Карелин В.Я. Износ лопастных гидравлических машин от кавитации и наносов

BoccrauoBJIeHHe

cr.rJrbHo

H3Ho[reHHbrx

pa6ouHx

KoJrec

r,Apo-

]Y?6uu

H

r(pynHr,rx

HacocoB

conprx(eHo

i

6onuuuur.r

3arpyAHe:

HHflMH,

BbISBAHHbIMH

CJIOXHOCTNTO

QOPMuI

}I

TPYRHOII

AOCTYNHOCTbIO

orAeJIbHbIx

SJIeMeHTo'8.

floaroruy

noJIHoe

BoccraHoBJIeHHe

nepBo-

IraqaJrbHbrx

3HepreTHqecKHX

XapaKTepHcTHK

.

rr.r.tlpoMaruHH

B

npoH3_

BOACI'BCHHbIX

YCJIOBHflX

'IBJI'ICTCfl

qPC3BbIII

AfigO

TPYAOCMI(HM

H

IO-

porocTofl

u{HM,npoueccoM.

Croanaocrl

pennonra

fHApaBJruqecKHX

MarrrHH,

[OABepx(eHHbrx

HSHocy,

o'npeAeJlrercfl

prAoru

Sartopon,

K

rrgcJry

r(oropbrx

or'o-

cflTcf:

3)

[poAoJrx(HTeJrbHocrb

Mex(peMoHTrroro

MAN

I{HTCHCHBHOCTbTO

I,I3HOCA

H

AONVCTHMbIM

BCJTeACTBne

H3HOCa.

Pepronr

rroBepxHocrefi

rHApoMaruHH

B noAaBJrflroqeM

6olrruuu_

crBe

cryqaeB

3aKrlorlaercq

B

HaIIJTaBKe

sJrer(TpoAaMH

H3HOIrreHHbrx

yqacTKOB

wnn

o6n

liqo'nre

ax Bblcor(oJrerrrpoBaHHbrM

H craqrqM1.

kIs-

3a

cJlox{Hocra

noBepxHocreft

oTH pa6oirr

o6or.ruo

BbrrroJrHflrorcfl

BpyqHylo'

qro

H

O[peAeJIfleT

Vx

BbIcoKyIo

cToI{MO,cTb.

flo

Au"rroin

3l(clrJlyar&tJt'tu

Bonxcxoft

fAC

pIM.

B.

14.

.IIeHuHa

crorrl{ocrb

pyq-

ttofi

HanJIaBKH

BbIcoKoJIeri.IpoBaHHbn\{r{_sJreKTpoAaMH

I

nz

no"Ei*-

HocrH

'rpu

cPeAHelt

roJIu{HHe

c.ilo'fl

5 ,trtt

cocraBJrfler

BST

pj;6

B

ra6.n.

I

nplreoAflTct

AaHHbIe

o 3arparax

Ha

BoccraHo,eureanHorft

peMoHT

KaMep

H Jroflacreri

nonoporHoJrorracrHbrx

raAporyp6au,

eu_

rroJr

Hfl eM trft

p

as"nar{HbrMH

cnoco6a

uu.

oAnaru

Hg

cPeActe

.ulr

cHHN(eHHfl

TpyAoeMKocrH,

a

cJreAo.Ba-

TeJIbHo,

I{

croHMocrl{

pa6or

no

HanJIaBKe

Mo}KeT

cJryx(HTb

HcnoJrb-

SOBaHHe

-

CBaporIHbIx

IIOJryaBToMaroB.

I{a

Bo.nx,cxofi

f3C

Hrvr.

B'

u. .rleuHua

B

Hacrosuree

BpeMr

il.Jrfl

gror?

r{eJr'

npqMeHflrorcfl

[oJIyaBroMaTbI

THna

A-547,

paspa6oranHble

I4ncrHryrou

oJreKrpo-

cBapKH

ana.

E.

O.

flaroua.

IlIcnorlsoBaHHe

noJIyaBToMaroB

no3BoJrfler

yBerHrrurb

npoa3-

BOAHTeJTbHo'crb

TpyAa

a 2,5-3

pa3a,

3HaqHTeJrbHo

cHH3HTb

pacxo4

BblcoKgJrerupoBaHubrx

oJrerffpoAoB

H

noBbrcr.rrb

Kar{ecrBo

pa6ortr.

,'o4uaxo

''pr,rMeHeH'e

noJryaBToN{aroB

r.pr""u."o,

a

B

cfiyqae

paLuaIIbHO-O'oeBbIX

rnApo'ryp6uu

.

OTHocrrTennHO

He6onrurax

pagMe-

poB

(.unaue_rponr

2--5

u)-

npaKruqecKu

HcKflroqaercs.

n;;;y

"-'-noJIHoe

eocdtaFIoBJIeHHe

nepBoHaqaJIbHbrx

gHeprernrrecKax

xapaK-

repHcrHx

ryp6aH

B

pe3yJlbrare

poMoHTa

Ha

Mecre

B raKH*

"nyuu"*

r{BJrflercfl

_rrpesBbrrrafiHo

rpyAHbrM

H

roporni\{. Tax,

Arrfl

rjrp6HH

arpefara

Nb

3 llepena.lnofi

f3C

BoccraHoB/reHHe

'pa6ov.id

;;-

l8

Jleca,

npopa6oraBrrero

6o"rree

12

000

q,

rpe6onano

6o.unuoft

Ha-

flJIaBKu,

HaBapKH

IlleTaJIr'Ia

I{

npoBepK}i

HOBbIX

gJreMeH,rO,B

C IIOC"te-

,qyrcureft

o6pa6orxofi

BpyqHyro

rroBepxHocreir

ro

ura6.nouau

A.rrfl

iroryrleH[f.

pacqerHoro

oqepraHi4f

BbrxoAHbrx

KpoMOK

nOnacreri-

Taxa.n

pa6ora

rpe6ysl

BecbMa

surcoxofi

Kna.rruQaKaugg

Hcno.rrH6-

re.netl

H

["rlIHT€JIbHoro

BpeMeHr,r,

TaK

qro

ecJu,r

npHHrIHnHaJrbHo

ee

MOX(HO

BblnoJI!-IATb,

TO

ilpaKT[qecKH

3TO

OKa3a",'rOCb

HeBO3MOX{Hbtr{.

B

ro

x{e BpeNIfl

HcnpaBJleHr,re

oruocuTeJrbHo

He6o.nlurHx

rro*

'npex<AeHHli

He npeAcraB.,'Ifler

oco6rrx

BarpyAHeuufi

H

peryJrflpHo,

'

npHBoAHT

K

npaKTHr{ecKIl

noJrrioMy

BoccraHoBJreHH}O

sHepferHqecKr{x

xapar(repHcTr.tK.

flpo6neua

B

AaHHoM

cflyqae

3aKJrroqaercfl,

rro-BprAatr{oMy,

B

onpeAeJIe'HI{H

HaPlBblroAHefiruero

npoMeTyrxa

BpeMeHH

AJrJr

rrpon3-

BOACTBa

peMoHroB.

o6osHa.il.rn

vepes

.4

KprrByro

qacosofi

arbprr-

saIrHH

croHMocrH

peMoHTa

(p"..

7),

npoH3BeAeHHoro

flocJre

x

!.a-

coB

pa6oru

r{a[IplHbt,

H

r{epe3

B

cpe4nroro

qacoBvr,o

crogMocrb

norepb

or

cHHx{eHHfl

K. II.

4.,

BpeMrr,

qepe3

r{oropoe

Heo6xoAr.rlro

rIpoI{3BoAHTb

p_eMoHT,

Mox(Ho

onpe4e.ruTb

no

a6cqncce

Nrr{HgMyrlra

rpirsori

A+A

[10,20J

nns

onpeAeJreHlre

BpelreHr.r

BToporo

per{onTa

neo6xoAnMo

rrpo-

H3R€CrH

nropnuHuri

pacvec,

HcrroJrbS)'fl

HoBbre

cepHH

Xpneux'.4t

H B:,

r(oropbre,

BepoflrHo,

6yayr

or.rr{qarbcr

or *pmori

A

H

B.

flo

AaHHbrM

onbrra

sxcnnyare:Juu

fAC,

noctpo,bHHbrx

rra rop-

Hbrx

peKax

c 6onlululrl

coAepx(aHHe:u

B3BeIrIeHHbrx

HaHocoB,

npu_

Ir

Jo

3arparu

ra

Bonqcrof,

I9C

xn.

Ta6nxqa

t

nonacrei

ryp5xn

no

AaHHbtr

pt{Hom

cnoco5e

npox3Eoecraa

padorl,

P€r

oH?

xa^{eP

r

B.

H. Ilexxxa

lnpx

lr

"o

nA30

;

Dnr=

Zuop*E''

6

3,3

,"

(ta4

z-,

Bu4

pa6oru

6.

pa6or

B Tr,rc.

py

't

,f*,

n70

8,18

5,4C

2,30

2.0

_

3,20

nepHoAa,

onpeAeJrfle-

cHHXeHHeM

r{.

n.

.4.

1500

25C

1zz.l)

'360

(+"k

ATg'IbHbIE

Te

nporortsofi

qacru

pa6oru

npH pe\iou-

ryp6rutr

)

I

1F)

tv

f'

J!

&

825

i

zoo")

3600

'(s{-

f6oo

1

900

cG

{"

JlonacTg

H3 cTaJ'rH

18

.[[I.C-JI

Hanaasxoft.

tlucruft

Bec

HanJtaBJreHHoro

MeraJrJra 600

rca

.

Oomqonxa

--

,onu.tn

'

;.

'

.rrmi

18

A|C-JI

(6es

croHnaocru

pei\roHra

Ha-

n.naexofi)

/ a :-'

)

yeMoHr

Jronacru

u3 cranr

20

|C_JI.

J

fl.norqa1r

noBpexAeHuit

1,4.u2.

{ncruft

\

Bec

HarrJraBJreHHofo

tr€raJrra

221

rce

t9

rlepHo

qepe3

6-8

JIeT

pa6orr,r

KoJreca rrrAporyp6rEu

rpnxoArr

B

noJrHyro

lreroAHocrb

H rpe6ytor 3aMeHbr, xorr

H noABeprarorcfl

3a

3TO

BpeMfl

KanHTa[IbHO-BOCcTaIIOBI,ITeJIbHFTIM

peMOIJTaM.

Bax<nrru

$axroporvr

riltr

ouer{Kr{

rexHHKo-aKoHoMHqecKoir

aQ-

Qexruanocrn

6opr6or

c

noBbtuJenHtrM

r{3}rocoN{

f HApouarrrHH

rB-

Jrflercfl

BpeMf npocTof

arpenaToB

r,iln

ocMoT'poB,

oqHcTKr.r

14

pqMq4ra.

Heo6.rqAu\to

pq34q4qlb

lr1qlfq4

HLtr!p!4A4blrbr€,

I 9,

TaI(He,

Koropbre npH6nusr{TeJrb-

Ho

xapaKrepHbr

AJtfl

ryp6lrn

H

HacocoB, pa6orarou{Hx

B o6orq-

HbIX

yC./IOBHflX,

H

AOIOJIHI{TeJIb-

HbIe, T.

e. cBflSaHHbre c HHTeHCHB-

HbrM

KaBHTarlnoHuo-a6pa3HBHbrM

li3Hocol\,{.

B

KaqecrBe

HJrlrrocTp

ar\Ltw

n{ox(Ho

npHBecTH

AzHHbrr€

cpea-

HCA3VATCKO|O

OTACJICHH'I IIHCTH-

ryTa fnAponpoeKT,

xapaKrepH-

3YrOil{Ae

npocToH

Pf.u,a

arpef

a-

roB

He6ontruux rtrApoaneKrpH-

qecKHX

crauuuft.

AnanHs npo-

AOJIX{r.rTeJrbHOCTH

Vr H3yqeHr4e

TeX-

HHKO-3KOHOMHIICCKLIX

NOCNCACT-

sufr

npocroeB

3a

HecKoJrbKo Jrer rroKa3a.rrn,

rrro

rror{Tu

90?o Bcero

BpeMeHr{ BbIHy)KAeHHO|O

npOCTOE

npHXOAr4TCq Ha npHqHHbr,

CBfl-

3aHHbIe C

a6pasuaHo-KaBHTarIHoHHbrM

H3HocoM O6OpyAoBaHlrf

.

