Jan Svoboda. Magnetic Techniques for the Treatment of Materials
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632 INDEX
Ferrite, 49
coercive force, 49
Curie temperature, 49
energy product, 254
permeability, 254
resistivity, 269
Ferrofluid, 154, 227, 428
cost, 439
kerosene-based, 156, 437
recovery, 455
losses, 457
magnetic saturation, 428
magnetization curve, 428
physical properties, 433
preparation, 431
recovery, 454
recycling, 454
saturation magnetization, 435
stability, 432
viscosity, 429
dependence on magnetic field,
430
water-based, 229, 435, 437
recovery, 454
recycling, 438
stability, 438
Ferrohydrostatic separation, 156, 233,
435, 440, 564
apparent density, 440
applications, 542
cut-point density, 453
eect of particle size, 453
eect of moisture, 443
feed preparation, 443
feeding of material, 447
hydrodynamic drag, 453
magnetic scalping, 443
particle size, 452
lower limit, 453
upper limit, 453
probable error, 451
recovery of diamonds, 545
recovery of gold, 543
selectivity, 440, 450
Ferrohydrostatic separator, 156
"across-the-pole", 318
C-dipole, 314
density control, 454
density stability, 454
design, 299
feed rate, 453
ferrofluid sagging, 444, 447
fluid level, 451
for diamond recovery, 156, 158, 565
for exploration samples, 159
for gold recovery, 156, 158, 565
GMUO
density range, 156
throughput, 156
length of ferrofluid column, 446
liquid bottom, 447
mirror plate, 310
pole profile, 441
profile of poles, 308
design procedure, 310
Rhomag, 159
scale-up, 311
selectivity, 159
separation chamber, 444
bottomless, 446
solenoid-based, 312
throughput, 453
wedge-shaped poles, 301
with hyperbolic poles, 304
with permanent magnets, 303
Ferromagnetic fluid, 154
Ferromagnetic impurity, 24
Ferromagnetic material, 13, 15, 17
Ferromagnetism, 19
Ferrosilicon, 227, 345
atomized, 346
milled, 346
Ferrous Wheel magnetic separator, 107
design, 107
iron ore beneficiation
Hercules Iron Mines, 474
Mutuca Plant, 477
FHS, 156
Field
demagnetizing, 22
isodynamic, 300
magnetic, 5
INDEX 633
Filling factor
of winding, 280
Filter, 200
coe!cient, 203
deep-bed, 202
magnetic
e!ciency, 201
Filter coe!cient, 201
total, 203
Finisher, 352
Fission product
removal by HGMS, 511
Flocculation
chemical, 219
magnetic, 208
magnetic-hydrophobic, 219, 221
rapid, 219
Flotation
magnetic field-assisted, 466
Flow
laminar, 186
potential, 186, 188
viscous, 186
Flow velocity
interstitial, 397
superficial, 396
Fluid
ferromagnetic, 154
Fluid velocity
components, 186
Flush water, 395
Flux tubes, 571
Force
anadynamic, 143
brute, 47
centrifugal, 3, 6
coercive, 18, 225
competing, 4
external, 6
friction, 169
gravitational, 3, 187
gravity, 6, 7
holding, 263
hydrodynamic,3,6
in drum EC separator, 246
inertial, 3, 164
interparticle, 3
katadynamic, 143
Laplace pressure, 326
Lorentz, 36, 149, 243
magnetic, 3—7
components, 165
magnetomotive, 252, 255
viscous, 186
Force index, 172, 174, 177
in presence of burden, 180
minimum
static, 174
Frantz, 2, 97, 114, 559
Frantz barrier separator, 143
Frantz Ferrofilter, 113
Frantz isodynamic separator, 141
calibration, 143
measurement of magnetic suscep-
tibility, 142
Friction coe!cient
dynamic, 169
static, 169
Friction force
in drum separator, 169
Garnet, 26
Gauss, 11
Gaussmeter, 36
Glass sand beneficiation, 506
Goethite, 32
magnetic susceptibility, 33
magnetization, 32
Gradient
operator, 5
Grate magnet, 72
Gravitational force, 3, 6
components, 187
Gravity separation
magnetic field-assisted, 466
Grooved plates, 97
Guoy method, 39
Hall
constant, 36
element, 37
generator, 36
634 INDEX
microprobe, 37
probe, 37
Hall
probe, 36, 37
voltage, 36, 37
Hall Eect, 36
