ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ
ȼ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɥɸɛɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ (ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ,
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɟ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɟ) ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɜɫɟɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ
ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɬɴɟɦɥɟɦɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɱɟɝɨ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɚ? ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ
ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɚɫ ɦɢɪ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɧɱɢɜɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɜ ɧɟɦ,
ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɚɹ
ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɸɞɢ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɯɨɬɹɬ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɥɢ
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɣ, ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ.
Ⱦɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɨ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ,
ɫɛɵɬɨɦ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ, ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɨɤ ɫɵɪɶɹ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɦɢ
ɜɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɚ,
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ,
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ, ɜɫɟ ɷɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɟɲɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ
ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɢɧɬɭɢɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɟɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɬɨɬ, ɤɬɨ
ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɨ ɞɭɦɚɟɬ ɨ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚɯ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨɛ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɦ ɦɢɪɟ, ɩɵɬɚɹɫɶ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɩɟɪɟɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɧɢɯ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ
ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯ, ɢ ɨɧ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɢɫɤɚɬɶ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ
ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɢ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ.
ɂɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɢɦ, ɢɡɭɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɝɢɛɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ
ɞɥɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɨɬɫɟɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɦɧɨɝɢɦɢ ɩɨɤɨɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ
ɜɵɞɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɨɜ.
ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɲɢ ɞɧɢ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɪɨɫɬ ɫɩɪɨɫɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɷɦɩɢɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ
ɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɸ ɠɢɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ. ȼ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɟ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ
ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ.
əɪɱɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɨɜ
ɩɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɦɧɨɝɨɟ ɠɟɪɬɜɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ:
ɜɜɨɞɢɥɢɫɶ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ
ɭɩɪɨɳɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɥɢɫɶ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.
ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɥɚɫɶ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɲɢɛɤɚ: ɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɫɹ
ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɠɢɜɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɩɭɳɟɧɢɹ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɢɬɶ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɦɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ, ɜ ɬɨɦ
ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɲɟɥ ɜ
ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɸ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɟɪɜɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨɟ
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