O6utne

y6urxu,

Bbr3BaHHbre

cror{Mocrbro

AoloJrHrrreJrbHbrx

pe-

MoHTHbIX

pa6or

H

HenoJrHofi

eupa6orxoft

sJreKTpogHeprun

3a

.BpeMr

flaxoxAeHuff

ryp6un

B

TaKHX

peMoHTax,

cocraBHJrlr oKo.rro

80%

Bcex

y6urxoe.

Auanorar{Hbre

noAcqerbr

rro

ApyrHM

f

3C,

pa6orarc[luu

Ha

BoAoroKax

c

6o.nluruu coAepx(aHHexr

B3BerrreHHbrx

HaHoco'g,

Aaror

He MeHbuIHe

quQpu,

a

B

orAeJrbHbrx

cryqaflx

cyMMapHbre

y6urxn

or

coBMecrHoro

4eficrnna

KaBHTat\HH

rr

HaHocoB

npeBbrrxaror

900/o

Bcex

y6urxoe.

I( arorvry

cJleAyer

Ao6aer.rrl,

r{To qacro

Ha HacocHbrx craHrlnflx

u fOC,

KpoMe ryp6uu

H r{acocoB, noABepx(eHo H3Hocy raKxe

H

BclroMorareJrbHoe

o6opy4oBaHHe: 3aABr4x(KH, sarBopbr, BoAoMepbr,

apMarypa rpy6onpoBoAoB

u

r. n.

Crouraocrt

peMoHra

aroro

o6o-

pyAoBaHuf,

Lr

coorBercrByroulHe 3arparbr

rpyAa,

BpeMerrH H

cpeAcrB

Ao6asnr,rorcfl

K

coorBercrByloilrHM

3arparaNr

no

Hacocapr, a He-

Hs6exHoe

coBMeIIIeHHe

Bo

BpeMeHH Bcex

peMo,HrHbrx pa6or

eule

6o.nee

ocJIox(Hqer

ycfloBHfl

aKcrrJryaraurrn.

Llsnox(eHHoe

BbrIIIe He

ocraBJlqer HHKaKHX

coMHeHHft

n rou,

uro

rIoBbIrIIellHe

H3Ho'cocrofixocrn

ri{ApaBJI14qecKHX MarrlHH

flB,rtqercfl

dKr5r3.116sofl

sa4aueft,

nuerculepi 6o"aluroe

rexHHr{o-gr(oHoMHrrecKoe

3HaqeHHe.

20

AoxasareJrbcr'Borr

rofo,

r{To

gra

3aAaqa

Mo}Ker

6rrrt

AoBoJIbHo

ycfler.xHo

pe[reHa,

flBJrfrorcfl

pe3)'JrbTarbr

Mepoilpusrufi

no

yMeHb-

rueHr,rlo

H3Hoca

rnaporyp6uH

3snrHHcxoft

f3C,

ocyurecrBJreHHbre

nepcoHaJroM

cTaHrIHH.

Ha

Ssr,rrHcxofi

f3C'ycrarroBrrerrbr rrrAporyp6rrHnr

PO ls-BM-

160,

?rMeIouIHe

cJreAyrorllrre

Hor!{r{HaJrbHbre

fiapal{erpbr:

Haflop

l6l

il;

Mourneer

15600

Kar; pacxoA

Ll,3

ulJcerc; wlcro

o6oporol

428

B MHHyry.

C

caMoI'o

HaqaJIa 3KCIIJyarauirH

f3C

o6uapyxt4Jrcr

Hr{TeHcr.rB-

Hltft lt3Hoc

nporoqHbrx

qacrert

rn4poryp6raH.

tr4snbc

6srl

uacroJrbKo

3Har{HTeJreH,

r{To

noc"rre

pa6oror

rlcAporyp6uu

B npoAoJr}KeHrrn

oA-

Horo

rlaBoAKoBoro

fiepuo.,ra

npoHcxo;Irrxo

6o"nturoe cnuxesue

Ii.

il.

n.

H

rpe6oeaJlocb

rIpoBeAeHHe

ex(eroAHoro BoccraHoBHTeJrb-

HOnO

peMOHTa

scefi nporouHofi

r{acrr.i

rHA,poryp6uH.

oco6esso

cHJIbHo

pa3pyuaJlHcb

pa6ouue

F:oJreca, HafipaBnflroil{r{e

aflilaparbr

I,r

.vnJroTHeH

Hrr

rkrAporyp6uu.

Ila nporflx{errnn

MHonIX

Jrer 3xcrrJryaraiIrroHHbrM

nepcoHaJroM

COBlvl€CTHO

C

pa3JrI{I{HbItrIII

Ha5tu1t"-ntCCJeAOBaTe.ilbCKI{}IH

OpraHH3a-

r\HrNrw

rrpo'BoAH.rracb

H npoBonr.rrcfl

6onsruan

pa6ora

IIo

vcraHoB-

JIeHltto

H

ycrpaHeHrrro

nprrquH

r.r3Hoca nporouHorl

qacrtr

rtrApo-

ryp6nH.

B

pe3yJlbrare

eroli I\rFroroJersefi

pa6orst

yAaJrocb

AoSHrror

pe3Kofo

yMeHbIxeHHf

LIHTeHCT{RHCCTH

H3FrOCa

H

3FraqHTeJrbFrO MeHb-

tirefo

yxyAueHufl

xapaKTepucrnK rl4Aporyp6nu,

qro

xopotuo r{,TJrro-

crpapyercfl

AaHHbrMr.

ra6.tt. 2.

Ta6nrr{a 2

VxygueHre

K.n.A.

fs{sf

ryp6rix

3sAxxcxoi

f9C

Bcre4crBhe

H3Hoca

B

TeqeHre roAa

9KcnryaTaqHr

.pg[.

RJ

IE

s

a.

{

s

o

t

f,

a

s

llexpenoamuuu

nepuod

q

Fnc.

7. Cxe*ra

rpa$o-anaJHTHqe-

cKoro

onpeAeJr€HHff uannuno4uefi-

flrero

BpeMeHu

npoH3BoAcTBa

pe-

MOHTA

I

2

3

foA

re6o

I

5,4

15,9

196 I

15,0

9,9

19,0

I

962

7,8

8,4

6,4

r

963

5,9

6,0

4,0

I

964

196

5

1,0

6,0

1,0

0,5

5,0

3,2

Kpoue

roro,

sa cqer

KoHcrpyKrHBr{brx

ueueuenuft

rr,rAporyp6un

il, coBeprueHcTBo'BaHHf.

TexHoJrorHr.r

peNloHra yAaJrocb

AocTHnHyTb

cHHX{eHLIS

CTOHMOCTr4 r{ IIpOIOJIX(?rTe"rtbHOCTI{

peMOHTO'B.

l-nasa

ll

HSHOG

TIAPABNH{EGKT{X

MAIUHH

BGNE.qCTBHE

I(ABHTAqHI{

s

4.

l(ABr{TAtl[f

]t

MEXAHTSM

KABr,trAtll{oHnof,

spogrr

KaeHra{uq

npeAcraBflqer

co6oli

npoqecc

HapylreHur

crrJroru-

I{OCTr'r

noroKa

xiHAKocrH,

xoropufi

npoHcxoAHT

Ha

rex

yqacrKax,

rAe

MecrHoe

AaBJIeHHe,

noHH)K

aflCb,

Aocrllraer

l(pHTr.IqecKofo

3Har{e-

HHfl,.

3 ror

ilpoqecc

coltpoBo

>K

r,aer

cfl,o

6p

a son

aH H

e

M 6o"rlluoro'Ko

JtH-

rrecTBa

rry3brpbKoB,

HarroJrHeHHbrx

npeHMyulecTBeHHO

napaMH

)KHA_

KOCTH,

a

TaKlr{e

ra3aMH,

BbrAeJrHBrJJr4MHCfl

H3

pacrBopa.

'o6pa3oBa_

HHe ny3blpbKoB

HMeer

MHoro

o6ulero

c KHrreHHeM

x(r.rAKocrrr,

B

cBfl3a

c

qeN{

3TH

ABa

npoqecca

qacro

oro}KAecTBJr-flroT,

a

B

l(aqecrBe

KpHTHrIecKofo

AaBJIeHHfl,

npr

KoTopoN{

HaqHHaeTcfl

KaBHTaUHfl,

rrpT-

HHMaIOT

AaBJIeHI{e }IacbIUreHHbrx

napoB

}KllAxocru

IIpr{

aaHnofi

TeMneparype.

HaxoAgcr

B

o6aacru

noHaxeHHofo

AaBJreHHfl,

ny-

3bIpbKH

pacryr

H_

npeBpau{arorcfl

B

6onlurue

KaBr4raur4oHHbre.

nysbrpH-KaBepHbr.

3areu

ny3brpr{

yHocflrcfi

rroroKo,r,r

B

o6;acru

C

AABJICHHCI{

BbIITC

KPHTIZTICCKO|O,

rAC

NPOHCXOAHT

HX

PA3PYUICHHC.

Taxau

o6paaont,

B rloro'Ke

co3Aaercrr

.IIoBoJrbHo

r{erKo

Bbrpa}KeHHaff

KaBHTaUIIOHHafi

3OHa,

33trO",trHeHaafl

ABr{}KyITIHMHCfl

ny3brpbKaMH.

fsfleHrre r(aBHTar{HH

or{eHb

xopotuo

AeMoHcrpr,rpyercfl

Ha npn-

I\{epe

nporeKaHHr

BoAbr

qeoe3

crer{nflrrHyro

Tpy6y

c MecrHbrr\,f

cyx{eHHeM

(cou"'ro

Beurypa).

flocreneHHoe

yBerHr{eHr.re

pacxoAa

npHBoAHT

K

Toruy,

qro

rtpa

AocraroqHo 6o.nnuofi

cKopocru

TeqeHnfl,

AaBJreHHe

B

CyX{eHr,rH

naAaer

Ao

KptrrHrrecKoro

3HaqeHr{f.

flepeoHal{aJlbHo

KaBHTaI\rlfl

rrporBJrrercfl

B

BHAe

HeycraHoBLrB-

rueftcs

KoJrbr{eo6p.asuoli

3oHbr,

Koropar

H3-3a

HeKoroport

nynlc

aryuw

AaBJIeHHf

IIepHoAHqecKH

Bo3HHKaer

H Hcqe3aer

c

Ao,Bo"rrbuo

6olturoft'

qacloroli

(puc.

8, o).

flantirefiruee

yBeraqeHue

pacxoAa

rrpHBoAHr-

K ToMy,

qro

KaBHTaUHoHHafl

3oHa

craHoBuTcfl ycroriurrnoli

H

yBe-

JIHtIHBaercfl

B

o6relte

B

pe3yJrbrare

yAJTHHeHHfl

B

HanpaB,:reHprrd

reqeHaq

H

pacnpocrpaHeHHn

nrny6n

K

rteHrpy

rroroKa (p"..

g,

6).

H, uaxoH€II,

rIpH

I(aKoM-To

3HaqenHH

pacxoA

a KaBtTarrr.roHHafl

3oHa'

SaHrIMaer

Bce

ceqeHHe

noToKa

H

pacnpocTpaHrreTcff

naJreKo

BHHS:

no reqeHuro

(pnc.

8, a).

BucoxoqacrorHan

KHI{ocbe}{Ka

nor(a3brBaer,

qro

Ka.BHTaur.roH-

Hbre ny3brpH

tso3HHKaror

Ha noBepxHocrH

conJra B

ero

uau6oaee

y3'I(OM

CeqeHHH.

Ilepervreulaficb

c noT'oKoM,

ny3brpr4

yBeflHrrHBarorcfri

22

B

pa3Mepe,

a

3areM

Hcqe3aror

rror{Tu

6ecc.neAuo.

Teu

BpeMer{eM

rra

npex(HeM

Mecre

o6pasyrcTcfl

HoBhre

ry3brpn

H r.

A.

B KarrecrBe

BTopofo npr.rMepa

Ha

pnc.

I

npHBoAr.rrcn

cxerra

noroKa

'n

pa6oueu

KoJrece

qenrpo6ex{Horo

sacoca. B

sror\{

c.ny.iae

Pnc.

8.