Hamaker constant, 212
Heavy media
magnetic cyclone, 462
recovery circuit, 472
Hematite, 7, 21, 31
coercive force, 31
critical domain size, 26
magnetic polarization, 31
magnetic susceptibility, 32
High-gradient magnetic filtration, 200,
356
flow velocity, 358
magnetic field, 367
matrix, 358
High-gradient magnetic separation, 181
axial orientation, 183, 188
balance of forces, 183
concentration of materials, 359
continuous, 359
cyclic, 359
feed rate, 402
flow velocity, 396
eect on e!ciency, 397
longitudinal orientation, 181, 187
magnetic field, 367, 371
magnetic force
traction, 184
martrix vibration, 415
matrix, 375
clogging, 392
filling factor, 382
length, 386
loading, 387
material properties, 391
optimum geometry, 382
optimum size, 377
removal of particles, 394
straining, 375
mechanical capture, 375
model of
single-particle & collector, 181
particle build-up, 190
particle size, 403
pH of slurry, 412
preliminary magnetization, 406
removal of imurities
matrix, 358
rinse and flush water, 395
selection, 356
slurry density, 399
slurry dispersion, 406
slurry pre-treatment, 405
slurry pulsation, 415
transverse orientation, 183, 187
High-gradient magnetic separator, 559
carousel
Sala, 118
Sala, magnetic induction, 119
Sala, throughput, 119
continuous, 118
cyclic, 114
dry, 116
linear-belt, 127
pyroxenite separation, 329
SLON, 125
throughput, 125
VMS, 119
magnetic induction, 121
thoughput, 121
High-intensity magnetic separation
force index, 365
magnetic field gradient, 362
magnetic field strength, 360, 366
wet, 354
comparison, 417
selection, 356
Holding force, 263
Hydrodynamic drag, 7, 186
in FHS, 233
in Magstream, 242
Hydrodynamic eect in collision, 203
Hydrodynamic force, 3, 6
Hydrophobic interaction, 220
Hyperthermia, 532
Hysteresis, 17
Hysteresis curve, 253
INDEX 635
Hysteresis loop, 18
Hysteresisgraph, 45
Ilmenite, 26
magnetic susceptibility, 29
Neel temperature, 29
Ilmenite ore beneficiation
REDS
Rooiwater, 490
SLON WHIMS
Pang Zhi Hua plant, 489
Ilmenohematites, 29
Immobilization
magnetic, 525
Immunomagnetic separation, 530
Impurity
ferromagnetic, 24
Induced magnetic roll
beach sands, 330
pyroxenite, 329
Induced magnetic roll separator, 88, 333,
557
with bottom feed, 89
Induction
magnetic, 5
remanent, 18
Inertial force, 3, 164, 183
components, 165
Innovation, 2, 552
failure, 557
milestones, 556
Intelligent materials, 551
Interaction energy, 212, 214, 220
Interception, 203
Interparticle forces, 3
Invention, 553
Iron ore beneficiation
ERM WHIMS
Krivoy Rog, 486
Ferrous Wheel separator
Hercules Iron Mines, 474
Mutuca plant, 477
Jones WHIMS
BHP Australia, 481
Fabrica Mine, 479
low-intensity drum separator
EVTAC Mining, 472
Reading WHIMS
BHP Goldsworthy, 481
SLON WHIMS
Meishan Iron Ore Mine, 485
Qi Dashan Mine, 485
Iron yoke
permeability, 272
shape of, 272
Irreversible loss, 267
Isodynamic field, 300
Isodynamic magnetic separator
disk, 143
Isodynamic separator, 141
Iwasaki equation, 201
Jones magnetic separator, 97, 418, 559
magnetic induction, 99
throughput, 99
Kaolin beneficiation, 369, 504
Kerosene
physical properties, 438
Lamb’s method, 186
Laminar flow, 186
Laplace equation, 186, 305, 308
solution, 308
Laplace pressure force, 326
Leakage
of magnetic flux, 257
Leakage factor, 257
determination, 258
Lenz’s law, 13, 149
Liquid
paramagnetic, 154
Load line, 256
Lodestone, 1
London-van der Waals interaction, 211
Lorentz force, 36, 243
Loss
irreversible, 267
reversible, 266
Loss factor, 257
Maghemite, 26, 31
636 INDEX
Magnet
electromagnet, 54
grate, 72
overband, 172
permanent, 47
plate, 72
quadrupole, 61
sextupole, 61
superconducting, 58, 128
suspended, 73, 172
Magnet
