (non-volatile memory, optical devices…), making ferroelectrics one of tomor-

row’s most important materials.

The purpose of this collection is to present an up-to-date view of ferroelectricity and its

applications, and is divided into four books:

• Material Aspects, describing ways to select and process materials to make

them ferroelectric.

• Physical Effects, aiming at explaining the underlying mechanisms in ferroelec-

tric materials and effects that arise from their particular properties.

• Characterization and Modeling, giving an overview of how to quantify the

mechanisms of ferroelectric materials (both in microscopic and macroscopic

approaches) and to predict their performance.

• Applications, showing breakthrough use of ferroelectrics.

Authors of each chapter have been selected according to their scientific work and their

contributions to the community, ensuring high-quality contents.

The present volume aims at exposing characterization methods and their application

to assess the performance of ferroelectric materials, as well as presenting innovative

approaches for modeling the behavior of such devices.

The book is decomposed into five sections, including structural and microstructural

characterization (chapters 1 to 6), electrical characterization (chapters 7 to 11), multiphysic

characterization (chapters 12 to 16), phenomenological approaches for modeling the

X Preface

behavior of ferroelectric materials (chapters 17 to 24), and nonlinear modeling (chapters

25 to 28).

I sincerely hope you will find this book as enjoyable to read as it was to edit, and that

it will help your research and/or give new ideas in the wide field of ferroelectric mate-

rials.

Finally, I would like to take the opportunity of writing this preface to thank all the au-

thors for their high quality contributions, as well as the InTech publishing team (and

especially the publishing process manager, Ms. Silvia Vlase) for their outstanding

support.

June 2011

Dr. Mickaël Lallart

INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne

France