Pasnurne KaBHrarrHH B

conJe

Benrypn:

a

-

Ha\ailblraa

xaautaqila;

6

-

\acrfiqHo-pa3BuBrlratrcff Ka-

Br{Tar{r{fl;

a

-

norHocTbro

pa3BflBllraflcg

KaBHTaqHfl

Ha

Jroflacrflx

pa6ouero

Ko"rrecS:

oHH

yHocrrcfl

noToKoM,

o6pa-

KaBHTaTIHOHHbTe ny3brpH BO3Hr{KaFOT

Cpunancb c

noBepxHocTr.r

nonacreti,

3yf

J(aBHTaTIHOHHyTO 3OHy,

H

Ha

HeKOTOpOM

paCCTOqHHH

OT

JI0[aCTH

r.rcqe3aIoT.

C"uelyrourr{M rrpr{N{epoM

Ka-

BIdTaLILIH MOfyT CJry)KHTb

flBJIe-

}tnfl, npoHcxoAquHe BoJrH3H

no-

BepxHocru

xore6nrouerocfl

B

)I(HAKocrr{ TeJIa. flpra

Aocrarol{Ho

6o"rrruroft

qacrore

H onpeAe"rreH-

uofi aN{[JrHr]rAe t<one6anufi

Ha

noBepxHocrH

TeJra notlBflqnTcf

KaBHTaqr,roHHbre

ny3brpll,.

KoTo-

pbre pacryr

B TeqeHHe

ToH

Aollt

nepuoAa

rone6auufi, KorAa

AaB-

JreHrre s1nnsu noBepxHocrn

na-

Kasu'raunq

s

pa6ouen

rleHrpo6exnoro Hacoca

23

Prc.

9.

KOJIECE

KaSumauuoHHon

loHo

Ka6umaquoHHan

AaeT,'

Il pa3pylllalOTCfl

B TeqeHHe

OCTaJIbHOIZ

qacTH

neprroAa,

KOrAa

naBJreHHC

yBeJHr{HBaerCfl.

@

O6uqno

pazilr{qaror

rBa

rtna

KaBr.rraurtn:

nonepxHocr}ryro

H

qp

orpuBHylo.

fl'o.nepxuocrl{aq

KaBHrauHn

Bo3Hr.rKaer

Ha

rroBepxHocru,

-

Hanpasnqrcqefi

noroK,

t4nn4

B

lreilocpeAcreeHuor?

6.ryHgocru

or

Hee.

Tonlxo

rrro

onHcaHrlbte

IIal{r.r

KaBnrauHoHHbre

flB.rreH14

q

B

colrJre

Benrypra

H B

pa6overt

Ko,'Iece

ueurpo6e;<noro

Hacoca

serflrorcr

npHl\lepaMII

noBepxHocrttol?

KaBHTaut{I4.

OrptreHan

KaBHTarIr{q

Bo3-

HHKaeT

Ha paccToflHr4H

oT

rIO-

BepxHocrlr

H flBJrflercfl

pe3yJrb-

raroM

ryp6y.neHrHoro

nepe-

I\reIUHBaHHfl,

Koropoe

o6st.IHo

Hr,IeeT

r\{ecTo

B noToKe

3a

pa3-

.TIIHHHbIMI{

BbICTyIIaIOUIHMH

gJIe-

i\IeHTatvlH,

pa6oultn,lu

Ko.[ecaMrI

HeKoropbrx

IHApaBJrr{qecKr.rx

nlarlrHH,

a

TaKX(e

npH

oTpblBax

rroroKa

or

HanpaBJrsrouleft

no-

BepxHocrH.

B

KarrecrBe

npH-

rlepa

orpunnorl

rtaBHTaTIHH

Ha

puc.

l0

rrpuBoAurcr

Qororpa-

Qns

noroKa

sa nroAeJrbro

rp-e6-

HO|O

tBpIHTa.

KaqecreeHHoe

cTpyKTypbr

noToKa,

Bbr3BaHHOe

KaBHTarIueir,

npr{BoAHT

K r4g-

NreHeHHqr{

B

pex(HMe

pa6oru

'

rn4paBflHrrecxoir

Ma[IHHbI

lalrw

,

clrcreMhr.

3rra

THSMeHeHHfl

npn-

.

HflTO

Ha3bIBaTb

flOCJIeACTBHfl-

j

I\{I{

KaBHTaUI.IH.

fuApa"nuqecKHe

MaurHHbr

Pnc.

t0.

Orpunnar

KaBrraquc

3a ro-

H

CHCT€MbI

MOIKHO

paCCMaTpH-

nacrrMu

rpe6noro

BHHra

BaTb

KaK

coqeTaHue

HarIpaBJIflIo-

rr{HX

noBepxHocrerl,

npeAHa3Ha-

rreHHbIX

AJrfl

ynpaBreHHq

noTo_

KOM

X{I,IAKOCTA.

EC"NH

KABHTAIIHOHHAfl

3OHA

BOSHI,IKACT

HA

TAXOTZ

IIOBepxHocTI{,

TO

OHa H3MeHfleT

BerHr{HHy

rr

HanpaBJreHtre

cKopocTH

IIoToKa.

llpaxtutlecKl{

Bo

Bcex

cJryqarrx

raKpre

H3MeHeHufl

Hex(eJra-

1'eJIbHbI

H COnpOBOXAaIOTCS

LOnOJTHHTeJTbHbTMH

noTepsMH

gHeprHH-

Kporue

Toro,

-npn

'o6oux

rr.irax

KaBHTarr

IroBepxHocruor?

H nuxpeeofi

orpbrBHofir-

r.rMercT

Mecro

pa3Hofo

poAa

BTOpHrrHbIe

ABHX(eHLIrr

XHAKOCTT{.

SUeprun,

BoBJreqeHHaff

B

gTH

ABHX(CHHS,

HC

BOCCTAHABJIHBACTCfl

OCHOBH5II\I

NOTOKOM

H TAK-

xe

flBJrsercfl

rrorepflHnof,r.

Taxnu

o6pasonr,

AonoJrHHTeJrbHbre

lrol'epa

3HeprHH,

Bbrpaxarc-

IrIHeCfl

B

CHHXeI.IHLT

K. fr.

A.,

gBrqlorcf

nptMbIM

CJTeACTBHeM

BO3-

24

HI{tirJotser{rtfl

KaBrrrauu rr B

"rro6ou

rnApaernqecxoii NrautrFIe

rrJrrr

cHcTeN{e.

Paspyurelrne r(aBuraur{oHHbrx

ny3brpeft npn

[eperroce r.rx

rroroKoM

e

o6Jacrb

c

AaBJIeHHeT\{

BbILUe KpHTHqecKoro,

flporrcxoAHT

c

oqeHb

6o"rlruoii cKopocrbro H,

Br,r3brBaer rrrApaBJruqecxrrir

yAap.

Hano-

x{eHJIe

6o.nsrupro

qHCJra

raKHX

yAapoB

npHBoAr{T

K rroflBJreHulo

xapaKTepHoro

ullnflr{ero

3ByKa. Taxuvr

o6pasolr, Bo3HrrKHoBeHrre

KaBIrraI{Hr{

BCerAa conpoBo)r{Aaercfl

VcHJTeHHeM

rxyNra.

3naqesne

STOTO NOCJICNCTBIifl

KABI,ITAUH}{

I,I3MEH'ICI'Cfl

B 3ABIICI}TOCTIT OT

HA-

sH a

qeHr,rfl

rr4ApaBJnrqecKo,ro

o6opy

J\oBaHHfl

.

Heycrorlr{r4Bocrb KaBr4Taulrouuoft

3oHbr H

Bbr3BaHHbre er,o

BTopr{q-

HbIe

ABHIKeHIiq

npHBOAflT

K

3HaqHTeJIbHbIl\I

IIyJIbCaIIHflT\I

AaBJIeHI{fl

B noroKe,

Koropbre

oKa3brBalor

nogAeircre[e

Ha

noBepxHocrn,

Ha-

npaBrflIouIHe

noroK. Peayrmarm

MHoroqr{cJreHHbrx 3Kcilepr.Ix{eH-

Ta"rIbHbtx I{ccreAoB

anui't

H orrbrr

3r{crrJryararlurr

pa3nHqHoro nIrA-

paB,'IIiqecKoro

o6opy.loBaHHfl,

yKa3btBarcT

Ha noflBJreHHe CHJIbHbIX

vw6pauuft B Tex

cJryqarx,

KorAa

pa3Br.IBrx

aflcfl riaBnTaur{fl

flB"IIfl-

JIacb

eAHHcrBeusoft

npur{HHoft

usNreHeHr,rr xapaKTepHcrHri

rrorol(a.

14

HaKoHer{, B noAaBJrflrorqeM

6o.nnulrscrBe cr}rqaeB

riaBHTaIrHfl

conpoBox(Aaercfl

pa3pyureHHeM

noBepxHocrr{,

}ra

xoroport

Bo3HH-

KaroT

H HeKOrOpOe BpeMf

cyrqecTByoT

KaBHraur.roHHbre

rry3blpH.

3ro

paspy[reHne,

sB,rrflrorqeecfl, no>xa.nyli

car{brM

onacHbr]\r

nocneA-

crBr.reM KaBLrraL\HH,

Ha3brBaror

xaBHTaqr.roHHorl

aposaeft.

Kax

y)Ke

roBoppr,'Iocb,

HHTeHcHBHocrb

KaBHTauuouHoir opo3r{H I\rox(er

6sIrr

H2CTO"TIbKO egtCOXOIl,

r{TO

OHa MO>Ker Bbt3Barb nOlHUft

H3HOC

orrf.€;lrbHbrX

3JIer!{eHToB rurlpatsJruqecxoii MaIrII4Hbt B

qpe3BbIr{aiigo

r(oporKoe

BpeMfl.

.

Bnusuue KaBHrauwvr.

Ha

pa6ory

AaHsoir

rH.[pauuqecxoft

Ma-

IxHHbr

(yne.nuueuue

norepb aHeprun,

ycnneHHe

u)rua

n

nu6panlnfi,

KaBr{TauHoHHafl

aposnn)

He

nocrcrHHo H

3aBHcHT or

creneHll

pa3-

BHTLtfl

KaBl.trauHr{.

fiereurre

[pouecca

pagBHTHfl

KaBHTaTTHH

Ha

pa3,'rHrIHbre

cranHH

B H3Becrl{oft

Mepe

ycJIoBHo,

oAHaKo

o6bII{Ho

IIpHHflTO

pa3IHqaTb

Har{aJIbHyIO,

tIaC'IHIIHO

pa38HBIIIyIOCfl

H

nOJI-

HOCTbTO

p

a3BHBrrryncq KaBHT aLIHH.

CraAus

ua,rarrHoft

KaBrrrarlrir4

coorBercrByer

ycJIoBHflM,

ttpH

KOTOpbIX

noqBrflrOTCfl nepBbre He3HaqnTeJrbFrbre

npH3HaKH KaBH-

TaIIHU:

C.na6Oe

yCHJreHr{e

[IyMa,

HaJIHqHe He6OJrbrrrOrO

KOJIHqeCTBa

KaBnrarrnouHbrx nysupefi, Koropbre

o6pasym HeycraHoBrrBlxylocfl

KaBHTar{HoHHyro

3oHy.

Kax

npaBHJro, H2 erofi

cral.,krrr,

BHe[IHHe

xapar(Tepr,rcrur(H

rHApaBJrH.recxorl MarrrHHbr

rrpaKTHqecKH

He

I{3Me-

HflIOTCf

.

t{acraquo

pa3BnBruarcfl

KaBi{TauHn xapar{TepH3yercr

HarHr{HeM

ycraHoBHeueftcq

KaBr{TarIHoHsofi

3oHbr

orrpeAeJreHHbrx

pa3MepoB,

Koropafl

H3MeHfler aQQexrrrBHyro

Qopr"y

HarrpaB.rrqnuefi

noBepx-

Hocrn H crecHqer

x(HBoe ceqeHue rroroKa. flponcxoAur

MecrHoe

noBblrleHHe

cKopocTH

TeqeHHfl,

rrosRJrflroTcfl BTopnqHble

ABH}KeHHfl

)r{lrAr{ocrw. Vls-sa

yBenHqeHI.rs

rr{ApaB.rrHr{ecKHX

florepb

yx]IAIIralorcn

25

I{3MCHCHI

C

lapaKTepIICTHKH

AaHHOII

MaUII{HbI;

3rraqHTeJb}ro yc}{JrHBaeTcfl

uryM.

flplr

noJIHocrbr.o

pa3BHBrlrericq

KaBHrauHH

Hacrynaer

<<cpbrB)>

pa6oru

Aauuofi

ru.[Paeruqecx,tti

cHcret\Ibl

rrJIH

MaruHHbr.