permanent, 18
Magnetic anisotropy, 147, 222
Magnetic carriers, 519, 525, 569
Dynabeads, 527
Magnetic circuit, 251
cooling, 280
pressure drop, 281
water flowrate, 281
power requirement, 278
soft iron components, 263, 264
with electromagnet
design, 273
with permanent magnets
design, 255
force, 263
with solenoid, 275
design, 278
Magnetic coating, 523
Magnetic cyclone, 460
heavy media, 462
density dierential, 463
probable error, 463
iron ore beneficiation, 460
Magnetic dipole interaction, 209
Magnetic energy, 5, 205
density, 5
Magnetic field, 5
contribution from iron, 273
critical, 58
depth, 167
external, 263
in drum EC separator, 246
in drum separator
components, 166
in electromagnet, 271
in HGMS
components, 183
in roll separator, 168
internal, 262
rotating, 146, 222
threshold, 214
Magnetic field gradient, 6, 59
generation, 59
measurement, 39
Magnetic field strength, 5, 9
measurement, 35
Magnetic filtration
river water, 520
Magnetic flocculation, 208, 412
condition of, 210
ferromagnetic material
concentration of solids, 421
magnetic field, 420
in primary minimum, 214
in secondary minimum, 216
of diamagnetic materials, 208, 212
of ferromagnetic materials, 420
of paramagnetic materials, 208
of strongly magnetic materials, 208
of weakly magnetic materials, 422
stability ratio, 413
weakly magnetic material
industrial application, 422
Magnetic fluid, 153, 227, 428, 570
future developments, 570
hydrocyclone, 459
selection, 434
separation, 425, 564
Magnetic flux, 11
Magnetic flux density, 5, 9
Magnetic force, 3—7
components, 165
density, 172
in roll separator, 167
in suspended magnet, 173
on ferromagnetic body, 173
traction, 184, 223
Magnetic force density, 172—174
Magnetic induction, 5, 9, 252
measurement, 35
remanent, 253
INDEX 637
Magnetic interaction energy, 209, 212
Magnetic jigging, 467
Magnetic labelling, 525
Magnetic moment, 9, 13—15
Magnetic permeability, 5, 9, 10, 18
initial, 18, 42
maximum, 18
of free space, 9
relative, 10, 19
Magnetic polarization, 9
Magnetic pulley, 70
Magnetic scalping, 405
in FHS, 443
Magnetic seeding, 520
e"uent processing, 520
metal ion removal, 520
Magnetic separation
by particle rotation, 221
carrier, 414
current status, 567
dry, 321
electrostatic phenomena, 323
future development, 567
high-temperature superconductiv-
ity, 571
innovation, 555
innovation milestones, 556
piggy-back, 414
research and development, 567
research and development needs,
573
superconductivity, 570
vortex, 198
wet, 342
Magnetic separator, 67
closed-gradient, 60
cross-belt, 86
Davis Tube, 139
drum, 60, 78
high-intensity, 94
wet, low-intensity, 81
dry
comparison, 328
Ferrous Wheel, 107
high-gradient, 97
carousel, 118
continuous, 118
cyclic, 114
SLON, 125
VMS, 119
high-intensity
Boxmag-Rapid, 102
dry, 86, 96
Eriez, 102
ERM, 101
Jones, 97
Reading, 102
wet, 96
high-intensity roll
wet, 108
induced roll, 88
Jones, 97
low-intensity
dry, 69
wet, 342
matrix, 60
open-gradient, 60
permanent roll, 89
polygradient, 64
roll, 60
rotating field, 146
selection, 320
solenoid-based, 112
superconducting, 59, 128
suspended, 73
Magnetic susceptibility, 8, 24
diamagnetic, 25
extrinsic, 24
in FHS, 234
initial, 24, 42
intrinsic, 24
mass, 6, 10, 11
measurement, 39, 40
of diamagnetic materials, 14
of paramagnetic materials, 15
paramagnetic, 25
specific, 10
volume, 5, 10, 11, 13
Magnetic tagging, 520, 569
Magnetic torque, 175, 222—224, 250
Magnetic tracer, 235, 296, 327, 336
Magnetic traction force, 230
638 INDEX
Magnetic units, 10
conversion, 11
Magnetic velocity, 187
Magnetic viscosity, 407
coe!cient, 408
Magnetic-hydrophobic flocculation, 219,
221
Magnetite, 1, 24, 26
