Jacobson M.Z. Atmospheric Pollution
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Environmental Protection Agency (see Environmental
Protection Agency, U.S.)
Public Health Service (see Public Health Service, U.S.)
Surgeon General (see Surgeon General, U.S.)
Unleaded gasoline, 77, 216
Unstable atmosphere (see stability, atmospheric)
Uranium, 244–246
Uranus, 314, 315
Urban air pollution (see smog)
Urey, Harold, 41, 42
Vacuum, 33, 50, 191
Valley breeze, 171
Van Helmont, John Baptist, 6, 11, 13
Van Niel, Cornelius, 45
Vapor deposition,
Variable gas, 62, 63
Vehicle emission regulations, 211, 212, 215
Ventilation
forced, 243
natural, 243
Venus, 314–316
Vermiculite, 121
Vernal equinox (see equinox)
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone
Layer, 304
Vinci, Leonardo da, 11, 185
Vinegar (see acetic acid)
Vinyl chloride, 78, 214
Viruses, 127, 242, 248
Visibility, 197–202
defined, 197
effect of aerosol particles on, 196, 197, 199, 200
accumulation mode, 196, 197
effect of gases on, 199, 200
meteorological range, 198–200, 225
prevailing, 197, 200–202, 224, 225
standards, 224, 225
trends, 200, 201, 224, 225
visual range, 197
Visible spectrum (see radiation)
Visual range (see visibility)
Vitamin D, 301
Vitriolic acid (see sulfuric acid)
Vitriolic acid air (see sulfur dioxide)
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 24, 242, 246,
247, 251
Volcanos
effect on climate, 329, 336
effect on stratospheric color, 205
effect on stratospheric ozone, 283, 284, 291, 292
El Chichón (see El Chichón)
emissions, 17, 36, 39, 66, 73, 117, 119, 123, 260, 291
Mount Pinatubo (see Mount Pinatubo)
Mount St. Helens (see Mount St. Helens)
origin of name, 123
Tambora (see Tambora)
Volume concentration (see concentration)
Volume mixing ratio (see mixing ratio)
Warm cloud (see cloud)
Washing soda (see sodium carbonate)
Water
aerosol liquid water content (see aerosol particles)
hydration (see hydration)
ice (see also hydrometeor particles and Polar
stratospheric clouds)
heterogeneous chemistry on, 298, 299
sublimation, 132
liquid (see also hydrometeor particles)
absorption efficiency, 197
chemistry, 41–44, 67, 95, 120, 134, 257, 258, 262, 267
percent of sea water, 119
refractive index, 188
scattering efficiency, 197
specific heat (see specific heat)
thermal conductivity (see thermal conductivity)
soil liquid water content (see soil)
vapor (gas)
absence on Venus, 315
absorption of radiation by, 181, 182, 317
characteristics, 63, 64
chemistry, 19, 23, 25, 39, 41, 94–111
condensation of, 117, 128, 130–132, 261, 282, 283
constituent of early atmosphere, 39
depositional growth of, 132
effect on climate, 315–319, 338, 339
effect on health, 64
measurement of, 11
mixing ratios, 63, 64, 130–132, 182, 314
sources and sinks, 39, 63, 64, 123, 282, 283, 316
structure, 22
Waterwheel, 83
Watt, James, 83, 84
Wavelength, 24, 33
Weak acid (see acid)
Weathering
chemical, 66, 67, 120
physical, 120
Weichselian (see ice age, last)
Weight, 2
Wells, H. G., 21
Westerly winds (see winds)
Wet adiabatic lapse rate (see lapse rate)
Wheezing, 73
White night, 187
Wien, Wilhelm, 33
Wien’s law, 33
Wind energy, 222, 223, 232, 347, 348
Winds
bay (see bay breeze)
causes of, 146–154
effect on pollution, 165–167, 170–175
long-range transport, 166, 167, 219, 261, 270
geostrophic, 148
gradient, 149
lake (see lake breeze)
mountain (see mountain breeze)
Polar easterlies, 150, 154
398 INDEX
Santa Ana, 165, 166
sea (see sea breeze)
southwesterly, 150
surface
along curved isobars, 149, 150
along straight isobars, 148, 149
trade, 150, 152
valley (see valley breeze)
westerly, 150, 151, 154, 195
Winter solstice (see solstice)
Wisconsin (see ice age, last)
Wöhler, Friedrich, 5, 20
Würm (see ice age, last)
X radiation wavelengths (see radiation)
Xenon, 4, 5, 20, 21, 22, 62
Xylene
chemistry, 108, 132
health effects, 78
mixing ratios, 63, 108
reactivity, 104, 105
role in air pollution problems, 64
sources, 78, 108, 247
Year without a summer, 336
Younger-Dryas period, 334, 335, 337
Youngstown, Ohio, 86, 87
Zinc emissions, 87, 127, 138
Zonal, 150
Zonally averaged, 56, 57, 150, 274
INDEX 399