BHeruuue

xapaxTepllcTHKH

ee cTaHo,BfTcrr

coBeprxeHHo

Henptrer.lrer\{brMa.

Pa-

6o'ra MarIlntIbI

B

ycJIoBHflx

noJlHocrbro pa38HBrxefics

KaBHTarryH

j

KaK

npaBr,tJro,

He noAAaeTcfl

ynpaBJreHtrro.

b KaqecrBe

npHI\{epa pa3rHr{HbIX

craArrfi

pa3BHTHfl

KaBnrar\krvr

paccMorplrNt

npoqeccbt,

nponcxoArrutre

B

co[./'re Beuryplr,

Hso6pa-

)r{eHHoM

Ha

puc.

8,

H HX B.rrafl-

HHe

Ha

efo

nponycKHyr,o

c[o-

co6Hocrr.

Xapaxre

pncrnKa

corrla

Beurypn

A^H:l(Q),

fAe

LH

-

ruApaBJrnqecKr.re

norepu

B

conJre

u

a-pacxoA,

npu-

BeAeHa

Ha

puc.

11.

VsenH,{eHHe

pacxoAa

Ao

Q*:2,4

ttf cerc

nponcxo4lar

B

yc-

"iIOBHtI-X

HOplrlanluOrl

p

a6orr,r

coura

6eg

KaBtrrar\Hu.

flpu

pacxole

Q:

Q"

AaBJreHHe

B

CX{ATO]\I

CCIICHI,IH

NAAACT

AO

BC-

.rHqHHbr,

npH

xoropoft

Hartn-

r.raercfl

KaB:aTa\Hn.

OAuaxo

Ha-

JIHrrHe

HeycraHoenerueficq

KaBlr-

rar{r.roHFroft

so}rsl

(puc.

8, a)

He

cK33a",-rOCb

Ha

- XapaKTepHCTHr{e

coIIJra-

fIpH

AansuefimeN{

yBeJrHqerrHH

pacxoAa

Q>Q,

ycroriuuBafl

Ka-

BHTAUHOFIHAfl

3OHA

3AHHT,TACT

3HAqHTEJIbHYIO

qACTb

X{HBO|O

CCqCHHfl

(puc.

8,6)

noroKa.

Hsueseuue

xapaxrepucrr.rx

corrJra

,rroKa3brBaer

pe3l{oe

yBeJIHqeHI{e

rH,zI,paBJrHqecKHx

norepb.

3ror pex<Hr{

coorBer-

cTByeT

r{acTurrHo

pagBnBurerics

KaBHTarrpru.

ilppr__Qrno*:2,6

ttf cerc-

pexaM

rroJrHocrbro

pa3BuBrrreftcq

KaBr4-

Ta\HV.

KasHraI{HoHHafl

3oHa

3aHnhraeT

Bce

)KHBoe

ceqeHne noroKa

(puc.

8, a).

Hacrynnn <<cphrB>>

pa6oru

corrJra,

xapaKrepnsyeuuft

yBeJrHtIeHHeM

THApaBJIHTIeCKHX

[OTepb

npH

HeH3MeHHOM

3HarreHHH

pacxoAa.

HeAo'crarox

AaHHbrx

BHsyaJrbHbrx

Ha6.nnAesuft

noroKa

B rHA-

paBflHqecKHX

MarrrHHax,

pa6orarcrrrHx

B

pexlrMax

c

pa3flHr{Ho

pa3Br{Brlrefics

xaeaiaul.reri,

gBr.rrercs

oAHofi

H3

uraBHbrx

npHqr{H

He[oHHM

aHVs,

CyTTIHOCTH

STOrO flBJIeHHfl.

Hsyuenne

KaBHTarrHoHHbrx

xapaKTepHcrur( pagJrnqHbrx

rHApaB-

JIHTIeCKHX

CHCTeM,

OnpeAeJIeHHe

BO3MOX(HbIX

[peAeJrOB

MexaHHqe-

cKHx

pa3pyuennfi

w

Hx B3anr\,rocBflgb

flBrqrncb H

fl'Bnrflrorcfl

rnaeHoft

ueJlbrc

noqru

Bcex

gr{cnepHMer{TaJrbHblx

HccJleAoBaunri

H Teopern-

qecKr'rx

usucKal/.wfr

B

o6nacrw KaBlrraulrH.

o4Haxo,

HecMorpfl

Ha

6onnuroe

KoJl{qecrBo

grnx

l{cc.,'reAosauuf1

HeKoropble,

BecbMa

26

2,0

1,5

t0

Te=12,8

oC

H67=2\3n,

Pexunot

6es

Pxc.

I

l.

BJIHqHHe

KaBr{TauHH

Ha

xa-

paKTepHcrHKy

conJra

Benrypn

BA)KHbIC BONPOCbI

BO3I{HKHOBCHHfl

U

PA38HTHq

KABI,ITAIIi{I{,

B

qACT-

Hccrlr

MexaHH3M

pa3pyrxeHHfl

Aeraneii

rHApaB.nnqecKr.ix

cucreil{

AC.IICACTBH€

KaBLITaUI{I.I,

He nOI{f i'tt

OKOHqaTeJIbHO.

B

pa3Hoe

BpeMfl

)/qeHbrMIt

6arnn

BbrcKa3aHbr

pa3.rrr{rrHbre

npeA-

Jlo.loxeHrfl

o

Bo3MoxHoM

MexaHr,r3t\re

KeBuTaUlroggor?

3po3Hr.I.

Bce

,/\9TH

rnnore3btnloryr

6ltrl

pa3AeJleHbr

Ha

qerbrpe

ocHoBHbre

rpynrrbr.

U

Impun

eudpouexaHuqecKoeo

eosdertcrlun

norrBrrJracb

B lgtT

r.,

xofAa

PEneli, HcnoJrb3yfl

o6u{ae

vpaBHeHHfl

rrrqpoAr{

HaMr4KH,

rroA-

cqldraJl,

qro

pa3pylxeHue

c$epnuecKoro

rry3brpbKa,

HaxoArulerocr

B

llAeanlHoft

x(HAKocrI.I,

conpoBol*(Aaercfl

MecrHbIM

rIoBr,rIxeH14eNr

AaBJreHr,rfl.

MaxcauailbHafl

BerHqnHa

AaBJreHr.rfl

npH

STOM

MOX(er

Aocrurarb

HecKoJrbKux

rbrcflrr

aruocQeD.

floc.ne41'Iotr{He

reoperfiqe-

cKHe

r,I

SKCrrepHrvleHTaJrbHbIe

HccJleAoBaHtrfl

IIoKa3aJrH

npaBHJrbHocTb

CAeJIaHHOT?

Oqeuxn.

T

axvt;vt

o6pasonr,

yqeHbre,

ro.rrolKHBtune

Ha!'alro

TeopHIr

rHAPoirlexaHuqecroro

eoeAertcrBr{fl,

paccMar

pHBa,ilH

AaBJre-

HIIe,

BO3HHKarOqee

npH

pa3pyrxeHi.rH

KaBprrar{HoHHoro

fly3brpbKa,

r.r

€ro

HenocpeAcrBeHHoe

h,IexaHr.rqecKoe

Aeficrspre

Ha

orpal'r(Aarou{yrc

noroK

rloBepxHocr-b

KaK

ocr{oBi{bre

npuqr-rHbr

KaBnraqaousoft

apo3ua.

Snercrpoxu.u.uqecKafl.

Teopun

rcaluraquouttoti

sposuu

o6qsaHa

cBotil\4

nogBJIeHpreM

ToMy,

IITO

B

OTAeXbHbTX

Cryqaflx,

KaK

6u.no

ycraHoB,reHo

na6"nroAelrnqlrH,

KaroAHafl

3aulr{Ta B

HseecrHofi

Mepe

cHrrx{aeT

HHTeHCHBHOCTb pa3pyrueHHf

Aera,reft

fHApoMa[rHH.

llo-

c,TeAoBareJrH

3/reKrpoxHl,ruqecxou

reop14H

[94,

97]

Cr{HrarH,

qro

ocHoBHoft

npltullnofi

KaeI4TaIIHoHHoro

pa3pyueHtrfl

c.rrylKar

3JreKTpo-

JIHTHqCCKHC

H

XHN{HI{CCKHC

SBTCHHq,

NPOHCXOAflUIHC

B KPHCTAJI-

JIHrIecKofi peruerKe

tflera/IJla

iloA

eosAer?crBaer\{

riaBHTaUr.ru.

OAuaxo

I{aBHTaIIHOHHafl

3p03Hfl

TaKLIX

MaTepAaJIOB

KaK

CTeKJIO,

ueti.nOH,

Saxenu'r

H

Apyrue,

orMeqeHHafl

ErrocJreAcrBI4H,

nocraBHJra

rroA

cot{HeHlce

ocI{oBHble rIoJro}KeHr.rfl

aJreKTpoxnMHqecrofi

reoprvr.

,g

Teopun

.MeHoBeHHbtx

xulvtutrecrcux

pearcqufr

[

109]

6irna

ocHo-

BaHa

Ha [peArlo.[o)KeHulr,

qro

B ruoMeHT pa3py[reHHfl

KaBHTaTIHOH-

Horo

nysblpbl{a

npoHcxoAnT

BbrAeJreHHe

H3

}KuAr{ocrr.r

qpe3Bbrrraftiro

aKTHBHbTX

XHMHqeCKTTX

BeUIeCTB,

KOTOpbre

BCTynarcT

B

peaKqHro

c

ofpa)I{AatorIlefi

noroK noBepxHocrbro

H npr.rBoAflT

K

6mcrpouy

ee

pa3pylgeHH_Io.

B

orAeJIbHbIX eKcnepHMeHrax,

npoBoAHB[rHXcq

c

noAori

[109J,

6u"no orl{erIeHo troBbltueHHoe

coAepx(aHue

Hepac-

TBOpeHHOfO

_KHCJTOpOAa

14

[pHcyrcrBHe

o3oHa

BHyrpH

KaBHTaTTHOH-

Holi

3oHbI.

OAuaxo

Aocrarol{Horo

sKcnepuMeHTa.rrbHoro

rroATBepx{-

.q,eHuq

reo_pHfl

MrHoBeHHbrx

xHMHr{ecKHx peaxunli

He noJryqnila.

TepuoduHaJwuqecKafl,

reopun

Kasuraquonruoil

eposui

yrBep>K-

Aaer,

Itro

KaBHTaI{HoHHbIe

ny3brpbKH,

norraIafl,

B

SoHy noBbrrueHHofo

AaBJreHHfl,

He

pa3pylualoTcfl,

a cx(HMaroTcf

Ao

KaKHX-TO

r{pe3Bbr-

qariHo

MaJrbrx

pa3NrepoB.

B

p$yJrbrare

aroro

c>KarHfl

AaBJreHHe

BHyTpl{

ny3blpbKa

,4ocTHIaeT

ol{eHs

6o.rlorul{X BeJIHT{SH.

KpoMe

TO'fo,

BCJTeACTBHe

aAWa6atfiqecKoro

xapaKTepa

cx{arr.rfl ra3a,

HaxoAfl-

u{erocfl

B ny3brpbKe,

TeMrreparypa

efo cr4JrbHo

rroBbrlxaercs.

PasHHe

aBTopbI,

HcnoJlb3yr

pa3aHqHbre

reoperr.rqecKne

MeroAbr noA-

27

c'Iera

II

pa3JIIrqHble

HcxoAHbre

napar,leTpbI,

oueHHBalor

AaBJreHHe

BllyTpII

ny3blpbKa

B NlOMeilT

MaKCHMaJrbr'tofo

cX{aTHn

B

npeAeJIax

200-4000

ar

v reMneparypy

1200-

l0

000"

C

[94,

I 16].

flo

r{HeHr.r}o

aBTopots TeopHtr,

npHr{ocHoBeHHe

raKoro

rry3brpbKa ri

orpa>xLanutefi

noroK

rloBepxHocrr.r

Bt,r3brBaer

vecrnulfi

HarpeB

ee

AO

TaKoft

reltneparypbt,

qro

Aax{e

He6cnluoe

r{3MeHeHHe

AaBJreHHfl

npHBoAHT

K

pa3pytUelll4lon4aTepltaJla3

nonlsy

repi\,roAr{HaMr.rqe-

cKoI{

TeopHI'l

cBLIAereJrbcrByer

rreoAnoKparHo

or[{eqaBrrreecfl

B

o[bITax caMocBeqe[rHe

>ru{AKocrr{

B npeAeJtax

KaBHTaurror-lHorlr

soHbI

f79,

86J, Koropoe

)/Ka3brBaer

Ha

HaJrlrque JroKaJrbHbrx

Bbrco-

Ktrx

TeMileparyp

BHyrpH Maccbr

rexyuerl

x{HAKocrH. oAsaxo

B

qeJIOM

TepMOAHHaMHT{ecKaf

TeOp},If

OCHOBaHa

6Olture

Ha

npeA-

IIOJIOII(

eH HflX,

r{

eM H a 3 I(Cn

ep I{ 1\.1 eHTaJI

bH brx

A

a

H H

bIX.