beneficiation, 342
EVTAC Mining, 472
coercive force, 27
critical domain size, 26
Curie temperature, 26
dense media, 345
density, 26
mass magnetic susceptibility, 27
saturation polarization, 26
Magnetization, 9, 10, 252
initial, 18
mass, 10
preliminary, 406
remanent, 18
Magnetization curve, 18
Magnetizing roasting, 409
ilmenite, 409
oxidizing, 409
reduction, 409
temperature, 409
Magnetohydrostatic separation, 434, 437
Magnetomotive force, 252, 255, 271
Magnus-Robins eect, 539
Magstream, 61, 156, 159, 240, 458
apparent density, 458
design, 159
probable error, 458
selectivity, 458
separation density, 159
throughput, 162
Manganese ore beneficiation
Jones WHIMS
Nikopol, 488
VMS
Marganetz GOK, 489
Nikopol, 488
Ordzhonikidze GOK, 489
Manganese oxide, 26
Material
antiferromagnetic, 21
diamagnetic, 13
ferrimagnetic, 21
ferromagnetic, 15, 17
hard magnetic, 18
paramagnetic, 14
magnetic susceptibility, 15
soft magnetic, 18
Matrix, 64
blockage, 65
clogging, 333, 392
filling factor, 65, 382
grooved plates, 97, 105
length, 386
loading, 387
magnetic field gradient, 65
material properties, 391
porosity, 382
removal of particles, 394
rods, 121
steel wool, 114, 131
vibration, 415
woven mesh, 121
Maxwell’s equation, 252
MHS, 434, 437
Mineral sands: see Beach sands, 498
Morin temperature
of hematite, 31
Multidomain, 26
Neel temperature, 21
Neodymium-iron-boron magnet
coercive force, 50
energy product, 50
magnetic properties, 51
permeability, 254
Non-ferrous metals
sorting in magnetic fluid, 539
Non-ferrous metals ores
Dowa Mining, 496
LIMS
Black Mountain, 496
vanadiferous magnetite, 497
Sala carousel HGMS
Boliden, 494
INDEX 639
WHIMS
chromite gravity tailings, 497
Nuclear fuel
reprocessing, 511
Nuclear magneton, 11
Oersted, 11
Open-gradient magnetic separation, 206
Open-gradient magnetic separator, 130,
136, 564
linear multipole, 137, 206
pyroxenite, 329
Operating point
of permanent magnet, 256
Owen-Honda equation, 24, 366
Paramagnetic capture, 184, 190, 195,
199
Paramagnetic liquid, 154, 227, 300, 426,
434
magnetic properties, 427
magnetic susceptibility, 426
physical properties, 427
Paramagnetic material, 13
Paramagnetic salts, 227
Particle build-up, 190, 194
Particle capture
at moderate Reynolds numbers, 196
by spheres, 198
in multi-collector matrix, 198
in real matrix, 202
static model, 194
Particle collision
with matrix, 203
Particle collisions, 202
Particle interaction
in FHS, 239
Particle motion
equation, 187
in drum separator, 166
in FHS, 235
in roll separator, 166
Particle retention, 202, 205
Particle rotation, 221, 222
in liquid, 226
Particle trajectory
equation, 187
in drum EC separator, 247
Partition curve, 235, 326, 336
magnetic, 296
Permanent magnet, 18, 47
Alnico, 48
bonded, 51
demagnetization curve, 267
development, 1
ferrite, 49
force, 263
irreversible change, 266, 267
magnetic field around, 260
magnetization, 269
neodymium-iron-boron, 50
operating point, 256
rare-earth, 49
resistivity, 269
reversible change, 266
samarium-cobalt, 49
stability, 266
steel-based, 2
temperature coe!cient, 266
Permanent magnetic roll separator, 89
design, 91
magnetic induction, 91
roll diameter, 93
throughput, 93
Permeability
magnetic, 5
Permeance, 256
determination, 258
of air gap, 256
of magnet, 256
Phenomenological model of HGMS, 200
Piggy-back magnetic separation, 414
Plate magnet, 72
Polarization
magnetic, 252
saturation, 253
Polygradient separator, 64
Potential barrier, 213, 218
Potential energy
uraninite, 414
Potential flow, 186
Preliminary magnetization, 406
640 INDEX
Pressure drop, 281
Primary minimum, 212, 214
Probable error of separation, 296, 327
Pulsation of slurry, 125