Aua"rtus pa6or,

nocBsu{eHHbrx

MexaHr.r3My

Ka.Br.rrauuorruorl

gpo-

3HI4i

no.Ka3btBaer,

Ilro

B

Ilacrofulee BpeMfl

6o.lturagcrBo

aBTopoB

[7,21,

54, 74,79,

100,

I

l1]

cK.rror.rHbr npuHarb

B KaqecrBe

pa6oueft

fHrroTe3bl,

rr.rApoM

exaH

Hr{ec

l(yrc Teop

H}o.

Ocuonnor? npnuauofi,

ebreHnarcu{eii

pa3pyrueHHe

Marepr.raJra

B

npouecce

KaBural{r,rH,

flB"{flercr,

TaKnnr

o6pasolr,

Mexar{HrlecKoe

eosAericrtsHe pa3pynarcurerocfl

ny3brpbKa

Ha

orpax(Aarouryrg

no-

BepxHocrb.

9ro

xe Kacaercr

xuMr{qecxorl xoppo3ur{,

aJrer(TpoxaNrur-

rIecKHX

ssleuHIi

14 MecrHblx

noeuureunft

TeMrreparypbr, To

oHtr

flBJlflIoTcfl

KaK

6ol

nropHtrHbrMH

npoUeccalrH, Koropbre

B orAeJrbHbIX

CJyqafl)-. ycKopflIoT

KaBLITaUHoHHoe

pa3pyllleliHe

I\{arepHaJIa.

O4uaxo,

HecN{orpfl

Ha 6o"nnuroe KoJrr{qecrBo

ctteuHaJrbHbrx 3Kc-

[epHMeHToB

u reoperar{ecKux

HCCJTeAoB auuh,

Ao

Hacroqu{ero

Bpe-

MeHH

eUIe OCTaJII{9b

HepeIXeHHblrvi H

BOnpOCbr, KOTOpbre rrperrflTcTByroT

oKouqareJlbHoMy

troHuMaHuro

Mexai{H3rvra

KaBnTauuosHoli

3po3HH

H

fipeBpaueHHro pa60uefi

fHrrore3br B rorrHyro reoputo.

OAHuu H3

TaKHX BonpocoB

rBJlflercfl

Aeftcrenre.nlsufi

npouecc

pa3pyIUeHrrfl

KaBHrar{HoHHofo

nysbrpbKa v xapaKTep nepeAaqH

BO3HHKAOU{NX

NPH STOM MCXAHHqCCKIIX IIMTIYJIbCOB

TIOBCPXHOCTH,

orpax(Aarcueft

noroK.

M.

KopHSe.nsa

u JI. Cynopoe Ha ocHoB

aHHH H3yI{eHI,Ia

ueycrofi-

qHBOCTH

KaBHTar{}rOHHbrX

ny3brpbKOB, no"qyr{eHHbrx

yJrbTpa3ByKOBbr}r

MeTOAOM,

UpHIXJILI

K

BbIBOAy,

rITO

npH

pa3pyIIIeHHH

ny3blpbKa IIOCJIe

pfiLa

HenepI4oAHrrecKHX

xo.ne6anuft rrpoHcxoAHT

KaK

6tt

ilpoAaB-

JTHBaHHe

efo,

rroBepxHocrn (pH..

12,

a). O6pasypuraflcr npv

eroM

crpyr

BoAbr

c

6o.rysruoft cKopocrbro

yAapflercfl

B

orpax(Aarouyro

noroK IroBepxHocrb,

rrro

H flB,ryflercfl ocHoeHor?

npuunuoli

MexaHV-

qecxoro

pa3pyueltfl.

3ro no"ryolKeHpre

B

H3BecrHofi

uepe noArBep)K-

AaeTcf

Teoperr4qecKHM

aHa,'rH3oM

ycJ'roBuri

ycrofiqHsocra

ny3brpbr{a

- -B'-

Heno,ABax<Holi

)r(HAKocrH. I{a

pHc.

12, 6 noKa3aHo

noJlyqeHHoe

r{areMarnqecKuM

nyreM nocaeAoeareJrbHoe

r.r3MeHeHr.re

Qopuu

Ka-

BHTaTIHOHHOTO

rrysbrpbKa,

paciroJroxieHHofo

Hecr,il\il\reTpI{qHo oTHo-

cHTqJrbHo

orpaxlarcurer"r noBepxHocru

[

103]. BorHlrran, ropo-

Hra[rbHafl,

$opl,ra

ny3bipbKa Ha

nocJreAHHX craAIIflx

pa3p],ureHl4fl

28

yKa3brBaeT

Ha

sogl,toxHttli

npopblB ero

o6onoqKH

c o6pasonaHI4eM

cTpyt4

X{HAKo,cTH,

IIailpaereHHoIi

nepneHAI4KyJIflpHo

noBepxHocTI'I.

Bce

ero

BbrrJrflAt.rr

Becbnta

y6e4nreJlbHo,

oAHaKo

SHarrHTeJIbHafl

rpynna

yqeHbrx

nprrAepliHBaeTcf

HHofo

MHeHHfl

OTHOCHTeJIbHO

fl,B'

6)

Puc.

12.

[IocfleAoeareJlbHoe

H3MeHeHue

Sopuu

KaBlrTit-

rluoHHofo ny3brpbKa

npH

ero

'

pa3pyueHHH

Ha

noBepxHocrH:

a

-

ro

Kopu$e;Iu,u,y

n CYaoPonY;

6

-

noayvennoe

pacqernblM

nY-

Te:\r:

I-4

-

STantI

H3MeHeHufi

$opurr

nevnfi

,

npor4cxoAfl

u{Hx np u

p

a3

pyureHHr.I KaBHTa

I{HOH

Horo

lrysblpbl{a-

I4cno,rtsoBal-rHe

BbtcoKor{acrorHoft

KHHoc'beI\{KI4

nosBoJIHJIo

ycrarlo-

BHTb,

rrro

pa3p)/ueuue cQepuuecKoro

ny3blpbKa

B IIoroKe

)KHAKocrI{

He

gBJIfleTCfl

1\'lrHoBeHHbIM,

A

npeAcraBJIser

co6ofi

MHoro-

xparuorit,

3aryxarcurHft

ilPo-

uecc

[2],

90J.

I4s

rpa$Hxa

Ha

pl4c. 13

BIIAHO,

qTO

HaXOAflCb

BHyrpH

KaBI4TaqHoHHoIl

3oHbI

(o6lacrl

c

noHH)I{eHHbIIU

AaBJIeHHeM),

ny3bllpeK

pacTer

kr

AoCTHfaer

KaKOfO-TO

MaKCHMyI\Ia.

Kax

TO.rrbKo

nySblpeK

BbIHOCI'lrCf

noroKoM 3a

rIpeAeJIbI

KaBVTa-

unonnoft

3oHbI

kr

nonaAaer

B puc.

lg.

passur'e

u

pa3pyueuue

c4e-

o6"nacft

BbIcoKofo

AaBJIeHHfl,

pnqecKoro

KaBural{uoHHoro

nysHpbxa

nap

BHyTpH

ny3blpbKa

KOHAeH-

B

noroKe

)I(I{AKocrIr

cHpyercfl

u

B o6pasonaBrlytocn

<<nycrory>>

c

6o.nturoft

cxopocTblo

ycTpeMJIseTCn

x{HAKOcTb.

B

ueHTpe

BcJreAcrBHe

yrrpyfocTH

)KHAKOCTH

npoHcxoAHT

H3MeHeHHe

ee

ABHx(eHHq

Ha o6parHoe

u

Ha

KaKoe-To

MrHoBeHHe

o6pasyercn

HoetIIi ny3blpeK

c

AaB.iteHHeM

BHyTpl.I

Hero

MeHb[IHM,

r{eM

AaBJIe-

Ilr.re

B oKpyxarcil{eM

noroKe.

3areu

npoHcXoAI4T

pa3pylxeHHe

r.iHoBb

o6pasoeaBlrlerocn

ny3blpbKa

LI

T.

A.

flportecc

sror

3ary-

Xarcu{ufi,

:

TaK

KaK 6o.nluras

qacrb

KI.IHeTIIqecxoft

3HeprllH

Maccbl

29

I

")

g

U,/

€o

^o

0.,

SE

E4J

<-

*4+

Epena

x{HAKOCTT{,

ABr.rX(yuleilcs

K rIeHTpy

c

6o"unruofi

cKopocrbro, rpe-

obpasyerca

B MoMeHr Bo3HuKHoBeHHfl

HoBoro

[ysbrpbKa

B cQepu:

rlecKyro

yAapHyro

BoJrHy,

r{oropan

pacfipocrpaHrrercrr

Bo Bce

cro-

pOHbI,.

Mexaur,rqecKoe

eogAer?creue

.(arcuyrc

IIoToK

rroBepxHocrb

H

sroft yaapiroft

BoJrHbr

Ha orpax(-

flB.Ilffercfl

ocHoBHoft

nprruraHoli

Kasrr-

-

flonsHBIrIHecfl

3a nocJleAHee

BpeM)T

reoperurrecKr.re pa6oru

H

aKcnepgMeHraJrbHbre

r{ccJreAoBaHrrr

[8],

85,

103] rroATBepxiraror

o6paaonaHHe

cQepnvecxor?

y.uapuoft

BoJrHbr

nplr

paspyrueHr{r{

r}'-

.

sblpbKa,

Haxo'Aflruefocfl

B noroKe

x(HAKoc.TrI.

Cula BoJrHbr,

TaKiKe

KaK

H MaKCI'IMaJIbHaf

AaJIbHOCTb

ee

pacflpocTpaHer{Hfl

3aBHcr{T OT

qeJrofo

psAa

Qaxropoe

(nepeoua,{a.'rsHulr?

pa3Mep

ny3brpbxa,

rHApoAHHaMEqecKHe

xapa KTepr,rcrrar{H

orp ax{Aarou{efo

floro

Ka. ceoit-

crBa x{r{AKocrr.r

H r.

A.).

14

xorfl

aBropbr

pa6or pacxo.f,,frcfl

B

a6co.nrcrirort

or{eHKe

cH,Tbr srofi BoJrHbr,

HH

y

Ko,r.o u3

}irrx He

BbISblBaeT

coMIieHHfl,

qro

Ha

paccTorrHHH,

paBHot\{

IIepBoHaqaJrb-

HoMy

paAHycy

KaBHTauHoHHoro

rry3brpbKa,

oHa

MolKer

6mrl

Aocra-

roqsopl

n.Jrfl

MexaHHqecKoro pa3p}rulsHur

ofpalKnarcuefi

rroroK

noBepxHocrl{.

Hexoropbre

orrbrrbr

[103]

iloKa3aJrr{

raKX(e,

qro

pa3-

pyIIreHr4e

KaBHTallHOHHbTX

rry3brpbKo,B

nonycQepnvecxoft

H

Topo-

ul.anruoft

Qopuu,

HaxoAflIr{Iixcfl

Ha

HanpaBJ:rsrouteli rroBepxHocru,

corlpoBox{Aaercn

rIoMHMo

odpaaoe aHnfr.

yaapnoft

BoJrHbr, npopbrBol\r

I{x

o6onoqxu

v o6pasonaHueM

crpyu xHAKOcrr4,

y.u,aparoureft

B

noBepxHocrb.

OAHaro cnila

crpyr.r

HerocraroqHa

AJrfl

pa3p)rrxeHufl

uJrH

Aax{e .Ue$opiuaquu

t$arepl4anla

rroBepxHocrH,

H

9To flB,rreHr{e

HocHT

BTopocreneHunnt

xapar(Tep.