Pyrite, 26
enhancement of magnetic proper-
ties, 510
Pyroxenite
beneficiation, 328
comparison of techniques, 328
Pyrrhotite, 26, 33
Currie temperature, 33
magnetic susceptibility, 34
Rare-earth drum magnetic separator,
95, 332
comparison with roll separator, 334
drum loading, 338
eddy currents, 95, 341
force index, 95
heat generation, 96, 341
magnetic field gradient, 95
Rare-earth magnets, 49, 557
energy product, 254
resistivity, 269
Rate of flocculation, 213, 220
Reading high-intensity magnetic sepa-
rator, 102, 418
throughput, 105
Recycling
eddy-current separation, 537, 569
magnetic separation, 535
Magnus-Robins eect, 539
non-ferrous metals, 537, 539
colour sorting, 539
magnetic fluid, 539
recovery of metals, 534
Red blood cells, 26
properties, 533
separation, 527, 533
Reluctance, 256
of air gap, 271
of iron, 271
Remanent magnetic induction, 18, 253
Remanent magnetization, 18
Repulsive force
in eddy-current separator, 244
Resistance of winding, 280
Resistivity
temperature dependence, 281
Reversible loss, 266
Reynolds number, 186, 196
Rhomag separator, 159
Rinse water, 395
Roasting
magnetizing, 409
Roche Mining, 105
Roll high-intensity magnetic separator
dry, 93
wet, 108
Roll magnetic separator, 558
beach sands, 331
belt lifetime, 341
belt loading, 338
belt tracking, 340
comparison with drum, 334
comparison with HGMS, 333
design, 291
design optimization, 293
diameter, 297, 334
dry, 88
force index, 293
magnet thickness, 293
magnetic field, 168
magnetic force, 293
reach, 293, 296
optimum design, 337
particle motion, 166, 169
pyroxenite separation, 329
steel thickness, 293
throughput, 340
Rotating magnetic field, 222
Rotation
of ferromagnetic particles, 224
Rougher, 352
Rutile, 26
Sala carousel magnetic separator, 118,
418, 560
Samarium-cobalt magnet
coercive force, 49
Curie temperature, 49
INDEX 641
magnetic properties, 50
Saturation polarization, 253
Secondary minimum, 213, 214, 216, 218
Sedimentation, 203
Selectivity of separation, 4, 8, 65, 206,
333, 411
conditions, 414
criteria, 413
FHS, 306
pH of slurry, 412
Separation
eddy-current, 243
ferrohydrostatic, 425
in magnetic fluid, 227
in rotating ferrofluid, 240
selectivity, 4, 8, 411
Separation
by particle rotation, 221
in magnetic fluids, 425
Separator
eddy-current
drum, 245
vertical, 245
Siderite, 33
magnetic susceptibility, 33
Neel temperature, 33
Single domain
critical size, 26
Skin depth, 269
Slag
recovery of metal, 331
SLON high-gradient magnetic separa-
tor, 125, 562
Slurry
density, 399
dispersion, 406
pH, 412
pre-treatment, 405
pulsation, 415
Soil decontamination
Chernobyl, 512
Nevada, 511
SOL magnetic separator, 560
Solenoid, 56
cooling
water flowrate, 281
design, 278
iron-clad, 2, 113
Solenoid magnet, 275
Specularite, 31
Stability
of permanent magnet, 266
Stability ratio, 214, 413
Standing vortex, 196
Steel
decarburized, 19
Stokes equation, 6, 186
Straining, 203
Superconducting magnet, 58, 128
Superconducting magnetic separator
cyclic, 131, 563
drum, 138
high-temperature, 572
kaolin beneficiation, 504
open-gradient, 130, 136
reciprocating, 130, 132, 562
Superconducting separator, 128, 562
Superconductivity, 2, 57, 557, 562, 570
applications, 59
high-temperature, 551, 557, 571
Superconductor, 58
properties, 58
Superparamagnetism, 227
Surface charge density
time dependence, 325
Surface potential, 211
Surface tension, 326
Suspended magnet, 73, 172, 298
conductor, 299
cross-belt, 76
design, 298
electromagnetic modelling, 298
in-line, 76
magnetic force, 173
Temperature
critical, 57
Tesla, 11
Threshold magnetic field, 214, 216, 219
Time of flocculation, 219
Titanomagnetites, 27
Torque