Taxuu

o6:pasonr,

xorr

K

HacroruteMy

BpeMerra H Her

eArrHoro

MHeHHfl

_OTHOCATeJIbHO

rrpOqeCCa pa3py[reHHrr

KaBr{TauHoHHbrx

ny3blpbKots

H npr{poAbr

Bo3Hr,rKaroulHx

TrpLr

sToM

MexaHHqecKHx

ycunHfi,

LlMeercfl

AocraroqHo

ocHoganufr [peAnonox(HTb,

rrro

ocHoB-

uoll

npuunnott

KaBHraIIaoHHofi

opo3HH rrerqercq

cQepnuecKafl

yAapHafl

BoJIHa,

o6pasyrcuascfl

rrpu

paspyrrreHr{H

ny3brpbKa

H

oKa3bIBaloulaf

MexaHur{ecKoe eogAericrBHe

Ha

noBepxHo,crb,

orpax<-

Aaroulyls

noToK.

Apyrravr

HeflcHbIM

BonpocoM

npn

H3yr{eHHH MexaHH3Ma KaBH-

raqaouuorl

spo3HH

flBJrflercr xaparffep

pa3pyrrreHHr

MarepHaJra

orpa)r(Aatotrleft

noroK rroBepxi{ocra

noA sogAeftcrBneM KaBHTauHH.

BucoxoqacrorHafl

KHHocbeMKa noKa3brBaer,

qro

KaBaTaunouuuui

nysbrpeK

Moxer

3a 0,002

cerc Bbrpacra

,Io

6

l]4i4 B

AuaMerpe

H

floJlHocrbro

<<3axJrorrHyrbcr>

3a

0,001

cerc.

TeoperuqecKne

noA-

cqerbr

[102J

noKa3brBaror,

rrro

AaBJreHHe,

Bbr3BaHHoe

y.u,apHofi

-BoJr-

uofi npn

croJlb

6ucrpol,r

pa3pylueHr{H

KaBHTauHoHHoro

ny3brpbr{a,

AocrHfaer

BeflrrraHbr

2000-3500

rcf

f

cttz.

3ro oqeHb

BbrcoKoe

AaBJIeHHe,

HO

O,HO

BCe x(e

TTeAOCTaTOqHO

AJrf

CKOpOTO

pa3pyrrreHr{f

6o.ilrrunHcrB

a MarepHaJroB,

rtpfi MeHrreM brx B rr{ApoMaIrIHHocrpoeHHr{.

OAHaxo ra

x{e

BbrcoKoqacrorHar

KrrHoc'beMKa

noKa3brBaer,

qro

30

,.

fpH

HeI{OTOpbIX

THIIaX

KaBItTaTIHH

Ha nJrOuIaAH

I

ctu.z

B

TeqeHHe

1

cerc

Moryr

o6paeonarbcfl

H pa3pyr.ugrbcfl

6o.nee

g0

MjrH.

KaBH_

TarrHoHHbrx

ny3brpbKoB.

B pe3yJrbrare

6u.no

BbrcKa3aHo

npeArrono_

xeHHe,

r{To

npH

KaBHTarrnouuofi

gpo3HH

Or{eHb

6oetruyrc

poJrb

HTPACT

NOBTOPSCMOCTb

KABHTAIIHOH'HbIX

YAAPOB,

H

PA3PYIIICHHE

nrarepnaila

q9rflercg

cJreACTtsHer\{

ycra"llocrHbtx

rrnneuHrl

e noBepx_

floc.rre4yrcutr-rri

aHailH3

[90]

noKa3a.r,

rrro

Hecrrorpfl

Ha

6ons-

Iuoe

KoJrHqecrBo

KaBHTarrHoHHbrx

ny3F,rpbKoB,

O6pa:yrorqrrxcfl

Ha

orpax(Aarouefi_

^noroK

ltoBepxHocru

B

reqeHHe

I cbrc,

ToJrbKo

oAHH

H3

nplrMepHo

30

ruc.

npHHHMaer

yrracrue

B

ee

pa3pyrxeHHrr.

Eti.rro

TaKX(e ycTaHoBJreHO,

rrTO

nepHoA

BpeMeHH

i{e>KAy

oAHHr\r

KaBH_

Bonpoc

gror

Ao

Hacrorurero

BpeMeHrr

ocraercfl

HercHbrM.

3a

nocJlelHee

BpeMfl

onyS.nHxoBaHo

AoBo.iIbHo

6onruoe

Ko.irHqecrBo

pa6or,

flocBflureHHbrx

x_apaKTepy

pa3pyureHHfl

]\rarepHa.{a

rroA

Bo3-

AeficreueM

KaBHrarrHH

14,5,21,

TT,'Llll. BnnoAsr,

creJraHHbre

Ha

ocHoBaHr4

H

3THX

UCCJIeAOB

anuit,

3arracryro

IIpornBoperrar

Apyr-

npyry-

flo-er'rAr,r

MoMy,

Mox(Ho

npeArroJr

a rarb,

uro

o6

p

a3Srrsurecfl

np

H

KaBHTauHosHoft

9p03HI4

KpyIIHbIe

paKoBr{Hbr

rrJrH

Kparepbr

flBJrr-

rorcfl

cJreAcrBHeM

oTAeJrbHbrx

cnJrbHbrx yAapoB,

a

6o.nee

cna6tre

YAapu

BbI3bIBaIor

o6pasonat{He,\teanuafiruHx

paKoBr{H

r.r ycra.rrocr-

rloMHlllo

cJlox(Hocru

caMoro

flBJreHrafl,

lfoxer

6urt B

Hexoropor?

I{epe

o6lgcneHa

pa3Hoo6pasne,lr

Mero,quK

npoBoAr{Mbrx

Hclrsrranali

H OTCyTCTBI4eM

eAHHOTO

KpHTepr{fl

r4irhr

rlepbr

KaBHTaUT{OH'HOfO

pa3-

pyrueHHfl.

O6HtIHo

I{HTeHcI{BHocrb

KaBrrrauuoHHofi

3posHH

orreHuBaercfi

norepefi

Beca

(runu

o6reua)

B Kaxofi-ro

nepno.[

BpeMeHH.

OAuaxo,

9TO

He BCerAa

Bo3lllox(Ho,

H ToILa

nOACI{HTbIBaIOT

TIUCJIO

paKOBHH,

o6p

asoeaBruuxcr

Ha

eAHHHT{e

nJrorrlaAa

B eAHHH(y

BperrreHu,'ray6nHy

spo3HII

H

r.

A.

B

HeKoropblx

al(crepr{ueHrax

[90]

noJrb3yrorcfl

I{sMeHeHHeM

xapaKTepucruK

ryp6NHsr

A.rrfl

oueHKH

Hi{TeHcHBHocrH

KaBHTaIIuouHoti

3po3HI{

ee

,Ileranefi.

EcrecrBeHHo,

rrro

raxoe

pa3Ho-

o6pasue

KoJrnqecrBeH,Hbrx

r.aHubrx

3arpyr,Hfler

ux

o6o6ureune.

Eo-rrrruofi

umepei

ilpencraBJrfler

npeAJrox(esHufi

Ha ocHoBe

l\tHoforrHcJreHHbrx

eKcnepHtreHToB

[100,

I

I lJ

6espaslrepunrui

xoaQ-

QrulHeHr

r(aBurarluouHofi

sposnu tp,

noxalHsarculnft

orHoueHne

gHepfHH,

norJrouleuHoli

uarepaaJror\{

orpaxAaroqefi

noroK

noBepx-

3l

HOCTII,

K 3t{eprHr{, BbrAeJrHBtuel{cfl

IIpr.r

pa3pyuerrrrH

HO|O

ny3brpbKa,

N

s,>i

Co-

ffpoRo

-

cpeAlrnn

rny6llua

r{aBaTau,uonnoir

paKoBr.rr{br

B CJvT;

Ro

-

I\.1aKcHManlrtnti.t paAl.ryc

KaBIrTarIHoHHoro

ny3brpbri

a B c.tt;

.Po

-

AaBJreHtre

B

or{pyiKaroqeNr

ny3brpeK

noroKe

B rcl-/c*tz;

1/

-

qr{cJro

r(atsHrarIHoHHbrx

ny3brpbKots

(xanepu).

Lllrclo

r{aBepH

[oAcrrHrbrEarcT

rro

ypaBneHuro

y'y':

+ ,

(6)

d\*

'

rAe

Uo

-

cliopocTb

noToKa

s nf cerc;

/

-

epeMfl

3po3u rr,

B

ceK;

d

-

xapaKrepuuria

.lzHefist'tri pa:uep

oOrexaer\,roro

reJa

B

JVT;

nl

hr:

.

-

OTHOCHTeJIb'rtAfi

AJtHHa

l(aBepHbt;

a

I

-

Anwua

KaBepHbr

B Jyt.

BxnloqeHlle

B

ypaBHeHI,Ie

(5)

Be.rrHr{[rHbr

rvraKCH]vraJrbHoro

pa-

IH)rca

KaBIITaIIt{oHHofo

IIy3bIpbKa

Ro

fl8,{flercfl

ocHoBHbrM

HeAo-

crarKorvr

npeAJraraeMofo

xoeQQauneHra

Co

AnF_

or{eHKH KaBHTa-

quouuoit

spo3urr.

llouuuo

roro,

qro

sror

paAnyc

npaKTHrrecKH

HeBO3I\{OX{HO

OnpeAeJIHTb.,

oH

rie

qBIfleTCrT

rtOCToqHHOft

Be.r1Hr{HHOft

.qax{e

AJrfl

oAHoft

XaXOfi-nU60

X<HAKOCTH,

a

MeHfercfl

B SaBHCr.r-

Illocrr'r

oT

xapaKTepHcrHr{

rroroKa,

crerreHH

pa3BHTUfl.

KaBHTa\Hk|,

HailH.ql/'fl,

3arDf3HeUUrl

H

HepacrBopeHHbrx

ra3oB, TeMneparypbr

x(aAKocTH

H T.

A.

Tena

He

M'eHee

HcrIoJIb3oBaHHe

Aax(e

raKoro,

BecbMa

HecoBeprxeHHoro,

napaMerpa

npa

o6pa6orxe

3Kc[epHMeH-

TAJIbHbIX

AAHHbIX

NO3BOJIHJIO

BbIgBHTb

PffA

O6UIHX

3AKOHOMCPUOCTCft

KaBurauaouHoft

oposr.rn

Il

I l].

9isnnscn

cJreAcrBHeM

rroHr.rx(eHHfl

AaBJreHHr,

KaBHTarrvr,

a

c.,'IeAoBareJIbHo,

H KaBHTaIlHoHHar

3po3Hfl

BaBHcflT

or

rHApoAH-

Har{Hr{ecKux

xapaKTepHcTHK

nOTOKa:

ero CKOpOCTH;

AaBJreHHfl;

creneHH pa3BHTHf

KaBHTarrLrV;

QOpuu,

KoHCTpyKTIHH

H COCTOSHHR

ncBepxHocrl'I

nporovnoft

qacrH.

Bce

srr4

xapaKTepr{crnKr4

qpe3Bbr-

qafiHo

recHo

cBfl3aHbr

Apyr

c

ApyfoM,

H H3MeHeHne

oAHoli

is

HLrx

BbI3bIBaeT,

KaK [paBHJIO,

Kar{eCTBeHHOe

H3t\reHeHHe

CTpyKTypbI

Bcero

rfoToKa.

floerouy

oqeHb

rpyAHo

paccMorperb

uaoaupoBaHHo

BItHfl,-

Hue roFo

Lr[rH

HHOrO

QaXrOpa

Ha

pa38HTHe

KaBHTaqnOusoft

3po3HH.

OcuoeuBarcb

Ha

orrbn.Hbrx

AaHHbrx

H HcnoJrb3yfl

o6uue

nono-

){{eHHfl

BO3HHKHOBeHHff

kr

pa3BHTHfl

KaBHTaTIHH,

MOX(HO

npeA[OJIO-

32

rAe

Tfl

-

norepr.r

Beca

BcJreAcrBue

KaBHTar{HoHHOft

epozwu

s e;

6rrrn

upu6.rlaxeHFio

or{eHeH

rax

l0-?;

'

'nt

noKa3areJlb

crerleHu.

Ha

ocuoBaHHH

r.r3yqeHufl,

KaBHTauaouHoli

gpo3r4H

rrpu

o6reranun

"

xpyftoro

npoQunn

nt rir4poAnHaMr{rrecxoft

rpiio.

tg0i

6;t""-il;;:

HoBJreHo,

tITo

a6corrcrHaq

Be.nHqHHa

[or(a3areilfl

n

creneHuoft

S)tnrtlua

(71

6nusKa

x

6.

lloc.rre4yoilrr{e

gr(cnepr4MeHTbr,

npoBo-

AuBrllr4ecfl,

Ha

_[pyrHx

ycraHoBKax

[82],

H HarypHbre

HcrrbrraHgfl

'

nx6-

B

ro

xe BpeMfl,

B

pflAe

npyrrnx

o,nbrroB

ITT,

'100,

Liii

6awn

noJryqeHbr

sHarrei{Hfl

n

B npeAe"nax

l,T-4,g.

Eo.nee'Toro,

H,erorlP

ble

I

Kcnepuu

eur

arop bJ

ycraHoB

HJnl rrtneltuyro

3

aBHcHM

ocrb

HHTeHCHBHO9TI4

KaBHTaUaOsHoft

3po3Hr4

or cKopocrrr

noror{a.

'

-t't

.

t

llocxo.ttxy

AocroBepHocrb

Bcex

gr'x

orrblToB

rie

Bbr3brBaer

,]',conaneHr{fl,

t6

Ha

o."o".

nonyo.*"urx

ra.HHbrx

to*-no";;;;;

.

'"-BbIBOA'

I{To

BJIHSHLIe

CKOpOCTH

.nOTOKa

Ha KaBHTaUHOHHyIO

sposnro

r{eHtercfl

B

saBHcpIMocrH

or

pflAa

Qaxropon.

OcroeHslruu

r.rs

HHx,

npH

npoqHx

paBHbIx

ycJloBrlflx,

gBJrfltorcfl,

KaK

ero

6y,u,er

noKa3aHo

AaJIbtIIe,

crerleHb pa3BHTlIfl

KaBHTaIIpIH

J{

[pOAOAXHTeJTbHOCTb

ee

AelicrBHfl.

flouuuo

groro,

6onuuoe

sHarreHue

HMeror

u

Qnsrnue-

cKHe

cnoficrna

)KHAKOCTH.

JU*,

B

Orrbrrax

c

pryrbro

B

KaqecrBe

- KaBnrupyroutefi

)KHAKocrH

[78]

6uno

orMeqeHo

yMeHbureuae

HH-

TeHclIBHocrH

9po3HH

c

yBeilHrreHr.reM

cr(opocru

rroroKa.

flo-eu4n-

MoMy,

B 3ToM

cflyqae

6onnuras

nJlorHocrb

x(HAKocrH

flBJrf

ercfl

ocHoBHbrM

@axropona,

onpeAeJrflrouIHM

crerteHb

KaBHTaI{HoHnoro

pa3pyueHHff

rroBepxHocrH.

B

,HacrorlIlee

Bpelvrfl

oqeBHAHo,

qro

rrocJreAoBareJrbHoe

noHl,r-

}}ieHHe

AaBJIeHHfl

B noToKe

HHxe

KplaTurrecKoro

3HaqeHufl,

ueo6-

xo,4,r4Mofo

r,Jrfl

HaqaJra

KaBHTar{HH

B

paccMarpunaeuofi

cucreMe,

npHBoAI{T

K

yBeflHIIeHHIo

pa3MepoB

r(aBuTarlnoHHoli.BoHbr,

a

cfle-

,aoBaTe,IIbHo,

H

K

yBerHqeHrrlo

qHcJra

KaBHTaUlroHHbrx

ny3brpbr{oB.

KaBepH.

tcJrH

KaxAoe

H3

STHX

qenenl,Ift

MOlKer

6srrn

c

roflr

vrJtn

;dHor"r

cTe[eHblo

TOTIHOCTH

OUeTIeHO

B

OTAeJTbHOCTH,

TO

CyMMapHOe

'

u

"

o

"iib

ft

-

t

;

;;: ;;-

;;;;

fre

n

o,4Aa

eTcs

TeopeTtrr{

ecKo}Iy

olpeAeJreH

Hro.

flepeouaqaJlbHble

oIIbITbI

rroKa3aJrH

creneHHVro

gaBHcHMocrb

Spo3tru

oT cKopocTt{

rroToKa

U)

:

CI)n,

(7)

KaBTITaUIiOH-

(5)

33

2

B.

g.

Kapenax

Taxuu

o6pasorrr,

Nroxtro

o;xnAarb

qro

yMeHbIueHHe

AaBneHHfl

s

noToKe

BeAeT K

ycHJreHHro

KaBHTauHoHHoft

apoanu.

B

pn4e

pa6or

sro npeAnoJrolKeHue 6nrno

noArBep)r(AeHo

ar(cnepuMeHraJIbHo

Il

l5].

OaHaxo

onpeAeJruTb

BJIHRHI{e

Berr.rquHbr

AaBJIeHHfl

B

norroKe

Ha

HHTeHcIIBHocrb

KaBHTauuoHuoli

gp03IrH

AaJIeKo

He

raK

npocro.

B coorBercrBHH c

nprrHarori B

Hacroqlqee

BpeItIfl

ranoregoli

-neprr+n

eQeprfl{€exoH

yaa

pnofi

noau;,*,

o6pa:yrcuerlea

npa

pa3_

pyrueHHH

ny3brpbr{a r{ flBJrr}oureficn

ocnosHoft

rnpu.IptHoll

KaBflTa-

rlxouHofi

gpo3uu,

Ter\{ 6o"'rrue,

r{eM

BbruJe

or{pyxarcilIee

Ey3bIpeK

AaBJreHr{e.

C

,u"pyrori

cropoHbr,

qer\4

BbI[Ie aro

,u,aBJIeHHe,

TeM

Mer{brxe

qr,rcro

KaBnTaur,ro}r!rbrx

ny3blpbKoB

vt Hao6opor.

,I4s

groro

cJreAyer,

qro

i(aBr{TaurrJHHarr

apo3r.rfl 6yaer Hau6oaee

cHJIb}Ioft

npu

BnoJIHe

OnpeAeJreHHoN .rIJf

AaHHbrx

lc;loBHfi

AaBJIeHI{H

B noToKe,

npu KoTopoM

cor{eTaHHe

rrHcra

nv3brpbKoB

H

sHeprHH

y.qapnor?

BoJrHbt,

o6pasyroulefics

npr.r

I{x

pa3pyueHrlr,

6yaer

sau6o.nee

oilac-

HbrM

LJrfl,zlaHHoro

r{areprraJra.

Vserrl'tqeuHe

HItr4

yMeHbrueHHe

AaBJreHHs

ilpH

coxpaHeHr.tr.{

Bcex

ocro,'rh}rbrX

yc.nonnfi

npl'IBeAeT

K oc,rya6.nesarc

I{HTeHcHBHocrlI

KaBHTauttouuoli

3po3HH.

C"[eAosareJrbHo,

BJrHsHue

AaBJreHHfl

noroKa Ha

KaBHTauHoHHy]o

3po3HIO,

TaK

X{e

KaK

r{ BJrrtfl,Hre

cKopocTH He

nocTofHHo,

a 3aBIICHT

oT

cor{eraHufl

Saxropoe,

onpeAeJlfroulux

creneHb

pa3BHTHfl

KaBH-

ral{HH.

BnHqHlre

creneHH

pa3BHTHR

KaBVTaru4r

Ha

HHTeHcHBHocrb

paspyrueHHfl

orpax(Aarourux

noroK

rl_oBepxHocreft

6ula

orMeqeHa

B

pfl,U,e

sKcnepuMeHroB

[74,

77,

l

l]. VctaHosfleHo,

tlro

HHTeH-

cHBrrocTb

gpo3HH

nepBoHaqaJlbHo

BoSpacTaeT

c

pa3BHTI{eM

KaBH-

TaIHH,

Aocrr{raer

MaKcHMyMa,

a

3are}'I

yMeHblllaercfl.

Crporo

saSnxcupoBarb

MoMeHT

MaKcHMantuofi

HHTeHcHBHocTH

3po3HH

IIoKa

He IIpeAcTaBJrfleTcf

Bo3MoX(HbrM,

nocKoabKy

cTeneHb

pa38HTIIff

KaBHTaIIHH

gBJIfleT'Cfl

BeCbMa

oTHOCLITeJIbHbIM

KaqecTBeHHbIM

IIOHfl-

THeM

H He

Mox(er

6urt

BbrpaxeHa

B KaKHx-JItI6o

eAuuul{ax.

Olutu,

npoBorHBruuecr

c

conJroru

BeHrypn

f771,

noKa3aJIH,

qro

MaKcH-

MaJIbHafl

HHTeHcHBHocrb

KaBaTaquonuotl

apo3nu

HMeJIa

Mecro

nplrl

nepBoM,rroflBJreHHH

ycrortuueoft

KoJrbueo6paaHofi

KaBHTauHoHHoti

soHbl.

flpH,qepxgBaflcb

npoBeAeHttoit

HaMH

paHee

rpaAaIIHH

pa3-

BHTHfl

KaBHTaTIHH,

STOT MOMeHT

I\{O)KHO

CtIHTaTb

COOTBeTCTByIOUIHM

p

anue

Ii

cr

a4krr4

q

a

crHrIHo

p

a3BHB

urefi

cq

KaBHTaIIHH.

HsyueuHe

xapaKTepHcrHr(

noror(a

npu

nocJIeAoBareJIbHoM

pa3-

BHTHn KaBHTauHH

rrogBoJrfler

Ao

uexoropoft

creneHu

o6lscHurl

HBI\,IeHeHHe

LIHTeHCLIBHocTH

KaBI'ITaLluousOft

9pCrsHH.

Ha

pHc. l4

-

nphno

Lnrcn

pe3yJrbrarbr

usuepeHLtft

AaBJIeHur

Ha

creHKax

corIJIa

-

B.ntyp"

(xapai<rep6crHKa

Koroporo

uro6paxeua

Ha

pHc.-ll),

B npeAejrax

KaBHraunouHofi

eo.ur,i

npn

pa3JIHqHbIx

pex(HMax

_il61.

p

llo

ocflM

rpaQaxa orJrolKeHbr

6espasueprlble

BeJIUIiHHbI

14

Pnap

AH

,

rAe

p

-H

AH

-

H3r\repeHHbre

Be.rrlrrrnHbl

AaBJIeHI{fl

H

rHApaB-

LH

vaq'

34

2*

35

JII'lqeCKIlX

IIoTepb

B

COIIJe;

Pnap-AfrBJeHH€

HaCbtIqeHHbIX

[ap'OB

BoAbr

npn

AanHori

ret\rfieparype

r{

LH*o,

-

ftrApaBJruqecKue

no-

TepH,

coorB.eTcrBylouHe

ItroMeHTy

Haqafla

KaBlrTauHH

IIpH

3aAaHHbrx

ycroBHqx

(aaeneuHe

Ha

BxoAe

B

conJro,

TeMneparypa

tsoAbr).

Ha

ToM

}Ke

rparplrxe

noKa3aHo

orHocuTe.,lrrrHoe

r{3MeHeHHe

cKopocrn

floroKa

B

cx(aroM

cer{eHHr-r

corrJra

a

c

pa3BHTHeM

KaBHTaqHH.

v

w

Pnc. 14.

Ornocxrqnrnoe

rrsM€HeHKe

BernqHH

AaBJreH[s

H cKopocT[

BHyTpH

KaEHTaqHoHttof,

aoHbt npH

pa3.flf,qnblx

cTaAHf,X

paSBItTHs

KaBHTaqHfi

B ConJIe

Beurypr

flav

I4g

npr{BeAeHHoro

rpaQuxa

CJICAYET,

I{TO

NPH

NOCTOflHHOM

AaBJTeHHH

Ha

BXOAe

B

COnJTO

cKopocTb

noToKa

H

AaBJreHHe

B

npeAeJrax

KaBHTaquoHnoft

so-

Hbr

qpe3Bbrqariuo

6ucrpo

H3-

MeHflroTcs

B nepHoA

HaqaJrbHo-

fo

paSBHTI{ff

KaBHTaTIHH,

a

3a-

TeM

OCTaIOTCS

npaKTHrrecKH

NOCTOffHHbIMH

H HC

3ABHCflT

OT

BeJIHr{HHbt

THApaBJIHTIeCKI{X

IIO-

repb.

VnaeHlureHne

AaBJreHr{fl

rrpu

gTOM

O3HaqaeT,

rITO

,qlrcfiO

Ka-

BHTAI{HOHHbIX

NY3bIPbKOB

B

IIpoqecce

pa3BHTr.rq

KaBr{TarlHr.r

yBeIHrrHBaeTcfl,

oAHaKo

sHep-

rHff

cQepHvecxofi

ylapHofi

BoJr-

HbI,

o6pasvrouleficq

npu

Hx

pa3pyuJeHHH,

yrvreHbrrraeTcfl.

VeeruqeHr.re

cKopocr[r

rroToxa

TaKX(e

o3HaqaeT

yBenHr{eHHe

qr4cila

KaBIrTar{HoHHbrx

rry3brpb-

KOB,

HO

VMeHb[IeHr{e

SHeprHH,

BbrAeJrrroueftcs

npu

HX

,pag-

pyIrreHHH,

TaK KaK

rreM

6Onrure

cKopocrb

noroKa,

TeM

MeHbure

Bpe-

r{fl

npe6unaHur

[y3brpbKa

B

npeAe.nax

KaBHTarluolrHoir

sonnr,

a

cJreAoBareJrbHo,

r.r

ero

pa3Mep

B

MoMeHT

paspyrrreHHfl.

TaxHu

o6-

I(a3a.rlll

TaKX(e,

qro

pa3pyllreHne

o6rexaenaorl

noBepxHocrr{

B

rrpe-

AeJIax

KaBnTauaoHuort

3oHbr

nponcxoAnT

HepaBHoMepHo.

Has6o.rlee

SHaqHTenb'HoMy

H3Hocy

nojlBeprarc.T'cf

y'{acTKH

rroBepXHOcTH,

paC-

noJrox{eHHhre

B

rrcHrle

KaBHTarrnoHHoli

3oHbr,

rAe

paspyureuHe

KaBHTaI{HoHHbIX

ny3btpbKoB

nponcxoArlT

nprr

6onnruena

BHeIuHeM

AaB/IeHHH.

Eonnuroli

rlnTepec

npeAcraBJrrlor

orMerreHHble

B

HeKo-

ropbrx

3KcnepHNleHrax

[100,

I I l]

o6nacrn

MecrHoro

us'uoca,

pac-

NOJIO)KCI{HbIE

BIII,I3

NO

TCI{CHI,IIo

HA

HEKOTOPOM

}/AAJICHI{II

OT

rrr{x(Hefi

r(poMr{rr

KaBHrauHoHHofi

BoHbr

(pnc,

til)

Hurru""

grorc

lrsHoca

3a

npeileJIaMH

ocHonHofi

riaBtrral{uoHHorl

3oHbr .nlrruHui?

pa3

noATBep)KAaeT,

qTo

B

nporlecce

pa3pyrrreHHf

K8BHTar{HOHHOTO

nllsblpbt(a

ilpoHcxo,(Hr

HeoAHoKparHoe

o6pa

eoe eHHe

HoBbrx

rry3brpb

-

KoB

H c$epnuecxofi

y4apuoli

BoJrHbr.

3

4

5

6 7g"t

on Hwtdlia

raflepau

Pnc.

15.

Pacnpe4euenne

apo-

3xH

BHyrpH

xaexraqHoHHofi

Bo-

HbI

e)

Bbrcryn-)-cryn

-

nperp a1a,

o6pa:oe

aHHafl noc.rreAoBareJrr.,Ho

BHe3anHbIM

CYXeHHeI\{

H

pacrrrHpeHrretr{

cer{eHrls no

TeqeHHro

rro-

TOI{4.

s

.!r,

ss

s

\6

EJV

a-

sJ

\

b

)-t

VseJI'r.IeuHe

r<aearauuoHsofi

sorlbr

c

pa3BHTHen{

KaBuraulw

rlpoBolKAaercfl,

KaK

npaBuJro,

cMeLqeHr.reM

ee fpaHHlrbr

BHtr3

IIo

TeseHr,rrc

noroKa.

OanoapeMerrHo

npoucxoAnr

yr

nepel{eueHne

o6-

JIacTH,

noABepxeHnofi

uau6onee

HHTeHcr{BHoMy

HsHocy.

B rex cJry-

rraflx,

KorAa

KaBHTaqI{OHHafl

SOHa

<<3aMblKaeTcq>>

3a npeAeJraMr.r

pac,

cMarpuBaeuofi

noBepxnocrn,

HH-

TeHCHBHOCTb

ee

pa3pyrueHHfl

pe3-

Ko

yMeHblrlaercfl.

3ro, B

r{acT-

HOCTH,

\'Ka3bIBaeT

Ha

BO3IVIQX(-

HocTb

c],rq€creoBallnf

cliilepKaBr{-

TI4pyIOIIIHX

THflOB

rHApOMarur,rH

tl

TaKrrx pex(HMoB

ux

pa-6oru,

np4

KOTOpbrx pa3BHBaBIIraqcfl

KaBwTa-

I{Hfl,

CHH)Kafl

SHepferl{qecKHe

no.-

KasareJIH

rnApotr{aluarr,

He

6yAeT

conpoBox(Aarbcrr

3Haqr4Te"rrbHbrr\{

"'

"

e';Jl,

f 1'

tK

Jfr"iT#

"uI

3

iftt'

o u

n

p

o

r

o

q

H

o r o r

p

a K

r a r a KX(

e

oKa3bIBaIOT

3HaqHTeJrbHoe

BJTHflHHe

Ha HHTeHCnBHOCTb

rrx

pa3pyrue.

HHfl,

BCJICACTBHE.

KABHTAITHH.

KAX

IPABHJIO, KABHTAqIAfl

H KABHTA.

I{HOHHAfl

3PO3HH

BO3HHKAIOT

B

MCCTAX H3MCHCHI4fl

NJIOIqAAI4

IIO[€-

perlHofo

cerleHHfl

-

HtrtH H_anpaBJIeHLIq

[oToK

a.

I4ccneAoBaHHflMH, rrpg:

nograeuuMlrcs

s

MVICI'I

Hu. B. B.

Kyri6btrrreBa

U7],

ycraHosneHb,

r{To

npl{

uIaBHoM yBeflHrIeHUH

TTJTOIIIaAH

noilepeqHoro

CeqeHHq no-

ToKar

Ha HeKoropoM yAaJreHHH

or Har{a"ua

aHQQysopHoro

yqacr6a

npoHcxoiJ.nT

KaBr.rTarlHoHHoe

paSpyrrreHr{e

MaTepHaJra

cTeHoK,. HH-

TeHci{BHocrb

Koroporo

saBH,ct4r

or

yrJra

pacKpbrTrrfl

AHQQysopa.

C

yBerurreHr,reM

ylna (oco6euno

Ao

5')

r,raHoc

pesKo

Bo3pacraer.

Tentu

>Ke

IrccJreAoBaHHfMH

ycraHoBJIeHo,

qro

npu BHe3anHoM

HgMe-

HeHHH

cerreHHrr rroroKa HHTeHcI{BHocrb

KaBHTaunoHsofi

gp03Hr{

o[peAeJrseTcfl

KoHcTpyKTr4BHbIM

BbrnoJrHeHHeM nepexoAHoro

y,{a-

B

ynoMzuaeiwofi pa6ore pacgnnarpnBanrncb

cJre-:

KoHcrpyt<tluir

gJreMeHToB,

Bbr3brBaroua{

-.lrtarlu

r\{eHTot\r

flBJIfleTcfl

BbrcTyfr-ycTyrr.

BaeT

oo"lbIIIOe

EJIHflHI{e

Ha

HarIaIO H

HHTeHCHBHOCTb

KaBHTaIIHOH-

nofi

3po3LIH.

flpn

npoqax

paBHbIX

ycJroBr.rrx

Harur{He

HepoBHocrert

H

IxepoxoBaTocrb

o6rexaeuofi

no-

BepxHocTrr,

.KaK

npaBHno,

ycKo-

pflroT

KaBuTar{uoHHtrri

HgHoc. Bo-

npocar\'r

KaBHTarIuoHuoft

aposHr{,

eHseaHnoft

HepoBHocrrMr

no-

BepxHocrtr,

nocBquleHo

6oaruroe

KO.IIHr{eCTBO

3r(CnepHI\{eHTaJIbHbIX

Lr

TeoperrrrrecKr.rx

tlccJreAoBa.Hvft,

Hg

Koropbr-\

oco6o

ueo6xoAnir,ro

or-

Merr{rb pa6oru

A-pa

rexH.

HayK

K. K.

llJanlnqea

[54].

lloAaerq'o-

ulee

6o"rsurnncrBo

onbrroB no

HSyqeHHro

.

npoqeccoB

KaBHTarlHr4

H KaBirrarlaounoft

spo3r{H rrpoBo-

AHJrocb

rr

npoBoAHTcq

c

BoAoft B

Kar{ecrBe pa6oueft

cpegu.

B ro

xe

BpeMs

ceoftcrea

x{HAKocrH

He-

COMHCHHQ

OKASbIBAIOT

BJIIIflHHC

HA

Bo3HIitKHOBeIIlIe

H

.paSBHTHC

I(ABHTAUHLI,

A C.IICAOBATCJIbITO,

PI

HA

HHTCHCHBHOCTb

KABIITAUUOSTTOI?

gpo3raH.

3ro

nanflHue

npoflBnflercfl

AByr\{fl

pa3JrHqHbr[{H

rrvTfl]\{H:

1.

Irlnanruxa

pocra

u

pa3pyrueHufl

KaBHTar(HoHHofo

ny3brpbKa

ollpeAe;Iflercfl

QusHvecxI{MH

cBoficrsaMu

xHAKocrH

(nnorHocrb,

no-

BepxHocrHoe

Harflx{eHue,

Bfl3Kocrb

H

T.

A.).

2.

KopposHn

MolI(eT

conyrcrBoBarb

KaBHTauuoHuofi

aposHr{

B,CJICACTBHE

XHMI.IqECXOfi.

.AKTHBHOCTI4

}I(I{AKOCTII.

Onur

gKcnJlyaraqnu

rHApaBJIHrIecKIIx

MaIIIHII,

B

r{acrHocru,

IIH:

TaTeJIbHbIX

HacocoB

napoBbrx

KorJroB

BbrcoKoro

raBJreuvti,,

noKa3br-

Baer,

qro

KaqecrBo

BoAbr

BJrHfeT

Ha

KaBHTauHoHHyIo

apo3Hro.

klv,-.

TeHcI{BHocrb

KaBHTarrHoHHoro

pa3pyrrreHufl

Aeranefi

HacocoB,

cA€-

JIaHHbIx

H3 6pousu

H

yrilepoAlrcr*i

cra.uefi,

B

gHarrnrenrHofi

Mepe

onpeAe.tfl

elcr xHMl.tqecKurfr

cocraBoM nrrrare.rrtuofi

'

BoAbr. Han6o,uee

p$Koe

BilLrrHVe

oKa3brBaror

raKne BerrrecrBa, KaK

NaOH, NHs,

CO: v 02. llprE

aro\r B

npr4cyrcrBnt4

r{e.roqefr

H3Hoc

yMeHbuaercri,

a

HaJrHrilre

co2

npuBoAHT

K ero

yBeJrHqeHr,rro.

I(uc.nopoa B 3aBI{cH-

Mocru

Ot

ero, KoHIIeHTpaIIHH.

cKopocrrr

rroroKa

H ceoftcre

i\Iarepna-

37

Pesvlnramr

onbrroB

(p"..

l6) rroKasaJrrr.

Hbrrvr

c roq.Ku

speHrrfl

xaerrraqaouuofi

gpo3HH

qro

Hat.r6o"nee

onac-

KOHCTpyKTHBHbT

rlr

gJre

-

llonepu

3Hepzuu no

dnuue

xaSu-

mguuaHt-iou

30Hbt

Prc.

16.

BnnsHne

Sopruu

xonct-

pyKrnBnoro

oJreMeHTa

nporounoii

qACTI

HA HHTCHCHBHOCTb

KADITA.

quoHHofi

sposnx

CTKA.

'Tar,

HanplzMep,

Ayrouue

Bapl4aHrbr

rauuro

(p"c.

16):

.

-a)'

yarytt

- BHe3snHoe,

TCIICHHIO IIOTOKA;

6)

Bblcryn

-

BHegarlHoe,

TeqeHulo noTor(a;

36

oAHOCTOpOHHee

pacrllr4peHHe

CeqeHHfl. nO

.:

oAHOCTOpOHHee

CylKeHrre

Cer{eHrrf

no

t8c

t60

t40

iz0

100

80

tr

Y

5

uO\

Q

CJ

(J

e

*

\

a

Карелин В.Я. Износ лопастных гидравлических машин от кавитации и наносов

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.